tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44950845796900708272024-03-13T16:42:50.803-04:00Reflections by a Former Keeper of the Records for Maryland (1973-2013)<big><big><big><b><a href="http://edpapenfuse.com">Reflections </a></b><br>by a Maryland Archivist</big></big></big>
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<p><b>Ezra 6, 1/2</b>
... they searched in the library in which the archives were stored ....
And there was found in a pouch in the citadel ... one scroll, and so was written therein a memorandum
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<b>The Koran, Yasin, 36.12.</b> <i>...We write down what they have sent before and their footprints, and We have recorded everything in a clear writing</i></p></p></p>ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.comBlogger51125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-41915613325425011072018-04-09T21:29:00.000-04:002018-04-12T22:07:54.687-04:00Reality, Critical Thinking, and Access to A Permanent, Truthful Record of the Past
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body><div style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:56.9pt 56.9pt 89.3pt 56.9pt;max-width:498.2pt"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0909090909090908;text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Virtual Reality, Critical Thinking, and Access to A Permanent, Truthful Record of the Past</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0909090909090908;text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0909090909090908;text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">©Dr. Edward C. Papenfuse,</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Archivist of the State of Maryland, retired</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">First presented September 10, 2003, revised April 5, 2018</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">At a University of Maryland Law School luncheon several years ago, </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.law.umaryland.edu/fac_gontrum.asp&sa=D&ust=1523326892474000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Barbara S. Gontrum,</a></span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> introduced the faculty to “New Library Initiatives.” In a softspoken, persuasively engaging presentation, she outlined a wide range of services, electronic, paper, and human, that the library provides for the study of the law. She reminded the faculty of the great cost of maintaining those services, especially electronic, and the enormous task of preserving those resources in this new age when even the most advanced students, possibly even some law professors, believe that a google/lexis/westlaw search is all that is needed to answer any legal question of merit.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">The problems before all of us in this age of fake news, unreliable news feeds, and the mis-use of personal data in an effort to shape our thinking and affect our vote are staggering if not overwhelming. We seem to no longer teach and require critical and evaluative thinking on the part of those in our Democracy who need it the most. We fail to preserve and make accessible the very documents, paper and electronic that make critical and evaluative thinking possible. In other words we seem to no longer be able to discipline ourselves to seek the truth wherever it may lead us, and to unearth and respect the lessons of the past, especially as they relate to why it is important both to abide by, and to shape the law to current needs. Based on personal experience walking 10,000 steps a day, I would estimate that 90% of American drivers do not obey the laws governing stopping for pedestrians in a crosswalk. I was almost hit twice today as I tried to cross a thoroughfare in crosswalks with signs that read clearly "stop for pedestrians in the crosswalk." This is not about simply obeying the law. It is also about knowing why the laws exist, how they got there, and, if need be, how we should go about effecting change when necessary. Not that I want the laws governing crosswalks changed. I would prefer to change the minds of those who would disobey those laws through persuasion and requiring both a conscience and critical thinking on the driver’s part. Perhaps their even getting off their cell phones.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">For several years I taught courses with three professors at the University of Maryland School of Law in which my role was to take the students beyond Lexis/Nexis into documenting the history of the law.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">What was clear to me then and remains clear to me today is that it is vital to</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><ol start="1" style="padding:0;margin:0"><li style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">teach students, faculty, librarians, and archivists, that there is much more to the record than a Google/Lexis/Westlaw case analysis and that as much of the contributory materials in any case ought to be both preserved and reviewed as possible, preferably as images and/or searchable electronic text,</span></li><li style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">find adequate resources to permanently preserve these records in whatever form they can best survive as long as it is both readily accessible and verifiable (i. e. legally trustworthy),</span></li><li style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">counter effectively the nattering nabobs of negativism who claim that the electronic record cannot be considered a permanent record on its own and who deflect attention to their perceived need of an expensive and outmoded technology as the failsafe security blanket for the printed and manuscript word</span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_edn1&sa=D&ust=1523326892475000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[1]</a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></li></ol><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">For good reason, Archivists and Librarians are by nature conservative, especially when it comes to issues of conservation and preservation. We have experienced the destruction by fire of too many courthouses. We have labored long, hard, and successfully for archival standards for the permanent care and preservation of paper historical records. We have pioneered in the advocacy and implementation of acid free papers for books and permanent records. We have forced the development of high standards for the capturing of images on film, although we missed the red spotting nightmare of poor film processing of the 1950s and 60s which still threatens a whole generation of microfilm holdings with self destruction. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Today, as we face the questions of what we should be preserving permanently and how we should be making it accessible, our concentration should be on placing as much of the legal record as we can, as quickly as we can, into an electronic archives environment. I use the words “electronic archives environment” deliberately and to mean a system of generic, non-proprietary, on line electronic backup and redundancy made as safe and secure as paper or microfilm can be. Such a system is possible now and can be safeguarded in the future if we do so wisely and with care.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Archivists and Librarians have addressed these three issues before, and, I suspect, will do so again, although I believe the urgency is greater today than it was in March of 1989 when a number of us met at the Library of Congress to discuss the development of Statewide Preservation Programs. Since then the web revolution has intervened and we have all had to face up to a mammoth new preservation problem: how to cope with the fact that most of what we know and how we know it is today a potentially fleeting electronic record. As Archivists and Judges, I know we would prefer it to be otherwise. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">Indeed to my mind it is a sad commentary on the ownership of the intellectual property of the law that we must rely heavily on private purveyors of electronic information for our knowledge of the law. Who is to ensure that that information will be preserved permanently and be available to all who should have access to it in the future? I would argue that Libraries and Archives should be the prime keepers and the prime beneficiaries of the 'sale' of legal information in electronic form (I would even argue the heresy that Westlaw/Lexis/Nexis should be wholly owned nonprofit public corporations whose profits are plowed back into the total care and preservation of archival and library materials). But that is another, more delicate issue, to be reserved for another day, although I will point out that the only reason we have been able to even accomplish the little that we have with the </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">Archives of Maryland On Line</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400"> is because of the income produced by and for the archives as a result of our making oversized materials such as maps and plats, and land records available for a fee on line.</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_edn2&sa=D&ust=1523326892477000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[2]</a></span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">The primary role of archivists and librarians should be one of ensuring that analysis and conclusions regarding legal actions can be made independently of privately held information banks from the actual records themselves. Use the databanks and added value information services for entry access. Use them for short cuts. Use them for inspiration. But preserve the essential information that relates to the legal process in a freely and readily accessible electronic environment which any user should be trained to mine. That means investing money and energy in holding on permanently to what I call the building blocks of the law: the constitutional, the legislative, and the judicial process as documented in the surviving court record and supplementary materials such as newspapers and relevant manuscript collections. It is important to stress process because we are too often convinced that the summary of what transpired is all that we need to know, yet in the dissenting opinions and losing briefs, as well as the over-turned lower court opinions, and the arguments of the minority in debates over legislation are to be found the seeds of future change. We all know Justice Harlan’s dissent in Plessy v Ferguson.</span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_edn3&sa=D&ust=1523326892477000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[3] </a></span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">Some of us know well William Paca’s 22 proposed amendments to the Constitution of the United States most of which James Madison would be forced to incorporate into the Bill of Rights.</span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_edn4&sa=D&ust=1523326892478000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[4] </a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">But how many students of the law (other than perhaps Judge Dumbauld and a handful of scholars) have looked carefully at the evolution of the individual State Declaration of Rights, and the passion with which we once wrote our State Constitutions. What of the record still exists? How accessible is it? Why should we care?</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">The answer lies in how well archivists, librarians, judges and historians, highlight their significance and excite interest in the high value of the surviving evidence.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">For example, at what point and why are laws subject to judicial review? During the anniversary year of Marbury v. Madison, how many people remembered and studied Whittington v. Polk, probing beneath the surface to understand who made what decision and why?</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">To what degree have the briefs in Supreme Court cases been preserved and made accessible?</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_edn5&sa=D&ust=1523326892479000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[5] </a></span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">How much is known about the process by which the cases such as Barron v. Baltimore were brought to the court and what those cases reveal that is meaningful, not only about the law, but about the underlying social, economic, and political issues that the cases represent.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">I believe such cases prove one essential point: We need to work together to preserve the vast array of documentation that has survived from our legislative and legal system in order that we as a nation can continue to learn and grow with a civic conscience that exceeds our current level of apathy. As I said in 1989 and repeat again today, if we do not learn to better share the resources and stress the access side of preservation, we are doomed to retreat further into ignorance. Bullies will become presidents and National Security advisers will launch us into a nuclear war.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">As I said then, and repeat now: the battles for turf and a clear inability of institutions to see beyond their own collecting imperatives too often get in the way of treating collections as cultural resources to be preserved for the use of the people generally. n our state, we were unable to enlist the assistance of the Library of Congress when they had grant funds to give out apparently because they had an internal project of less useful dimensions that they preferred to support, and now our State Library system has chosen to go its own way with a digital preservation initiative that will drain resources from our pioneering </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">Archives of Maryland on Line</span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""> initiative. At the State Level, following in the footsteps of the University of Michigan and Cornell, but extending the model beyond the printed book to core state documents, we at the Maryland State Archives have shown that with a few well spent dollars, a great deal can be accomplished IF a sharp focus is maintained, and resources are found to sustain the product in an accessible electronic format (see </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/intromsa/budget/tif/l13718.tif&sa=D&ust=1523326892479000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">"A Revolution in Archives, www.archivesofmaryland.net" in </a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/intromsa/budget/tif/l13718.tif&sa=D&ust=1523326892480000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Uncommon Sense, </a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/intromsa/budget/tif/l13718.tif&sa=D&ust=1523326892480000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Winter/spring 2001, No. 112, pp. 5-14.</a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> ). It would be helpful if our colleagues in the library world would recognize that fact and lend their support in ours and their time of need.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">But rather than make the technical arguments for what we, nearly alone among states, have been doing to preserve and make accessible the legal and legislative record, or rather than even make the more obvious case for a better pooling of resources to help our pioneering efforts succeed at a greater, more effective pace, permit me to return to by far the most important hurdle that all of us face in this era of rapidly constricting resources: convincing archivists, librarians, and the public at large that there are critical records that they are missing which deserve to be preserved, and to outline what must be done to make them permanently accessible. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">II</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">There is a little known and studiously avoided provision in the Maryland State Constitution that “it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide by Law for taking, at the general election to be held in the year nineteen hundred and seventy, and every twenty years thereafter, the sense of the People in regard to calling a Convention for altering this Constitution; and if a majority of voters at such election or elections shall vote for a Convention, the General Assembly, at its next session, shall provide by Law for the assembling of such convention, and for the election of Delegates thereto.” The last time Maryland held a Constitutional Convention was in 1967, the carefully honed product of which was soundly defeated at the polls the following year. I remember that year well. It was our first full year in Baltimore. The weekend after Martin Luther King’s assassination we watched from the rooftop of our row house apartment as Baltimore burned.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">Americans care little about writing and revising constitutions today. Much of the passion, the art, of writing down in a comprehensive, meticulous fashion what good government means, and how it should function, has long been lost to issues out of context ranging from the right to bear arms to the right to life. In 1776, people saw things differently. Our leaders then held passionately to the proposition that our highest priority was a well-functioning, effective government, especially at the level of the thirteen rebellious states. Some states were slower to respond than others. Maryland was one, but finally the eighth Maryland convention was persuaded. On June 28, 1776 Marylander Samuel Chase wrote our future President John Adams "I shall offer no other apology for concluding than that I am this moment from our House to procure an express … with a Unan[imous] vote of our Convention for Independence. ... our people have fire if not smothered. ... Now for a government."</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_edn6&sa=D&ust=1523326892481000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[6]</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_edn6&sa=D&ust=1523326892482000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"></a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">All the aspiring states rose to the challenge. Maryland wrote its first state constitution between August and November 1776, hammering out a 42 article Declaration of Rights and a Form of Government with sixty provisions.Today only a single copy exists of the first drafts of each, both buried in the papers of John Dickinson at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. If we know about them at all, it is because they were identified by William Sumner Jenkins for the Library of Congress in the 1950s as being important (yet curiously not microfilmed), but until their images were linked and made accessible through our prototype for the Archives of Maryland on Line, Documents for the Classroom, (<a href="http://www.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/speccol/sc2200/sc2221/000004/000000/html/00000001.html" target="_blank">http://www.mdarchives.state.<wbr>md.us/msa/speccol/sc2200/<wbr>sc2221/000004/000000/html/<wbr>00000001.html</a>) their significance lay dormant and untouched by constitutional scholars.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">The drafts were sent to Dickinson by Samuel Chase for his comments and suggestions. Laying them side by side with the journals of the Convention and the surviving fragments of the proceedings of the committees of the whole as each article was debated, sometimes modified, and, in one rare instance, rejected, it is possible to reconstruct the passion and the process by which the final product was forged and even lend some credence to arguments of legislative intent, possible that is, if the access to the documents is swift, accurate, and complete.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">When final touches were added and the two documents promulgated, there was only a limited provision for amending and none for a new convention. The language was clear. “That this form of government, and the declaration of rights, and no part thereof, shall be altered, changed, or abolished, unless a bill so to alter , change, or abolish the same, shall pass the general Assembly, and be published at least three months before a new election, and shall be confirmed by the general assembly, after a new election of delegates, in the first session after such new election.” This was followed by language decidedly peculiar unless you have spent some time in our State. The peninsula between Delaware and Chesapeake Bays which Maryland shares with the States of Delaware and Virginia, known as the ‘Eastern Shore’ has always had an independent streak. Their representatives found enough votes in the 1776 Constitutional Convention to add that “nothing in this form of government, which relates to the eastern shore particularly, shall at any time hereafter be altered, unless for the alteration and confirmation thereof, at least two thirds of all the members of each branch of the general assembly shall concur.”</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">How then did there come to be a provision that the electorate must be consulted every twenty years? By 1850 there was sufficient unhappiness over the lack of representation from Baltimore City in the Maryland State House, that the General Assembly was at last persuaded to call a Constitutional Convention. Once convened, after prolonged debate, a provision was adopted that:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">It shall be the duty of the Legislature, at its first session immediately succeeding the returns of every census of the United States, hereafter taken, to pass a law for ascertaining, at the next general election of Delegates, the sense of the people of Maryland in regard to the calling a Convention for altering the Constitution; and in case the majority of votes cast at said election shall be in favor of calling a Convention, the Legislature shall provide for assembling such Convention</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">The next Constitutional convention would not be called until late in the Civil War when Maryland finally got around to abolishing slavery. Adopted in 1864, the new Constitution not only provided that any proposed amendments be published in German (there had been a large influx of German speaking immigrants in the intervening years since the last Constitution was adopted), but that every twenty years beginning in 1882, the electorate should be polled on whether or not they wanted another chance to review the state’s fundamental laws.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Instead it would be only three years before another convention was called in 1867, a convention that perfunctorily renewed the 20 year rule, after which there was no serious call for review and reform for another 100 years. In the meantime, a Science Fiction writer from Massachusetts, Roger Sherman Hoar, in 1917, and a Professor at the University of Pittsburgh, Francis Newton Thorpe, in 1909, studiously compiled reference works on the process of State Constitution making that were designed to make the task of revision more comparative and, possibly, easier.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Roger Sherman Hoar, a lawyer who preferred writing pulp fiction about his hero ‘Radio Man,’ found that seven states, Oklahoma, Maryland, New Hampshire, Iowa, Michigan, New York, and Ohio, required the people be consulted regularly on whether or not a constitutional convention should be called. He did so in answer to the self-imposed question:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">[</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">§2. Must legislature get popular approval for convention?]</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Most of the constitutions which contain provisions for the calling of conventions now provide that they be called after the legislature has submitted the question of a convention to the people and has obtained their approval, such a popular vote to be taken whenever the legislatures themselves may think proper. The first provisions of this character were those contained in the Delaware constitution of 1792, the Tennessee constitution of 1796, the Kentucky constitution of 1799, and the Ohio constitution of 1802. The Kentucky provision of 1799, which was substantially repeated in the constitution of 1850, threw great obstacles in the way of calling a convention, by requiring two successive popular votes; but this plan was not followed by other States except in the one case of the Louisiana constitution of 1812. The Kentucky constitution of 1891 discarded the requirement, but does require the vote of two successive general assemblies to propose the question to the people. The plan of permitting the legislature at its discretion to submit to the people the question of calling a constitutional convention, has for many years been the most popular one, and is now in force by the constitutions of twenty-five States.</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Some States do not even leave it to the discretion of the legislature as to when the people shall vote on the question of calling a convention, but specifically provide by their constitutions that popular votes shall be taken at definite intervals. There are now six States which require the periodical submission of this question. The constitutions of four of these permit the legislature to submit the question to the people at other than the regular periodical times.</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">{60} The Oklahoma constitution requires the legislature to submit the question at least once in every twenty years, leaving the particular time to the legislature's discretion.</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Thus the practice of obtaining the popular approval for the calling of a convention may be said to have become almost the settled rule. Thirty-two State constitutions require such a popular expression of approval, and even where it has not been expressly required, such a popular vote has been taken in a majority of cases in recent years.</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Maine and Georgia are the only States whose constitutions now provide for the holding of a constitutional convention, without also containing a provision for first obtaining the approval of the people.</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">In the case of these States it may be argued that the convention derives its authority from the legislature alone; although in the case of Maine it may well be argued that the convention derives its authority from popular acquiescence, as manifested in the failure of the people to circulate a referendum petition; and in both cases it might possibly be argued (on the analogy of the Pennsylvania decision to be discussed a little later in this chapter) that the people ratify the legislative statute by participating in the election of delegates under it.</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">In the case of the thirty-two State constitutions which require a popular vote in advance of calling the convention, it may be contended that the people call the convention under a permission graciously conferred on them by the constitution, but the Delaware, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Georgia, and Florida cases discussed in the last chapter, in which cases valid conventions were held in open disregard of constitutional provisions relative to the manner of holding conventions, lend weight to the theory that a convention authorized by the constitution stands upon no different footing with respect to the source of its authority, than a convention which is not so authorized, or than one which is even prohibited …If conventions are beyond the jurisdiction of the constitution, it matters not whether the constitution attempts to {61} prohibit or to authorize them, or is silent on the subject; all such conventions are supraconstitutional.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">In 1994, Hoar’s analysis was updated by Katherine M. Mauk, in an essay that was as even more uninspiring than Hoar’s deadly prose, but their conclusions remain the same: there is no prohibition against periodic review of the rules and institutions of government by the people, it is only a matter of finding a way to inspire them to undertake the challenge. On the part of Maryland and New Hampshire (which copied its language from Maryland) it can’t be said that it was for want of inspiring language incorporated into their Declaration of Rights from the outset:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">That all persons invested with the legislative or executive powers of government are the trustees of the public, and as such, accountable for their conduct; wherefore whenever the ends of government are perverted, and the public liberty manifestly endangered, and all other means of redress are ineffectual, the people may, and of right ought to do, reform the old, or establish a new government. The doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish, and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">At the expense of the U.S. Congress, Professor Francis Newton Thorpe did the best he could to inform the electorate by compiling and publishing the changes that took place in state constitutions prior to 1909. But given the then poor state of the nation’s archives, and the incomplete manner of recording state laws and constitutional modifications it was inevitably as flawed as it was tedious. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Thorpe began compiling information on State Constitutions as early as 1888. The New York Constitution (which probably was the actual source of the text of Maryland’s 20 year rule in 1864) was among the first to garner his attention. In the margin of his transcription of the forty two page journal of the 1801 New York Constitutional convention Thorpe wrote: “copied in 7 = hrs. continuous. July 26, 1888. F.N.T.”</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Even as careful as he may have tried to be with the sources at his command, Thorpe made countless errors of omission and, at times, transcription. Between 1776 and 1851 there were sixty-seven amendments to the Maryland Constitution. Thorpe records only twelve.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Perhaps even as important as the amendments that were passed on by the voters, are the ones that failed. Take for example the proposed Constitution of 1792 of which there are only three known copies. It attempted to make elections biennial, placed considerably more power in the hands of the indirectly elected senate (including having the governor elected by the electors of the Senate rather than by a joint ballot of the House and Senate), made the governor’s council elected by the Senate Electors, permitted Senators to hold civil office, made the judiciary serve at the pleasure of the General Assembly, easily removable, and, perhaps most importantly of all, added a new clause, </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:615.00px;height:221.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/jBoY4I5nQGXf2Lj01PmxfSTFbgHAWRr59n6E23oifgeP7ZDz6Bt42j5HMGUf6H-mpKIdVTuQAwxxT4oa3WaVNfdHGZRQAsJ3xJNvD2oGpN1aEF7OZs4C51KbqZWPChTj8Xi0jO4K" style="width:615.00px;height:221.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">which implied that free blacks had been voting (contrary to Justice Taney’s assertion in the Dred Scott case), and could be elected or appointed to office, something the framers wished to avoid. We are still researching the debate and the vote over these proposed changes, but in their failure, they illuminate not only the constitutional thinking of the day, but help explain how attitudes towards government and how it ought to function changed in the decades following that first creative burst of constitution writing in 1776.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">While the reasons for adopting a mandatory consideration of the sense of the people on calling a constitutional convention prove to be mundane, it is probably not a coincidence that the notion of revisiting the written constitution every generation was a passionately debated topic when Thomas Jefferson first broached it with James Madison. Indeed it speaks to the heart of Jeffersonian concepts of democracy.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">Most scholars are aware of Jefferson’s later pronouncements on the need for periodic constitutional revision. He writes at length about them in his July 12, 1816 letter to Samuel Kercheval:</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_edn7&sa=D&ust=1523326892487000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[7]</a></span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:618.00px;height:423.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/2hXPj8xNNaYO_gTDKK92qrF8fClDFfR4oHvTZ1Fs28ITXVWQ-qZzIAZmypg8999cbVmu770y526ireaRI5AQfqUH9L03YM73Om_Z4GeXIuOB8EisSXoDc00oaAW6ApFTS1dzE3OR" style="width:618.00px;height:423.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400"> </span><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:623.00px;height:732.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/Rbmx-tYOL5AV56ZeoHnPB2fcsxztg7CvytNNJJPoy8tyonSSY-t5Goq_A1LidS6aryk8jEWLX-Kpw5CaymFg4n3mfkCL7_UEDbIW2-243JGFD3EJiVBIpjwI2Ie9j2cKEvqZATJb" style="width:623.00px;height:732.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:622.00px;height:742.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/e8TLjaCs21Ifgvmcdg955_boWDChX1t7n0cJ46S9x1c9pvgzBZVql51xZfRcMBkyxtqbFaLeSbWrjo-OLpfWX201oqxs3Az8lCcgK9q79MckotCWL43NmQCbLsVh07RRhv__pzme" style="width:622.00px;height:742.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_edn8&sa=D&ust=1523326892488000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[8]</a></span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Fortunately in Jefferson’s case, this long letter has been transcribed and the transcription will be found in note 8 above, , but we are facing another crisis in education in that reading and writing handwriting is disappearing as a necessary component of of our learning which if not reversed will severely affect our ability to make the best use of the vast collections of court records that are filled with cursive writing.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">Still, w</span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">hat is generally overlooked by most people, is that Jefferson first broached the idea of the importance of rewriting constitutions with James Madison in 1789. Writing from Paris in the midst of another Revolution not yet consumed by terror, Jefferson was less verbose and more precise in his argument that “the earth always belongs to the living generation.” I suspect his primary concern was that he was spending far beyond his means as an American in Paris, because he dwells at length on how the debts of the previous generation should not encumber the next, but his philosophical argument based upon Buffon’s life tables was that on average a generation was approximately 20 years, and that every twenty years the constitution should be rewritten.</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">… </span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">no society can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs always to the living generation. They may manage it then, and what proceeds from it, as they please during their usufruct [the concept in Roman Civil Law of the right of using and enjoying all the advantages and profits of the property of another without altering or damaging the substance]. They are masters too of their own persons, and consequently may govern them as they please. But persons and property make the sum of the objects of government. The constitutions and the laws of their predecessors extinguished them, in their natural course, with those whose will gave them being. This could preserve that being till it ceased to be itself, and no longer. Every constitution then, and every law, naturally expires at the end of 19 years. If it be enforced longer, it’s an act of force and not of right.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">James Madison’s response is equally compelling if not as compassionate. Madison had just survived an election fight with James Monroe in which he was forced to promise his constituency that if elected he would offer amendments to the newly adopted Federal Constitution designed to protect individual and states’ rights. Madison replied from New York where the First Congress convened: </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Your favor of the 9th. of Jany. inclosing one of Sepr. last did not get to hand till a few days ago. The idea which the latter evolves is a great one, and suggests many interesting reflections to legislators; particularly when contracting and providing for public debts. Whether it can be received in the extent your reasonings give it, is a question which I ought to turn more in my thoughts than I have yet been able to do, before I should be justified in making up a full opinion on it. My first thoughts though coinciding with many of yours, lead me to view the doctrine as not in all respects compatible with the course of human affairs. I will endeavor to sketch the grounds of my skepticism. …</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">If the observations I have hazarded be not misapplied, it follows that a limitation of the validity of national acts to the computed life of a nation, is in some instances not required by Theory, and in others cannot be accomodated to practice. The observations are not meant however to impeach either the utility of the principle in some particular cases; or the general importance of it in the eye of the philosophical Legislator. On the contrary it would give me singular pleasure to see it first announced in the proceedings of the U. States, and always kept in their view, as a salutary curb on the living generation from imposing unjust or unnecessary burdens on their successors. But this is a pleasure which I have little hope of enjoying. The spirit of philosophical legislation has never reached some parts of the Union, and is by no means the fashion here, either within or without Congress. The evils suffered & feared from weakness in Government, and licentiousness in the people, have turned the attention more towards the means of strengthening the former, than of narrowing its extent in the minds of the latter. Besides this, it is so much easier to espy the little difficulties immediately incident to every great plan, than to comprehend its general and remote benefits, that our hemisphere must be still more enlightened before many of the sublime truths which are seen thro' the medium of Philosophy, become visible to the naked eye of the ordinary Politician.</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The art of constitution making lies not only in the crafting of documents designed to withstand at least a generation of abuse, but also in the passion with which the constitutional issues are debated and resolved peaceably, on paper.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Jefferson and Madison, along with the seventy-eight men who served in the 1776 Constitutional Convention of Maryland, and the hundreds of others who participated in similar conventions in other states, cared passionately about the process and the consequences of writing constitutions. Their enthusiasm was contagious. With care and diligence we can recapture most, if not all of that passion, by carefully reconstructing what the framers thought, how they argued, and, most importantly of all, recording precisely what they produced and how their successors amended. The web provides us with the unparalleled opportunity to accomplish what Francis Newton Thorpe could not, fast, authoritative, well indexed access to the ideas, words, and arguments of those who wrote out constitutions. The result may well be a revival of the art, a renewal of the passion, for the written explanation of what government is and what government ought to be. Our charge is to marry the technology with the evidence in as cost effective and expeditious a manner as possible.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Perhaps even more important than the revival of the passion for making constitutions work they way they were intended, is the possibility that new and important interpretations of our law and our history in general will emerge from a careful preservation, ease of access to, and careful perusal of the documentation underlying such basic constitution issues of Legislative Intent, Judicial Review, and Federal/State Relationships.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Two examples are Whittington v. Polk and Barron v. Baltimore.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">In Whittington v. Polk (WHITTINGTON vs. POLK [NO NUMBER IN ORIGINAL] COURT OF APPEALS OF MARYLAND, GENERAL COURT, EASTERN SHORE 1 H. & J. 236; 1802 Md. LEXIS 1 ) the Maryland courts struggled with the right of judicial review before it ever got to the Supreme Court and did so on what some might argue are firmer constitutional grounds than the Supreme Court did in Marbury v. Madison</span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_edn9&sa=D&ust=1523326892491000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[9] </a></span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">Rather than argue the merits of the case, which Jed Shugerman, a graduate student at Yale has done admirably in a recent essay (</span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.law.upenn.edu/conlaw/issues/vol5/num1/shugerman.pdf&sa=D&ust=1523326892491000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">5 U. PA. J. CONST. L. 58 (2002)</a></span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">)in which he used all the available records he could find, attention should be focused here on not just the importance of preserving the original record linked to the printed report, but also to the significance of the participants, particularly the judges, particularly the political opposites on the court, Jeremiah Townley Chase, the chief judge, and judge Gabriel Duvall. Chase served as an elector for John Adams in 1800, Duvall for Jefferson, but both had also served in the 9th Convention in the summer of 1776 (Duvall as Clerk), wrote the first State Constitution for Maryland. Both knew first hand what the intent of the framers was with regard to Judicial review of legislation. While they would disagree on how the case should ultimately be decided (Duvall would write a brief dissent, illustrated below in which he argued Whittington was not entitled to the office), it was no wonder that both came out so strongly for the right of the court to determine the constitutionality of a law (a right it did not have to exercise until the Dashiell case in 1824</span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_edn10&sa=D&ust=1523326892492000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[10]</a></span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">). Indeed the Maryland General Assembly paid such heed to the Whittington decision that it did what it had to the right way the next time it addressed the reorganization of the judiciary. It followed constitutional guidelines (and thus also the court’s in Whittington) by amending the constitution, rather than simply passing a statute. This is advice that had not been strictly adhered to and in all likelihood is a fundamental reason why the Mount Vernon Compact of 1785, the meaning of which was so much a bone of contention between Virginia and Maryland over the use of the waters of the Potomac, has always been constitutionally invalid.</span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_edn11&sa=D&ust=1523326892492000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[11]</a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:center"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:618.00px;height:818.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/fLZdzP2ah_WzjMy-snazO_6dkb9SnZAQJKVExQPRCSXzsPCTzBFZvkssoCWENRM8dAqsYx1hrPCtRw4mrjcG7X_HJqA9qpbYcuxd9gHT1spJBwHCA5W1wz7PyJOCBcEXwtMnKTK0" style="width:618.00px;height:818.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">the </span><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:619.00px;height:748.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/aZbbv9SvIVxuQj_n6Y7NWfRvbEyC5GbMhAtXJamrnlX-JF-dTl38HjV0TJh68DdohlQlRdoaRJ7IUmh2bUgZqO0eWICNujMJt4akYZIhuzJbXSKxRO7X3VHRkiW9G4HQZTgeFQm8" style="width:619.00px;height:748.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">original of Gabriel Duvall’s dissent in Whittington v. Polk.</span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_edn12&sa=D&ust=1523326892493000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[12]</a></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400"> </span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">T</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Note that in making every effort to preserve all the relevant records in a case, particular care should be taken to capture any surviving docket information.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:701.34px;height:315.76px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/UjRFfgL7hgAHChWC4u9nzdFjODPt3rLA9lPvUNhKkh5U2JSsjMp63LQdtsabT2P4aLvQ1E5dmQyei3XYq0x6FRL99_z_dvoiQ8WgWbvnZp4NGwOnH5iIyXidlEbwgP2QoQt3hcJi" style="width:701.34px;height:315.76px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">There in synopsis form will be found the format and chronology of the case.In Barron v. Baltimore all research should begin with the dockets, particularly at the trial court level. Here will be found the jury list and an indication that the papers should be rich in exhibit materials such as maps and plats. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:623.00px;height:610.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/wDaPl2CvhLROihrhiLhElMn2b2836fl6b0uoxEuLbjP5eDC8ToG7PjPsKzL3gSyz3vzKIulLoRpp_QG_FS2Wyp0V31QOcuChOfVfQtgl8vNuIiSdnMh5GLMTHFi9Li59MlAxh279" style="width:623.00px;height:610.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">The basic issue in </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">Barron v. Baltimore</span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""> is that the City graded the streets above the Harbor and the runoff from the streets caused by a violent rainstorm silted up commercial wharves owned by Craig and Barron. Who should pay to have the silt removed? Could property be ‘taken,’ i.e. the business of the wharves, without compensation? The jury decided for the owners. The Maryland Court of Appeals reversed the decision and ruled that the City was to be held harmless because it acted in the general public interest. The whole matter was shifted to the Federal Courts on the grounds that the Fifth Amendment was relevant (nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation).</span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_edn13&sa=D&ust=1523326892494000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[13] </a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Chief Justice Marshall, in his last decision on the court, refused to hear his successor, Roger B. Taney argue the case for Baltimore. From Marshall’s perspective insufficient reasons had been presented documenting why the squabble was a Federal matter, and he dismissed Barron’s petition with the argument that the issue was one governed by the State Constitution, and that the founding fathers did not intend for it to be interfered with by any provision of the Federal Constitution including the 5th Amendment. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">For whatever cause, none of the arguments in Barron v. Baltimore made in the Maryland Courts emerged in print, yet copious manuscript court reporter’s notes exist as well as exhibits among Maryland’s judicial records. They provide a richness to how a case was argued and helps the reader access how a case was argued and with what supporting documentation.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:center"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:770.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/9WqiMgEIN7wSgi4JVKujKe63zBEF9Y-_7RgsnpchKxudcbMvqbQj7YzW2wRDBP9VWcifuesxYtMypS7I7K7AncuAcadPq87uAI84FjTxl-jVfldHomFj83znAI9rdRBZD7PFSwvS" style="width:624.00px;height:770.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">first page of unreported reporter’s notes in Barron v. Baltimore </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">For the most part </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">Barron v. Baltimore</span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> is remembered for what appeared to be a reversal of John Marshall’s strong nationalist interpretation of the Constitution, when in fact a review of all the arguments and documents in the case suggest it is rather a strong endorsement of the rights of property owners as they are defined by the separate state constitutions. Indeed it might even be argued that property owners in Maryland are not constitutionally entitled to just compensation when their property is taken for public purposes or for the public good.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">A third example is a case for which a treasure trove of original papers have survived independently of the National Archives and which are supplemented by rich biographical and other public record materials at the Maryland State Archives. It involves the enforcement of </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">habeas corpus</span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""> and the successful reprimand of a President by a Chief Justice for not acting constitutionally. You can read about the case, </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">Ex Parte Merryman</span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> (17 F. Cas. 144, *; 1861 U.S. App. LEXIS 380, **; 9 Am. Law Reg. 524; 1 Taney 246) from the official record in the materials distributed, but to realize how much is missed by not understanding the context or grasping the full extent of the historical I would recommend exploring the Federal Center for the Courts and the American Bar Association’s forthcoming web site on this and other important cases for use in high school and college classrooms. Even the account in the Oliver Wendell Holmes Devise volumes on the Taney Court did not reveal the complete richness or significance of the still extant record.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">III</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">It is a clearly demonstrable fact that so much of the substance of the history and meaning of the law is lost when recourse is only made to the reported decisions and, occasionally, the printed briefs. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">If we are to put passion back into our sense of civic duty and effectively remind ourselves that we should be willing and eager to rewrite our constitutions thoughtfully every generation, if not every twenty years (today our generations, as well as our life spans are getting longer) we must find the resources to preserve the fragments of evidence that will make such an exercise productive and worthwhile. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">What then should we do?</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Given such limited resources, priorities should be set as to what records are preserved first and made most accessible within the context of a well designed, generically formatted and managed, electronic archives.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">1) Cease fretting about whether or not the electronic record can be a permanent record. The fact is that it must be and we must take steps with existing technology to assure ourselves that it is. Maintaining an electronic record permanently with existing technology is possible now. We simply must be prepared to bear the cost of redundancy and vigilance, price that can be far less than paper conservation, book storage, and security microfilm.</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">2) Begin with the constitutional and legal framework of our states and the nation, then move to whatever else we have resources to convert to electronic form.</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">3) Unless endowments specific to a collection can be raised for the purpose without affecting the larger funding issues, don’t waste resources on imaging projects of marginal value or of little substantive legal or constitutional related content.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">4) Support financially and morally the efforts of such states as Maryland to further the goal of preserving the total surviving legal record of the state, as is evidenced in the </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">Archives of Maryland on Line</span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">, not only in creating mirror or parallel sites for the storage of our data in selected Law School computers around the country (on the JSTOR model), but also by a willingness to pay by supporting subscription for the privilege of mirroring the site, a subscription sufficient to advance the amount of material scanned, transcribed, and interpreted</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">5) Help small struggling institutions like ours to be recognized as major players in need when it comes to the handing out of federal and foundation grants. Nothing has been more frustrating to me over the years than to have the Maryland State Archives treated as inconsequential to the preservation of essential information, while sister library and historical society institutions, private and public, have had little difficulty in getting funds to digitize collections of less integral value to our legal history and the history of our society generally, than those which are entrusted to our care.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">With massive budget cuts looming that will entail the mass destruction of the very fabric of what we can know about the creation and interpretation of our constitutions and our laws, it is time for us to allocate what resources we have wisely. We must take seriously </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">The Critical Importance of Preserving the Historical Context of the Law in an Authoriative, Permanent, and Readily Accessible Electronic Environment</span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">. Jefferson offers sound advice. Every generation must passionately engage in the revitalization of the very fabric of our laws and of our government, but it must do so, as Madison reminded him, with the benefit of the knowledge and the wisdom of those who have gone before.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">In a former steel shelving warehouse in a major city there is a significant collection of public papers relating to the legal business of the city reaching back to the first decade of the 20th century. While they are stored under less than ideal circumstances and are cared for by a very small overburdened staff, the greatest threat to their preservation is that few know what they contain, or care about what might be learned from their contents.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">While working with a volunteer who is cataloging the papers of the Baltimore City Law Department, I selected a case at random. It happened to be a challenge to the practice of the City Jail to send prisoners who the jailer deemed mad directly to the City Insane Asylum, bypassing all the laws on the subject, and the constitutional rights of the person who had served his or her time. </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_edn14&sa=D&ust=1523326892499000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[14] </a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Most of the prisoners treated that way, from the records in the file that covered a period of six years, were African American. The Assistant City Solicitor (who happened to be a future, long term Governor of the State) wrote an eloquent, stinging indictment of the practice. “I am of opinion,” he wrote, “that this practice is not legal. No man can be deprived of his life liberty or property without due process of law. This means that no man can be deprived of his liberty and confined in an insane asylum without judicial proceedings of some kind being first had.”</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">There are vast treasures of untapped past wisdom (and folly) among the legal records of this nation. Let us find the resources to preserve them and to make them known and available to future generations in a readily accessible environment. That means bringing the huge body of court records of the Federal Courts and the State Courts now virtually inaccessible in remote storage locations on line in in a permanently available, usage fee free service supported by public funds for the educational benefit of us all. There is much to learn, if we only turn our attention to learning it in a civic minded, critical thinking way. If we do so, perhaps we will save ourselves from the treacherous path of tweeting ignorance and insult transformed into a hopeless, fruitless, even racist, course of public policy that dooms us all.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:622.00px;height:809.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/hvhJXDRrw_dzhiz1K-zPb0PNUEhJ17arWaiW37g3BQHn-P-4LHju_yawECZw8QIJ5EuQwL_YY1pRme7hFXqbg0ZL4VKcqursjBW8K9BFZWdydtWo3SOo9WFhLPKRLcSILOwyjYjJ" style="width:622.00px;height:809.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:618.00px;height:800.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/S1KeLjjHJ3nRleVI5Ex0QH72xrZBWt7Y0fPMO5WVwAAf4VXfUFjbIagqylppMLYRA0gDiF82V1anHXTuIQNkzTUroBIffAuq35cgSyZAdR10IG9Zkdwg2joZ8COyY-22h-0S6bM3" style="width:618.00px;height:800.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">from Baltimore City Archives, RG 13, Series 2, file 4616.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">End notes</span></p><hr><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_ednref1&sa=D&ust=1523326892500000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[1]</a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> The phrase is historical and was used by a nationally known politician from Maryland whose veracity was at times suspect. Jerry Dupont of the Law Library Microform Consortium in his letter of February 20 to participants in this conference, raises legitimate concerns about the reliability of the electronic record when poorly managed, but the rejection of the digital only approach is both shortsighted and misdirected. It would be ideal if we could afford the resources necessary to move all electronic records into a more stable, analog, environment that improves upon COM, computer output microform,(a technology that has been around for a long time, but which did not adequately provide for shades of gray, nor color). The fact is that we can’t afford it (leaving aside the questions of what it would cost to store and access such media), and our resources would be better spent on ensuring a stable, redundant, generic electronic archives, something that is possible and economically viable even within the confines of the infant state of current technology.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_ednref2&sa=D&ust=1523326892500000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[2] </a></span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""> See for example </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.plats.net/&sa=D&ust=1523326892501000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">www.plats.net</a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">, user name plato, password plato#</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_ednref3&sa=D&ust=1523326892501000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[3] </a></span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">For the dissent and all known briefs see: </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://curiae.law.yale.edu/search/casedetail?casecitation%3D163%2BU.S.%2B537&sa=D&ust=1523326892501000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://curiae.law.yale.edu/<wbr>search/casedetail?<wbr>casecitation=163+U.S.+537</a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> (<wbr>accessed 3/4/03)</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_ednref4&sa=D&ust=1523326892502000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[4] </a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> Paca’s and the Maryland Minority’s proposed amendments circulated widely. See, for example, The Pennsylvania Gazette, May 7, 1788.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_ednref5&sa=D&ust=1523326892502000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[5] </a></span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""> See the pioneering work of </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://curiae.law.yale.edu/&sa=D&ust=1523326892502000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://curiae.law.yale.edu/</a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> <wbr>explained in detail by Stephanie Davidson at</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://curiae.law.yale.edu/presentations/cali.ppt&sa=D&ust=1523326892503000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://curiae.law.yale.edu/<wbr>presentations/cali.ppt</a></span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""> (<wbr>accessed 3/4/03) which in turn is inspired by the basic documents project at Yale </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/avalon.htm&sa=D&ust=1523326892503000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/<wbr>avalon/avalon.htm</a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">, the Avalon Project, the first on-line efforts to make authoritative transcriptions of basic legal and historical texts electronically accessible.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_ednref6&sa=D&ust=1523326892503000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[6] </a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/speccol/sc2200/sc2221/000004/000000/html/00000004.html&sa=D&ust=1523326892504000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">htttp://www.mdarchives.state.<wbr>md.us/msa/speccol/sc2200/<wbr>sc2221/000004/000000/html/<wbr>00000004.html</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/speccol/sc2200/sc2221/000004/000000/html/00000004.html&sa=D&ust=1523326892504000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"></a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_ednref7&sa=D&ust=1523326892504000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[7] </a></span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""> Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Kercheval, July 12, 1816. Transcription source: </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/lit/jeff14.htm&sa=D&ust=1523326892505000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.<wbr>au/lit/jeff14.htm</a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">(accessed 2/23/03)</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Letter To Samuel Kercheval - Monticello, July 12, 1816</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">To Samuel Kercheval_</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Monticello, July 12, 1816_</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">SIR, -- I duly received your favor of June the 13th, with the copy of the letters on the calling a convention, on which you are pleased to ask my opinion. I have not been in the habit of mysterious reserve on any subject, nor of buttoning up my opinions within my own doublet. On the contrary, while in public service especially, I thought the public entitled to frankness, and intimately to know whom they employed. But I am now retired: I resign myself, as a passenger, with confidence to those at present at the helm, and ask but for rest, peace and good will. The question you propose, on equal representation, has become a party one, in which I wish to take no public share. Yet, if it be asked for your own satisfaction only, and not to be quoted before the public, I have no motive to withhold it, and the less from you, as it coincides with your own. At the birth of our republic, I committed that opinion to the world, in the draught of a constitution annexed to the "Notes on Virginia," in which a provision was inserted for a representation permanently equal. The infancy of the subject at that moment, and our inexperience of self-government, occasioned gross departures in that draught from genuine republican canons. In truth, the abuses of monarchy had so much filled all the space of political contemplation, that we imagined everything republican which was not monarchy. We had not yet penetrated to the mother principle, that "governments are republican only in proportion as they embody the will of their people, and execute it." Hence, our first constitutions had really no leading principles in them. But experience and reflection have but more and more confirmed me in the particular importance of the equal representation then proposed. On that point, then, I am entirely in sentiment with your letters; and only lament that a copy-right of your pamphlet prevents their appearance in the newspapers, where alone they would be generally read, and produce general effect. The present vacancy too, of other matter, would give them place in every paper, and bring the question home to every man's conscience.</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">But inequality of representation in both Houses of our legislature, is not the only republican heresy in this first essay of our revolutionary patriots at forming a constitution. For let it be agreed that a government is republican in proportion as every member composing it has his equal voice in the direction of its concerns (not indeed in person, which would be impracticable beyond the limits of a city, or small township, but) by representatives chosen by himself, and responsible to him at short periods, and let us bring to the test of this canon every branch of our constitution. </span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">In the legislature, the House of Representatives is chosen by less than half the people, and not at all in proportion to those who do choose. The Senate are still more disproportionate, and for long terms of irresponsibility. In the Executive, the Governor is entirely independent of the choice of the people, and of their control; his Council equally so, and at best but a fifth wheel to a wagon. In the Judiciary, the judges of the highest courts are dependent on none but themselves. In England, where judges were named and removable at the will of an hereditary executive, from which branch most misrule was feared, and has flowed, it was a great point gained, by fixing them for life, to make them independent of that executive. But in a government founded on the public will, this principle operates in an opposite direction, and against that will. There, too, they were still removable on a concurrence of the executive and legislative branches. But we have made them independent of the nation itself. They are irremovable, but by their own body, for any depravities of conduct, and even by their own body for the imbecilities of dotage. The justices of the inferior courts are self-chosen, are for life, and perpetuate their own body in succession forever, so that a faction once possessing themselves of the bench of a county, can never be broken up, but hold their county in chains, forever indissoluble. Yet these justices are the real executive as well as judiciary, in all our minor and most ordinary concerns. They tax us at will; fill the office of sheriff, the most important of all the executive officers of the county; name nearly all our military leaders, which leaders, once named, are removable but by themselves. The juries, our judges of all fact, and of law when they choose it, are not selected by the people, nor amenable to them. They are chosen by an officer named by the court and executive. Chosen, did I say? Picked up by the sheriff from the loungings of the court yard, after everything respectable has retired from it. Where then is our republicanism to be found? Not in our constitution certainly, but merely in the spirit of our people. That would oblige even a despot to govern us republicanly. Owing to this spirit, and to nothing in the form of our constitution, all things have gone well. But this fact, so triumphantly misquoted by the enemies of reformation, is not the fruit of our constitution, but has prevailed in spite of it. Our functionaries have done well, because generally honest men. If any were not so, they feared to show it. </span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">But it will be said, it is easier to find faults than to amend them. I do not think their amendment so difficult as is pretended. Only lay down true principles, and adhere to them inflexibly. Do not be frightened into their surrender by the alarms of the timid, or the croakings of wealth against the ascendency of the people. If experience be called for, appeal to that of our fifteen or twenty governments for forty years, and show me where the people have done half the mischief in these forty years, that a single despot would have done in a single year; or show half the riots and rebellions, the crimes and the punishments, which have taken place in any single nation, under kingly government, during the same period. The true foundation of republican government is the equal right of every citizen, in his person and property, and in their management. Try by this, as a tally, every provision of our constitution, and see if it hangs directly on the will of the people. Reduce your legislature to a convenient number for full, but orderly discussion. Let every man who fights or pays, exercise his just and equal right in their election. Submit them to approbation or rejection at short intervals. Let the executive be chosen in the same way, and for the same term, by those whose agent he is to be; and leave no screen of a council behind which to skulk from responsibility. It has been thought that the people are not competent electors of judges learned in the law. . But I do not know that this is true, and, if doubtful, we should follow principle. In this, as in many other elections, they would be guided by reputation, which would not err oftener, perhaps, than the present mode of appointment. In one State of the Union, at least, it has long been tried, and with the most satisfactory success. The judges of Connecticut have been chosen by the people every six months, for nearly two centuries, and I believe there has hardly ever been an instance of change; so powerful is the curb of incessant responsibility. If prejudice, however, derived from a monarchical institution, is still to prevail against the vital elective principle of our own, and if the existing example among ourselves of periodical election of judges by the people be still mistrusted, let us at least not adopt the evil, and reject the good, of the English precedent; let us retain a movability on the concurrence of the executive and legislative branches, and nomination by the executive alone. Nomination to office is an executive function. To give it to the legislature, as we do, is a violation of the principle of the separation of powers.It swerves the members from correctness, by temptations to intrigue for office themselves, and to a corrupt barter of votes; and destroys responsibility by dividing it among a multitude. By leaving nomination in its proper place, among executive functions, the principle of the distribution of power is preserved, and responsibility weighs with its heaviest force on a single head. </span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The organization of our county administrations may be thought more difficult. But follow principle, and the knot unties itself. Divide the counties into wards of such size as that every citizen can attend, when called on, and act in person. Ascribe to them the government of their wards in all things relating to themselves exclusively. A justice, chosen by themselves, in each, a constable, a military company, a patrol, a school, the care of their own poor, their own portion of the public roads, the choice of one or more jurors to serve in some court, and the delivery, within their own wards, of their own votes for all elective officers of higher sphere, will relieve the county administration of nearly all its business, will have it better done, and by making every citizen an acting member of the government, and in the offices nearest and most interesting to him, will attach him by his strongest feelings to the independence of his country, and its republican constitution. The justices thus chosen by every ward, would constitute the county court, would do its judiciary business, direct roads and bridges, levy county and poor rates, and administer all the matters of common interest to the whole country. These wards, called townships in New England, are the vital principle of their governments, and have proved themselves the wisest invention ever devised by the wit of man for the perfect exercise of self-government, and for its preservation. We should thus marshal our government into,</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:72pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">1, the general federal republic, for all concerns foreign and federal;</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:72pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">2, that of the State, for what relates to our own citizens exclusively;</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:72pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">3, the county republics, for the duties and concerns of the county;</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:72pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">and</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:72pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">4, the ward republics, for the small, and yet numerous and interesting concerns of the neighborhood; and in government, as well as in every other business of life, it is by division and subdivision of duties alone, that all matters, great and small, can be managed to perfection. And the whole is cemented by giving to every citizen, personally, a part in the administration of the public affairs. </span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The sum of these amendments is,</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:72pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">1. General Suffrage.</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:72pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">2. Equal representation in the legislature.</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:72pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">3. An executive chosen by the people.</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:72pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">4. Judges elective or removable.</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:72pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">5. Justices, jurors, and sheriffs elective.</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:72pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">6. Ward divisions. And</span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:72pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">7. Periodical amendments of the constitution. </span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">I have thrown out these as loose heads of amendment, for consideration and correction; and their object is to secure self-government by the republicanism of our constitution, as well as by the spirit of the people; and to nourish and perpetuate that spirit. I am not among those who fear the people. They, and not the rich, are our dependence for continued freedom. And to preserve their independence, we must not let our rulers load us with perpetual debt. We must make our election between economy and liberty, or profusion and servitude. If we run into such debts, as that we must be taxed in our meat and in our drink, in our necessaries and our comforts, in our labors and our amusements, for our callings and our creeds, as the people of England are, our people, like them, must come to labor sixteen hours in the twenty-four, give the earnings of fifteen of these to the government for their debts and daily expenses; and the sixteenth being insufficient to afford us bread, we must live, as they now do, on oatmeal and potatoes; have no time to think, no means of calling the mismanagers to account; but be glad to obtain subsistence by hiring ourselves to rivet their chains on the necks of our fellow-sufferers. Our landholders, too, like theirs, retaining indeed the title and stewardship of estates called theirs, but held really in trust for the treasury, must wander, like theirs, in foreign countries, and be contented with penury, obscurity, exile, and the glory of the nation. This example reads to us the salutary lesson, that private fortunes are destroyed by public as well as by private extravagance. And this is the tendency of all human governments. A departure from principle in one instance becomes a precedent for a second; that second for a third; and so on, till the bulk of the society is reduced to be mere automatons of misery, and to have no sensibilities left but for sinning and suffering. Then begins, indeed, the bellum omnium in omnia, which some philosophers observing to be so general in this world, have mistaken it for the natural, instead of the abusive state of man. And the fore horse of this frightful team is public debt. Taxation follows that, and in its train wretchedness and oppression. </span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Some men look at constitutions with sanctimonious reverence, and deem them like the arc of the covenant, too sacred to be touched. They ascribe to the men of the preceding age a wisdom more than human, and suppose what they did to be beyond amendment. I knew that age well; I belonged to it, and labored with it. It deserved well of its country. It was very like the present, but without the experience of the present; and forty years of experience in government is worth a century of book-reading; and this they would say themselves, were they to rise from the dead. I am certainly not an advocate for frequent and untried changes in laws and constitutions. I think moderate imperfections had better be borne with; because, when once known, we accommodate ourselves to them, and find practical means of correcting their ill effects. But I know also, that laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind. As that becomes more developed, more enlightened, as new discoveries are made, new truths disclosed, and manners and opinions change with the change of circumstances, institutions must advance also, and keep pace with the times. We might as well require a man to wear still the coat which fitted him when a boy, as civilized society to remain ever under the regimen of their barbarous ancestors. It is this preposterous idea which has lately deluged Europe in blood. Their monarchs, instead of wisely yielding to the gradual change of circumstances, of favoring progressive accommodation to progressive improvement, have clung to old abuses, entrenched themselves behind steady habits, and obliged their subjects to seek through blood and violence rash and ruinous innovations, which, had they been referred to the peaceful deliberations and collected wisdom of the nation, would have been put into acceptable and salutary forms. Let us follow no such examples, nor weakly believe that one generation is not as capable as another of taking care of itself, and of ordering its own affairs. Let us, as our sister States have done, avail ourselves of our reason and experience, to correct the crude essays of our first and unexperienced, although wise, virtuous, and well-meaning councils. And lastly, let us provide in our constitution for its revision at stated periods. What these periods should be, nature herself indicates. By the European tables of mortality, of the adults living at any one moment of time, a majority will be dead in about nineteen years. At the end of that period, then, a new majority is come into place; or, in other words, a new generation. Each generation is as independent as the one preceding, as that was of all which had gone before. It has then, like them, a right to choose for itself the form of government it believes most promotive of its own happiness; consequently, to accommodate to the circumstances in which it finds itself, that received from its predecessors; and it is for the peace and good of mankind, that a solemn opportunity of doing this every nineteen or twenty years, should be provided by the constitution; so that it may be handed on, with periodical repairs, from generation to generation, to the end of time, if anything human can so long endure. It is now forty years since the constitution of Virginia was formed. The same tables inform us, that, within that period, two-thirds of the adults then living are now dead. Have then the remaining third, even if they had the wish, the right to hold in obedience to their will, and to laws heretofore made by them, the other two-thirds, who, with themselves, compose the present mass of adults? If they have not, who has? The dead? But the dead have no rights. They are nothing; and nothing cannot own something. Where there is no substance, there can be no accident. This corporeal globe, and everything upon it, belong to its present corporeal inhabitants, during their generation. They alone have a right to direct what is the concern of themselves alone, and to declare the law of that direction; and this declaration can only be made by their majority. That majority, then, has a right to depute representatives to a convention, and to make the constitution what they think will be the best for themselves. But how collect their voice? This is the real difficulty. If invited by private authority, or county or district meetings, these divisions are so large that few will attend; and their voice will be imperfectly, or falsely pronounced. Here, then, would be one of the advantages of the ward divisions I have proposed. The mayor of every ward, on a question like the present, would call his ward together, take the simple yea or nay of its members, convey these to the county court, who would hand on those of all its wards to the proper general authority; and the voice of the whole people would be thus fairly, fully, and peaceably expressed, discussed, and decided by the common reason of the society. If this avenue be shut to the call of sufferance, it will make itself heard through that of force, and we shall go on, as other nations are doing, in the endless circle of oppression, rebellion, reformation; and oppression, rebellion, reformation, again; and so on forever. </span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">These, Sir, are my opinions of the governments we see among men, and of the principles by which alone we may prevent our own from falling into the same dreadful track. I have given them at greater length than your letter called for. But I cannot say things by halves; and I confide them to your honor, so to use them as to preserve me from the gridiron of the public papers. If you shall approve and enforce them, as you have done that of equal representation, they may do some good. If not, keep them to yourself as the effusions of withered age and useless time. I shall, with not the less truth, assure you of my great respect and consideration. </span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.2545454545454544;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">Also available at: </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/tj3/writings/brf/jefl246.htm&sa=D&ust=1523326892510000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/<wbr>tj3/writings/brf/jefl246.htm</a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> (<wbr>accessed 2/23/03) </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_ednref8&sa=D&ust=1523326892511000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[8] </a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> Images taken from the Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress,</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/P?mtj:2:./temp/%257Eammem_3HYU&sa=D&ust=1523326892511000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/<wbr>query/P?mtj:2:./temp/~ammem_<wbr>3HYU</a></span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">:: (accessed 2/23/03). </span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Note that WORD does not accept this citation as a hyperlink. The two colons at the end of the URL are necessary for retrieval. Enter the whole url in your browser.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_ednref9&sa=D&ust=1523326892511000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[9] </a></span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""> See: </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://curiae.law.yale.edu/search/casedetail?casecitation%3D5%2BU.S.%2B137&sa=D&ust=1523326892512000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://curiae.law.yale.edu/<wbr>search/casedetail?<wbr>casecitation=5+U.S.+137</a></span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""> (<wbr>accessed 3/4/2003) for what has survived as the official printed record of the case. As Jed Shugerman discovered, there is additional enlightening and relevant information to be found in contemporary newspaper articles and manuscript collections (</span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.law.upenn.edu/conlaw/issues/vol5/num1/shugerman.pdf&sa=D&ust=1523326892512000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">5 U. PA. J. CONST. L. 58 (2002)</a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_ednref10&sa=D&ust=1523326892512000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[10] </a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> 6 H. & J. 288; 1824 Md. Lexis 20</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_ednref11&sa=D&ust=1523326892513000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[11] </a></span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""> see Douglas Jehl, </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdag.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5330/000031/000000/000050/unrestricted/nyt3mar2003.tif&sa=D&ust=1523326892513000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">"A New Frontier In Water Wars Emerges as Worry Over Resources Grows in East." The New York Times, 3 March 2003</a></span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">. None of the lawyers in the case have examined the constitutionality of the Compact of 1785 (and it’s partial re-enactment of 1958) from the perspective of both the Virginia and Maryland State Constitutions. I suspect this happened because lawyers are not generally trained in the fundamental importance to the law of State Constitutions, the text and evolution of which is generally poorly documented. Professor Horst Dippel’s </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.uni-kassel.de/~dippel/justitia/constart.html&sa=D&ust=1523326892513000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">on line project at the University of Kassel</a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> is designed to correct the many flaws in the standard sources for State Constitutions. The bottom line is that all the arguments about the Maryland Virginia boundary that are related to the Compact of 1785 are probably in error because the Compact itself was never constitutionally valid. Closer attention to the constitutional issue as intended by the framers might have saved considerable expense on both sides and led to full management of the River’s resources by Maryland, the sole owner of the whole of the river as defined indisputably in Maryland’s 1632 charter.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_ednref12&sa=D&ust=1523326892514000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[12] </a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">found in GENERAL COURT OF THE EASTERN SHORE (Judgments) MSA S471-90, April 1802, R-Y, 1/21/1/20. See also GENERAL COURT OF THE EASTERN SHORE (Docket) MSA S479-46, April 1802, 1/20/4/8.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_ednref13&sa=D&ust=1523326892514000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[13] </a></span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""> Barron v Baltimore 32 U.S. 243 See: </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/msaref06/barron/html/index.html&sa=D&ust=1523326892515000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.<wbr>gov/msaref06/barron/html/<wbr>index.html</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2545454545454544;text-align:left"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.msa.maryland.gov/georgetown.htm%23_ednref14&sa=D&ust=1523326892515000" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[14] </a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Baltimore City Archives, Record Group 13, Series 2, File 4616. The assistant City Solicitor was Albert C. Ritchie, latter Attorney General and Governor of Maryland. Ritchie’s boss was W. Cabell Bruce, a Pulitizer Prize winning biographer of Benjamin Franklin.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p></div></body></html>ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-43878243121768568152018-03-19T10:19:00.001-04:002018-03-25T00:24:01.149-04:00Maryland Day 2018: Putting Maryland on the Map, 1673<html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body><div style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:56.9pt 56.9pt 89.3pt 56.9pt;max-width:498.2pt"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">A Birthday Present for Maryland: A New Book about Augustine Herrman’s Map of Virginia and Maryland, 1673</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">In October of 1659, Augustine Herrman, an expatriate Bohemian tobacco merchant born near Prague, but now living and working out of New Amsterdam, reported on a diplomatic mission to Maryland. Merchants in New Amsterdam had close ties to the Chesapeake where they carried on a vigorous trade in imported goods (including yellow bricks from Holland) and tobacco. Herrmann reported back to his superiors that there was definitely a need for a good map of the area. He wrote that</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.15;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">First of all, the South River [meaning the southern part of Chesapeake Bay] and the Virginias, with the lands and Kills between both, ought to be laid down on an exact scale as to longitude and latitude in a perfect map, that the extent fo country on both sides may be correctly seen, and the work afterwards proceeded with, for some maps which the English here are utterly imperfect and prejudicial to us. The sooner this is done, the better.</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400"><a href="#0.1_ftnt1">[1]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">The Dutch in New Amsterdam were noticeably parsimonious in their dealings with Herrman, but Lord Baltimore, who claimed all of two degrees of latitude of land and water north of Watkins Point opposite the mouth of the Potomac River, was not. Baltimore promised a large grant of land the perquisites of a manor lord to Herrman if he would come to Maryland and prepare his map. Herrman readily agreed and, early in 1661, at the age of thirty-eight, he came to stay. By the time of his death in 1686, at sixty-three, Lord Baltimore had rewarded his efforts, with some 25,000 acres on the Elk River in Cecil County, Maryland which herrman named Bohemia Manor after the land of his birth. The first draft of his map was completed as early as January 1661, when Herrman was made a “denizen,” a privileged permanent resident, of Maryland by proclamation. That he may not have gotten to enjoy his landed wealth as much as he had hoped may have been due to a disastrous second marriage, at least according to some Dutch missionaries to whom he offered to sell his manor in December 1679, six years after his map was published in London:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.15;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">Augustine Hermans … was sick when we arrived at his house. ... We delivered to Augustine a letter from his son Ephraim, and related to him how we had travelled with him from the Manathans, and how he was, which rejoiced him. Becoming thus acquainted he showed us every kindness he could in his condition, as he was very miserable, both in soul and body. His plantation was going much into decay, as well as bis body, for want of attention. There was not a Christian man. as they term it, to serve him; nobody but negroes. All this was increased by a miserable, doubly miserable wife; but so miserable that I will not relate it here. All his children have been compelled on her account, to leave their father's house. He spoke to us of his land, and said he would never sell or hire it to Englishmen, but would sell it to us cheap, if we were inclined to buy.</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400"><a href="#0.1_ftnt2">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:658.00px;height:740.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/nz2LyYuvM_MCksjJg-TMRImrQ2ahRpoqJ-nKonHoSTjokKBxLFrY2o4Avm6sQAfrfkzeaEBHrjL7VPOVgspnPSdEEloGnQ9xLQQrofKqB7LBqxJVzYQxM2qcbZw1rOlD3_m9tyL-" style="width:658.00px;height:740.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Detail from Herrman’s map showing his Bohemia manor and how he placed the locations of plantations and county seats, along with soundings on his map. The key to the symbols that Faithorne provided in the printed map is only partial:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:664.32px;height:428.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/DGTYwvupVE_4Vtmv6uUzOJ8BDhFx3dd7x_XzYF4ZILXTo7kvfSIdEvOMhc0A7Jh61vFT-rQmAn2KUSE1Zsrj6C48z0cGYjzkcaZrh6AnbyjMtqV9O-uHt0LDP29n1jhaimGgDLFz" style="width:664.32px;height:428.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">Christian J. Koot, in </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">A biography of a Map in Motion, Augustine Herrman’s Chesapeake </span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">(2017) has produced a thorough study of the political history of the map and the personal history of its creator after 1659. Professor Koot’s objective is to place the map into the context of Empire and the desire of the British and Lord Baltimore to know in geographical detail the extent of their domain. It is no accident that one of the surviving copies of Herrman’s map is to be found among the Blathwayt collection at Brown University. It is Blathwayt’s </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">Atlas</span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""> that was used by colonial administrators in the era of Charles II (1660-1685) and the maps that depict the Chesapeake Bay are in large measure based upon Herrman’s map.</span><sup style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt3">[3]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">What is new and intriguing about Professor Koot’s book is the journey he takes the reader on from the inception of the map to the death of its creator. For the first time, based on Professor Koot’s informed speculation, we can understand the process by which Hermann, a merchant who spent considerable time (as did his contemporary, Jacob Leisler) in navigating the creeks and rivers of the Chesapeake. Professor Koot might have stressed more the role of the treasured and secretly held rutters (from the French meaning route) used by the captains employed by Hermann and Leisler, or possibly followed by Hermann himself (it is not known if Hermann captained his own merchant vessels). The rutters would have supplied rich detail of shoals, soundings, and sailing directions. Closely guarded and kept secret from competing merchants, few have survived, but a hint of the richness of detail they contained is to be found in Matthew Boyd Goldie’s</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400"> An Early English Rutter: The Sea and Spatial Hermeneutics in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.</span><sup style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt4">[4]</a></sup><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> The Dutch rutters were supposedly among the best and most detailed..</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">In four well-crafted chapters, Professor Koot introduces the merchant, the mapmaker, the planter, the patron and the engraver, and the consumers of the map, particularly the subsequent map makers and the English captains of Empire who aggressively pushed the bounds of their domains including the capture of New Amsterdam and transformed it into New York in 1664. Augustine Hermann left just in time for the life of a Lord of Manor on the banks of the upper Chesapeake.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">It is there, as Professor Koot points out, he establishes his own mini empire, pushing his connections in trade northward towards the Delaware Bay, creating a well-traveled road for the illegal exporting of tobacco, eluding Lord Baltimore’s tax collector, and perhaps providing a path that in time would become an escape route for runaway slaves moving northward from Maryland’s Eastern Shore.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:664.32px;height:516.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/FbKYJGUSx2z5nrN2Y6jTR3cxRWZAHiJKpqBpPN44yjTduRYFaPNRgA8WNqUt04_qNxNGuCtXjhZKbpA35VMl0XLAZPo8-vbwnAcHekKrMNaeSkBECv7pa4eFE3qfL387hKTnTE07" style="width:664.32px;height:516.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">Francis Lamb, Virginia & Maryland, 1676 from Edward C. Papenfuse & Joseph M. Coale, and Edward C. Papenfuse. 2003. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">The Maryland State Archives atlas of historical maps of Maryland, 1608-1908</span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">While Professor Koot speculates that because so few copies of Herrman’s map were distributed (he could only find five extant copies), it did not become part of the cartographic canon of North America in the 19th and 20th centuries, it certainly had a direct influence on the more widely known printed maps of the late 17th and 18th centuries, with wholesale copying by such popular maps as Francis Lamb’s </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">Virginia and Maryland, 1676</span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">, and Christopher Browne’s, </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">A New Map of Virginia, Maryland …,</span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> 1685.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">As to how many copies of the Herrman Map there remain, is still somewhat of a mystery. Professor Koot discovered one unknown copy among the papers of Samuel Pepys in immaculate condition and he opens his book with being enthralled by its pristine state as he was permitted to open it at the Pepys Library, Magdalen College, Cambridge. In all he counts five extant copies There indeed may be at least six. In 1935, J. Louis Kuethe, who painstakingly copied all the place names on Herman’s map and linked them to modern locations, indicated that there were two originals in the British Museum (now library), and one at the John Carter Brown library.</span><sup style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt5">[5]</a></sup><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> I found two at the Bibliotheque Nationale in France, one of which Arthur Houghton apparently pried away in exchange for a Gutenberg Bible, and gave to the Library of Congress. With the Pepys copy that makes six. Whether or not there were five or six, what is important is where they were found. All were in collections of individuals who were concerned with the extent of the British Empire, whether it be colonial officials or worried kings (such as the King of France whose stamp is marked in red on the copy given to the Library of Congress).</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:center"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:330.50px;height:560.58px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/WEsSqNXDaaIeo-IrQIoAe1gIj9wyuC_FSnZFu-rqGQG12Rsgrvm2-FldZJi8nLQ1L-VyqcLzo33PiEiL3s_Ft_szp1MN-K9uD4kzB2ad72a-li2fVu-nIZyuosIv3JL580Lrtkrn" style="width:330.50px;height:560.58px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Original library stamp on the Library of Congress’s copy of Herrman’s map</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">While Professor Koot’s book provides a most readable, well illustrated, and informative journey from the inception of Herrman’s map through the details of its composition and the process of its printing, there remain a few minor unsolved mysteries that perhaps are of interest only to antiquarians and specialists in cartographic details.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:589.34px;height:525.44px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/0xjYqMG1fDhYNe5W-ESEMYPlvsXD6_kWf6RLWEd7osRrLUePHuPYepsBL-bONLYC_azxN8nlsRDLrWK_DaSeHv9dbpdBLTSc9A31_qzG0dQDXHyCmKUqoitOa-rv7WmNDk7LvPsz" style="width:589.34px;height:525.44px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">The most prominent local feature on Herrman’s map is the boldly labeled “Watkins Point” which was noted as the southern boundary point in Lord Baltimore’s charter (1632). Yet there was no such point and should have been shown on the map at best as a low marshy area that John Smith mistook as a point.</span><sup style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt6">[6]</a></sup><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Who was Thomas Withinbrook to whom Herrman assigned the copyright to his map? Was he a London apothecary who speculated in what he hoped would be the proceeds of the sale of Herrman’s map in England? Who is the Captain Tuly, Admiral of Maryland, whose ship is so prominent at the mouth of the Potomac guarding the St. George’s, now St. Mary’s river where Maryland’s capital town was located? </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:664.32px;height:304.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/V_SC8B4U4ajsp2hOipRyfo7bvz6a1bNmQ2sPRQrPkiAQSPF8cXw_3f7lC5yF9GieWvnPQQCgOyDT3jOya2L73qYh9RUndkh3ou_yU5lHe4W_CMnzXgAsq6MVwkfuq47CJ9s3EGx3" style="width:664.32px;height:304.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">Why, of all the counties noted on the map, was Somerset left off, while counties appear that had yet to be officially designated (Cecil for example, which was not created until 1674). I suspect the answer to the last is relatively simple. The engraver, William Faithorne, probably simply missed it unintentionally. Herrman, according to one authority, “claimed that the engraving did not do justice to his original drawing. He said his map “was slobbered over by the engraver Faithorne defiling the prints by many errors.” </span><sup style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt7">[7]</a></sup><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> Somerset County should have been noted on the last, fourth plate (lower right quadrant) to have been engraved, and perhaps Faithorne had grown careless by then. Professor Koop’s chapter on the etching of the copper plates and the tedious process involved makes it clear that mistakes could have been made easily no matter how careful Faithorne was in the production of the plates.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia"">In all, </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">A Biography of a Map in Motion,</span><span style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""> is a welcome addition to the history of cartography and belongs in any library devoted to that history. Perhaps it is fitting to allow Professor Koop the last word about his book which places Augustine Herrman in a context that all previous studies of him and his map have missed, the lord of a manor for whom nationalist labels of “Bohemian” or “True American” would have little meaning.“ Just as Virginia and Maryland was wrapped in an imperial narrative that erased its local origins and its intercolonial perspective, the ways Americans memorialized Herrman obscured his understanding of the flexibility and permeability of empire.” While officially a citizen of Maryland, Herrman “found his greatest success moving between empires,” even when it was officially illegal to move the products of his manor along a road he built to evade the Proprietary taxes on tobacco.</span><sup style="font-weight:400;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt8">[8]</a></sup><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"> His map and the subsequent derivatives did the same for others, just as it also helped define the geographical world of Maryland, the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Edward C. Papenfuse</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">Maryland State Archivist, retired</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:center"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal"></span></p></div><hr style="width:33%;height:1px"><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;text-align:left"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref1">[1]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">See Papenfuse, Edward C., and Joseph M. Coale. 1982. The Hammond-Harwood House atlas of historical maps of Maryland, 1608-1908. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins Univ. Press, p, 11 amd notes 20-21, p. 124. Hermann was born into a Protestant Bohemian family who fled to Holland in search of religious freedom. For details regarding origins of Augustine Herrman, see: Capek, Thomas, 1861-1950. Augustine Herrman of Bohemia Manor, monograph. Praha: [State printing office in Praha] 1930. George Peabody Library, <br>Non-Circ 920 H459C c. 1</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;text-align:left"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref2">[2]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">Danckaerts, Jasper, Bartlett Burleigh James, and John Franklin Jameson. 1913.</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400"> Journal of Jasper Danckaerts, 1679-1680</span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">. Edited by Bartlett Burleigh James, ... and J. Franklin Jameson. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, p. 115.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;text-align:left"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref3">[3]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">The Blathwayt Atlas: Maps Used by British Colonial Administrators in the Time of Charles II</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">, Jeannette Black<br>Imago Mundi, Vol. 22 (1968), pp. 20-29. Julie King, et. al., in “</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">Lord Baltimore and the Politics of Landscape” in </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">Seventeenth-Century Maryland, The Occasional Papers of The Center for the Study of Democracy Volume 5, Number 1, Fall 2016, </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">note the politics of Herrman’s map: </span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The significance Cecil Calvert attached to inscribing his authority on the landscape is apparent on Augustine Herrman’s 1673 map, Virginia and Maryland as it is Planted and Inhabited. The map signified proprietary possession and authority through the marking and naming of places where the colony’s leaders met, including St. Mary’s City, Mattapany, and Notley Hall among others. The map showed the counties, all but one (St. Mary’s) named after Calvert family members, and the towns (or would-be towns) the Calverts had designated in a 1668 proclamation. Charles Calvert assured his father that “the names of all yor Lordshipps Mannors [are] Inserted [in Herrman’s map] as you direct me.” Missing from the map were the names of Calvert’s enemies, including Thomas Gerard and Josias Fendall. That the Herrman map constructed a colony as Baltimore wished it to be was not lost on Marylanders, including those antagonistic to the proprietor. In 1676 the author of an anti-Baltimore screed sent to royal authorities complained that, through the placement of the family’s seal on the map,Baltimore “puts himself in equall computation with . . . the Kings Majesty in the great map of Virginia and Maryland, prikkinge himself distinctly in, and the Kings Majesty out[,] of Maryland.”</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;text-align:left"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref4">[4]</a><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">Speculum</span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">, vol. 90, no. 3, July 2015. Matthew Boyd Goldie is Professor of English at Rider University, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (e-mail: <a href="mailto:mgoldie@rider.edu" target="_blank">mgoldie@rider.edu</a>).</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;text-align:left"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref5">[5]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">J. Louis Kuethe, A Gazetteer of maryland, A. D. 1673, Maryland Historical Magazine, December, 1935, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 310-335.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;text-align:left"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref6">[6]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">See: </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-weight:400;text-decoration:underline;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000082/000000/000002/restricted/watkinspoint.html&sa=D&ust=1521472518896000&usg=AFQjCNFcCnvDg_E2xZJOJcdejR-ww-rB2g" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://msa.maryland.gov/<wbr>megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/<wbr>sc5339/000082/000000/000002/<wbr>restricted/watkinspoint.html</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400"> <wbr>and “Where is Watkins Point” in </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">Geiger, M. Virgina. 1987. </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">Maryland our Maryland: from the Maryland Our Maryland symposium at the College of Notre Dame of Maryland</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, pp. 91-110..</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;text-align:left"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref7">[7]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">Heck, Earl L. W. 2007. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">Augustine Herrman: beginner of the Virginia tobacco trade, merchant of New Amsterdam and first lord of Bohemia manor in Maryland.</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400"> [Whitefish, Mont.]: Kessinger Pub., p. 71 citing FITE, Emerson David, and Archibald Freeman. 1926. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:400">A Book of Old Maps, delineating American history from the earliest days down to the close of the Revolutionary War</span><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">. Compiled and edited by E.D. Fite & A. Freeman. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, p.. 151.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;text-align:left"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref8">[8]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">For more on Augustine Herrman’s illicit trading activities from Bohemia Manor see: “Smuggling Sotweed: Augustine Herrman and the Dutch Connection,” by William G. Duvall, Maryland Historical Magazine, vol. 98, no. 4 (Winter 2003), 389-407. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:400">For Professor Koots’ discussion of Herrman’s tobacco road to the Delaware Bay see p. 132.</span></p></div></div></body></html>ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-28595311313412825132017-01-17T05:00:00.000-05:002017-01-23T15:03:45.266-05:00A Marylander born in London, educated abroad, and the first foreign born First Lady of the United States: Louisa Catherine Adams<html>
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the Shadows</span></p>
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Catherine Johnson Adams</span></p>
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Marylander born in London, educated abroad, and </span></p>
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first foreign born </span><span
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Lady</span></p>
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by</span></p>
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Edward C. Papenfuse, Maryland State Archivist, retired</span></p>
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title=""></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">Louisa
Catherine Johnson lived always in the shadow of others suffering one
personal misfortune after another (including perhaps 8 miscarriages and
the alcoholism that killed her two eldest sons). It was no wonder that
she sought attention through an array of illnesses that plagued her
throughout her adult life. First it was her parents and her sisters,
then her husband and his mother, and finally that other first lady, her
neighbor in Washington, D. C., Dolley Madison who lived with her
relations, the Cutts. Even after Dolley’s death in 1849, three years
before her own, Louisa continued an association with the Cutts, so much
so, that when Louisa died in 1852, a significant ‘trove’ of her
manuscripts disappeared into the Cutts family attic, inaccessible to
scholars and to even Louisa’s son Charles and her grandson Henry, both
of whom would write short biographical sketches of Louisa without them.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><span
style="border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 324.5px; height: 422.27px;"><img
alt=""
src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/lYCBfW4ryRz7ZN0UUZOrUUMR_aQiGh4lrST2l1WbLR6gEyqb6uRf03BHuG38APoMR7C0iiD3V1rOIgzjDtTunYQJwRmOj_GjEUwWQHlE4-266Iyv6oDS_UPcX8NWRCbTh6a2-LMA"
style="width: 324.5px; height: 422.27px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"
title=""></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">1826,
by Charles Bird King</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">Still,
she was talented. She read and spoke fluent French, an invaluable asset
for a diplomat husband. She was an accomplished harpist and had her
first lady portrait painted with harp, and a book of music open to
“Hail to the Chief” which her husband first used as President and has
been used by every president since. She wrote a poem on her
Father-in-law’s death that was published anonymously, and a perceptive
play about the political world of her husband’s presidency. She wrote a
great deal for herself and her children (of four, only Charles Francis
Adams would survive her), including unpublished biographical notices of
herself which she began in her forties on her return permanently to the
United States as the wife of the Secretary of State in the James Monroe
administration. The first sketch she began in the White House in the
heat of a particularly depressing July day in 1825 and entitled it
simply “Record of a Life.” The style is simple, self deprecating, and
frequently caustic in content.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">I
have no pretensions to be a writer and no desire to appear any thing
more than a mere commonplace personage with a good memory and just
observation enough to discover the difference between a man of sense
and a Fool, and to know that the latter do the least mischief of the
two.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">She
only got as far as John Quincy’s assignment at the Prussian court
(1797-1801) which ends with him telling her of his first true love,
Mary Frazier. She makes no mention of the birth of her son George in
April 1801, just prior to her first journey to America, nor of the four
prior miscarriages.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">There
are diaries, primarily covering the years October 1812-to 1815, and
again 1819 to 1849, and a considerable body of correspondence, some of
which did not surface until recently when it was first used by Paul C.
Nagel and then given to the Massachusetts Historical Society. </span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><span
style="border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px; height: 426.67px;"><img
alt=""
src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/SaL3hV7irjjPRiuZl2-DJ_TAC3M_l9AkSgEcg06GQvELDfpNUL2ATbyOicxiTmRLiVsAT9NKZdCokQRKExarkOaX0eBnPAc94G6dRdYzPpMeV9Y8AbsbBKMuJV7pRU2Pq9KCE0qF"
style="width: 624px; height: 426.67px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"
title=""></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">The
diaries fail to detail her one great adventure, the journey she and her
seven year old son Charles took on their own in February and March
1815, from St. Petersburg, Russia, to Paris, some 2,000 miles,
accompanied by servants whose reliability was questionable, and several
necessary passports to enable her to cross borders. She would write her
memories down in 1836 in a harrowing account of her adventure.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">It
has often been a matter of regret to me that I kept no journal of my
travels from St. Petersburg, to paris --and having little to occupy my
mind or attention, I will even at this late period endeavour to sketch
some of its incidents; merely by way of amusement, to fill up an hour
which might be less profitably employed--It may perhaps at some future
day serve to recall the memory of one, who was -and show that many
undertakings which appear very difficult and arduous to my Sex, are by
no means so trying as imagination forever depicts them--And that energy
and discretion, follow the necessity of their exertion, to protect the
fancied weakness of feminine imbecility... </span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">In
2010, Michael O’brien published a study of Louisa’s journey that
corrected her memories and supplemented it with her letters placing it
all in the context of the times. As Catherine Allgor observed on the
dust jacket of Michael O’brien’s book, Mrs. Adams in Winter, a Journey
in the Last Days of Napoleon.:</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400;">Louisa
Catherine Adams, a woman who spent her life in voyages both literal and
metaphorical, above all longed to leave her mark on the landscape of
the life she passed through. The noted historian Michael O’Brien gives
Louisa her voice, assuring her place in history as a woman ‘who was,’
as she put it. Take these twin journeys, rendered with precision and
grace by a master --across the dramatic frozen landscape of Napoleon’s
Eu</span><span
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-weight: 400;">rope,</span><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">
and deep within the mind and heart of one of the most compelling
characters in American History.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">Louisa
picks up her autobiographical pen again in 1840, after her husband’s
return to Congress. She copies the “Record” and begins anew in journal
and letter form what she calls “Adventures of a Nobody.” This time she
got as far as her life in St. Petersburg where her only daughter was
born and died at the age of 13 months. The “Adventures” end with a
diary like entry which concludes with “my child has gone to heaven”
dated September 12 [15], 1812.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">The
correspondence of the St. Petersburg sojourn clearly shows that she was
in many ways the eyes, ears, and social grace of the Adams’s,
befriending the Czar and the ladies of the nobility, sending perceptive
reports to husband when he left to negotiate peace between Great
Britain and the United States. In her paper concerning a treason trial
that followed the burning of Washington in 1814, a University of
Maryland Law school student, Jennifer Smith, discovered Louisa
reporting and assessing the state of affairs on the banks of the
Potomac from her perch in St. Petersburg.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">The
fear that the government was not doing enough to ensure treasonous
“opposition . . . [was] hushed” [Jennifer Smith writes] reached across
the Atlantic Ocean to Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams in St. Petersburg
Russia, who wrote to John Quincy Adams in November 1814: </span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 72pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400;">“The
defects of our Constitution are certainly now completely brought to
light and a Government which is too feeble to check the treason which
is formed in the very heart of the people it affects to rule must sink
the very conviction that the Laws cannot reach them gives a boldness,
energy and strength to factions which must render them successful . . .</span><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">
“</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">In
this she echoed her father-in-law during his administration, and
expressed her fear that factions such as witnessed in the New England
press that opposed the war to the point of disunion, would prevail.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">The
Massachusetts Historical Society and the Adams Papers have published
all of Louisa’s autobiographical writings and her diaries in two well
indexed, excellent volumes that clearly demonstrate her ability to
express herself well, often in an entertaining style, but within a dark
shadow of frequent depression, illness, and self-recrimination. </span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><span
style="border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 336px; height: 505.23px;"><img
alt=""
src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/s8k9faiEk29tpYPBjHDfhmfxnGKe2Ttvxi30iegj1EKuJmOnM-6kjRNHejnhKBG0pa6M-nQgsOOCiu5PV8q2D2f5faf-L-GTAQIPX7B9OPrt_nyuHqjBp4sPFzzQSOvUCFSFD-zZ"
style="width: 336px; height: 505.23px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"
title=""></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">So
who was Louisa Catherine Adams at the age of 26, seen in this 1801
portrait by Edward Savage? What can we know about her in her own right
and the influence she had on others including her husband, her family,
and on the role of First Lady of the nation.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">I
first learned of Louisa Catherine when I wrote about the business
career of her father who was born in Calvert County Maryland and who
participated in the aggressive and entrepreneurial efforts by the
Annapolis merchant firm of which he was a member, to break the hold of
the London and Scottish merchants on the importing of finished goods
and the exporting of Maryland tobacco. So successful did they prove to
be before the Revolution that the wealthiest of the Maryland planters
consigned their tobacco to Wallace, Davidson, and Johnson, including
Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who even consigned two of his young
children to her father’s care on route to their boarding schools in
Liege, in what is now Belgium. Because her father left the firm under a
financial cloud, and spent the remainder of his life (he died in 1802)
fighting in the courts with his former partners, my focus remained with
the fate of the Annapolis partners. My study did not include what
happened to his family beyond the fact that his daughter Louisa
Catherine married a future President in 1797, just before the rest of
the family’s precipitous departure from London, fleeing from Joshua’s
creditors.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><span
style="border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 287.5px; height: 444.61px;"><img
alt=""
src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/S4hbKkL5Xnk0F6DfYcR2Gm7E2Dorsjz5KHLXZw7cu6YXlvgl-Ox48n3-6sz3dwJ1_CR5Md1dFKyjuXC9MWyWUV4OsAr-uIZoyygn82IYNPxRvEEDn3krn2JGzsFVk6uWymrw0SnY"
style="width: 287.5px; height: 444.61px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"
title=""></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">By
far the best modern biography of Louisa is by Louisa Thomas,
granddaughter of the perennial socialist candidate for President,
Norman Thomas. It is sensitive, extensive and thought provoking. She
successfully enters the shadowland of Louisa’s mind utilizing all the
available evidence with great narrative skill. Louisa Thomas chose to
include only one image in her book, a silhouette that was cut in 1828
when she was first lady, symbolic of the need to see past the surviving
images of Louisa Catherine to the soul of her subject. </span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">Joan
Challinor and Louisa Thomas were the first to clearly demonstrate that
Louisa Catherine was, in the eyes of the Anglican Church, and perhaps
her own, illegitimate. Her parents did not marry in the Anglican Church
until ten years after she was born. Under Maryland law, which governed
her father, he and Catherine Newth were eventually ‘married’ by common
law by 1780 (seven years), but not before Louisa Catherine, their third
child, was born in 1775. Yet, she and all of her sisters and her
brother were baptised in the Anglican church. How that was accomplished
without their parents being married in the church is still a mystery,
although the rules were probably administered loosely in light of her
father’s prominence in the American merchant community. Nevertheless it
was likely one of the dark secrets or at least troubling questions that
plagued Louisa throughout her life, along with the belief that her
father pawned her off just before his total financial collapse, to John
Quincy Adams in 1797, without every paying the promised £5,000 pound
sterling dowry.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><span
style="border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px; height: 524px;"><img
alt=""
src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ZCd6r9GLKCpWAT6wR9jjEjtfWySLT33a66BiS54NTdJpmyTC7yqUYu2E50LBOg71uZfUhdLPgEXUy50Ccy9Smm1VshFSIDLmGrhjhaOAiFvjh8i0H4cWHh2-5SfkLEEDoRXsegDR"
style="width: 624px; height: 524px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"
title=""></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: center;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">We
are best and most favorably remembered, I suspect, by our grandchildren
who are, perhaps, more forgiving of our foibles and shortcomings.
Louisa’s only surviving son, Charles Francis Adams, did write glowingly
of her diplomatic and entertaining abilities in an 1839 article
accompanying a softened and more youthful engraved rendition of the
portrait painted in 1816 when she was the wife of the American Minister
to Great Britain. Undoubtedly Louisa Catherine approved of both the
sentiment and the choice of portraits. <br>
</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">But
it was her grandson, the eminent historian Henry Adams, who wrote the
more realistic yet sympathetic biographical sketch of his grandmother,
someone he clearly felt suffered from the same educational shortcomings
he did, a point made well by Joan Challinor in her essay entitled “The
Mis-Education of Louisa Catherine Adams” published in 1986. His
memories were of “the Madam” an elderly woman, about whom he knew only
a little of her earlier life: In it Henry also assessed the educational
shortcomings that the first ten years of his father’s life spent abroad
had on his adjustment to American life, although he was able, unlike
Louisa Catherine and Henry to overcome them.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">
The Madam was a little more remote than the President, [Henry Adams
wrote in the Education of Henry Adams], but [the madam was] more</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">decorative.
She stayed much in her own room with the Dutch tiles,</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">looking
out on her garden with the box walks, and seemed a</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">fragile
creature to a boy who sometimes brought her a note or a</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">message,
and took distinct pleasure in looking at her delicate</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">face
under what seemed to him very becoming caps. He liked her</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">refined
figure ; her gentle voice and manner; her vague effect of</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">not
belonging there, but to Washington or to Europe, like her</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">furniture,
and writing-desk with little glass doors above and</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">little
eighteenth-century volumes in old binding, labelled</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">"Peregrine
Pickle" or "Tom Jones" or "Hannah More." Try as she</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">might,
the Madam could never be Bostonian, and it was her cross</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">in
life, but to the boy it was her charm. Even at that age, he</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">felt
drawn to it. The Madam's life had been in truth far from</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">Boston.
She was born in London in 1775, daughter of Joshua</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">Johnson,
an American merchant, brother of Governor Thomas Johnson</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">of
Maryland; and Catherine Nuth, of an English family in London.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">Driven
from England by the Revolutionary War, Joshua Johnson took</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">his
family to Nantes, where they remained till the peace. The</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">girl
Louisa Catherine was nearly ten years old when brought back</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">to
London, and her sense of nationality must have been confused;</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">but
the influence of the Johnsons and the services of Joshua</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">obtained
for him from President Washington the appointment of</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">Consul
in London on the organization of the Government in 1790.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">In
1794 President Washington appointed John Quincy Adams Minister</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">to
The Hague. He was twenty-seven years old when he returned to</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">London,
and found the Consul's house a very agreeable haunt.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">Louisa
was then twenty.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">
At that time, and long afterwards, the Consul's house, far more</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">than
the Minister's, was the centre of contact for travelling</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">Americans,
either official or other. The Legation was a shifting</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">point,
between 1785 and 1815; but the Consulate, far down in the</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">City,
near the Tower, was convenient and inviting; so inviting</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">that
it proved fatal to young Adams. Louisa was charming, like a</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">Romney
portrait, but among her many charms that of being a New</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">England
woman was not one. The defect was serious. Her future</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">mother-in-law,
Abigail, a famous New England woman whose</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">authority
over her turbulent husband, the second President, was</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">hardly
so great as that which she exercised over her son, the</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">sixth
to be, was troubled by the fear that Louisa might not be</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">made
of stuff stern enough, or brought up in conditions severe</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">enough,
to suit a New England climate, or to make an efficient</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">wife
for her paragon son, and Abigail was right on that point, as</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">on
most others where sound judgment was involved; but sound</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">judgment
is sometimes a source of weakness rather than of force,</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">and
John Quincy already had reason to think that his mother held</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">sound
judgments on the subject of daughters-in-law which human</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">nature,
since the fall of Eve, made Adams helpless to realize.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">Being
three thousand miles away from his mother, and equally far</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">in
love, he married Louisa in London, July 26, 1797, and took her</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">to
Berlin to be the head of the United States Legation. During</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">three
or four exciting years, the young bride lived in Berlin;</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">whether
she was happy or not, whether she was content or not,</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">whether
she was socially successful or not, her descendants did</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">not
surely know; but in any case she could by no chance have</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">become
educated there for a life in Quincy or Boston. In 1801 the</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">overthrow
of the Federalist Party drove her and her husband to</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">America,
and she became at last a member of the Quincy household,</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">but
by that time her children needed all her attention, and she</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">remained
there with occasional winters in Boston and Washington,</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">till
1809. Her husband was made Senator in 1803, and in 1809 was</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">appointed
Minister to Russia. She went with him to St.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">Petersburg,
taking her baby, Charles Francis, born in 1807; but</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">broken-hearted
at having to leave her two older boys behind. The</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">life
at St. Petersburg was hardly gay for her; they were far too</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">poor
to shine in that extravagant society; but she survived it,</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">though
her little girl baby did not, and in the winter of</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">1814-15,
alone with the boy of seven years old, crossed Europe</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">from
St. Petersburg to Paris, in her travelling-carriage, passing</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">through
the armies, and reaching Paris in the Cent Jours after</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">Napoleon's
return from Elba. Her husband next went to England as</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">Minister,
and she was for two years at the Court of the Regent.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">In
1817 her husband came home to be Secretary of State, and she</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">lived
for eight years in F Street, doing her work of entertainer</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">for
President Monroe's administration. Next she lived four</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">miserable
years in the White House. When that chapter was closed</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">in
1829, she had earned the right to be tired and delicate, but</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">she
still had fifteen years to serve as wife of a Member of the</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">House,
after her husband went back to Congress in 1833. Then it</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">was
that the little Henry, her grandson, first remembered her,</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">from
1843 to 1848, sitting in her panelled room, at breakfast,</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">with
her heavy silver teapot and sugar-bowl and cream-jug, which</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">still
exist somewhere as an heirloom of the modern safety-vault.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">By
that time she was seventy years old or more, and thoroughly</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">weary
of being beaten about a stormy world. To the boy she seemed</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">singularly
peaceful, a vision of silver gray, presiding over her</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">old
President and her Queen Anne mahogany; an exotic, like her</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">Sevres
china; an object of deference to every one, and of great</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">affection
to her son Charles; but hardly more Bostonian than she</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">had
been fifty years before, on her wedding-day, in the shadow of</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">the
Tower of London.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">
Such a figure was even less fitted than that of her old</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">husband,
the President, to impress on a boy's mind, the standards</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">of
the coming century. She was Louis Seize, like the furniture.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">The
boy knew nothing of her interior life, which had been, as the</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">venerable
Abigail, long since at peace, foresaw, one of severe</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">stress
and little pure satisfaction. He never dreamed that from</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">her
might come some of those doubts and self-questionings, those</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">hesitations,
those rebellions against law and discipline, which</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">marked
more than one of her descendants; but he might even then</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">have
felt some vague instinctive suspicion that he was to inherit</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">from
her the seeds of the primal sin, the fall from grace, the</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">curse
of Abel, that he was not of pure New England stock, but</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">half
exotic. As a child of Quincy he was not a true Bostonian,</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">but
even as a child of Quincy he inherited a quarter taint of</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">Maryland
blood. Charles Francis, half Marylander by birth, had</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">hardly
seen Boston till he was ten years old, when his parents</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">left
him there at school in 1817, and he never forgot the</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">experience.
He was to be nearly as old as his mother had been in</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">1845,
before he quite accepted Boston, or Boston quite accepted</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">him.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><span
style="border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 315.5px; height: 454.69px;"><img
alt=""
src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/BBoxvf92PXob-yzLjVsaTsvl2OA7e_gbQC3UTE51q5ylctbaOe6TiRa8-97wPZbmymFU_7ed5JiWftMTaEpxd77aF8rX8xEhiRm6TuVwtS4rVVnokhQgnf_IFlreDChsphpHVPne"
style="width: 315.5px; height: 454.69px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"
title=""></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">
</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-weight: 400;">Prior
to Louisa Thomas’s biography, the most sensitive assessment of Louisa
Catherine life was a chapter in </span><span
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400;">The
Adams Women</span><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">
by Paul C. Nagel.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">He
introduces Louisa Catherine at the end of Abigail Adam’s life in 1818.
Abigail had not approved of Louisa’s marriage to John Quincy,
considering his having married beneath himself to a woman who was too
European. Her relationship with Louisa was strained to say the least
until the last years of her life when Louisa not only won over her
mother-in-law, but also endeared herself to the aging John Adams. It
was Abigail that kept her from taking her two eldest sons with her on
the mission to Russia, not to see them for most of their formative
years. Neither sons, George Washington, or John Adams II, would do very
well with their lives. Both were alcoholics, a disease that their
brother, Charles Francis attributed to the Smith side of the family,
Abigail’s family. Such an assessment was quite possibly correct,
considering the recent research on the genetics of alcoholism, but
Louisa always blamed herself in part on not being there to nurture her
children. It was also quite likely that John Quincy’s distance from his
two oldest sons and his instance on a rigorous academic course of study
always presented in a critical framework, had something to do with
their personal failures. He did take his son John Adams as his private
secretary when President and inflicted him with the management of a
failing grist mill in Rock Creek park afterwards. By then he was too
far along in the disease that killed him. He did leave behind a wife
and one daughter who would care for Louisa, but the suicide of the
eldest, George Washington Adams in 1829 and the death of John Adams II
in 1834, left an indelible depression on Louisa and shadowed her for
the remainder of her life.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">In
1818, those debilitating events of Louisa Catherine’s life lay ahead of
her. As to her relationship her mother-in-law, it had blossomed into
true friendship. As Paul Nagel writes:</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">No
one captured the nature of Abigail Adams better than Louisa. First she
said that her mother-in-law was “the guiding planet around which all
revolved, performing their separate duties only by the impulse of her
magnetic power.” Then, in a poem of farewell, Louisa enlarged the
tribute in charming lines which especially touched old John Adams:
“Depart thou Sainted Spirit, wing thy happy flight/To the bright realms
of everlasting light./ Yet fondly hover oer’ thy lonely friend,/In
nightly visions resignation send,/Cheer his great mind, Attune his soul
to Peace,/Till in this world his hopeless grief may cease,/ And when
his spirit quits this mortal clay/Lead him to heavenly bliss and guide
him on his way.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-weight: 400;">Louisa,
from her days in the convent school, leaned towards being a high
Anglican and often was disparaging of the “Unitarian” beliefs of her
father-in-law and husband, seeking solace in the book of common prayer,
and according to her wishes, buried by it.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><span
style="border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 333px; height: 499px;"><img
alt=""
src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ej9ICYtYwq_eYi4SFNtM_w5-sfq8BE-Ce3GZEE1ej0fIuMurSUDZTNErogo-YjE9bRKAhVw80xuNAF4ebaYE7xTE5xARBeNejha373plkLtSozmxuqlXq_hmKhm7mmAk6IonsJo1"
style="width: 333px; height: 499px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"
title=""></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-weight: 400;">The
most politically influential period in Louisa Catherine’s life came in
the twelve years that John Quincy Adams served first as Secretary of
State in the Monroe Cabinet and then on his own as President of the
United States. The first scholar to write about her role in those years
is Catherine Allgor in her </span><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400;">Parlor
Politics: In Which the Ladies of Washington Help Build a City and a
Government</span><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">
( Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000). There she
stands on her own, if in the shadow of Dolley Madison who appears on
the cover, but not Louisa.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">To
quote one reviewer:</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 11pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.15; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">When
Thomas Jefferson moved his victorious Republican administration into
the new capital city in 1801, one of his first acts was to abolish any
formal receptions, except on New Year's Day and the Fourth of July. His
successful campaign for the presidency had been partially founded on
the idea that his Federalist enemies had assumed dangerously
aristocratic trappings―a sword for George Washington and a raised dais
for Martha when she received people at social occasions―in the first
capital cities of New York and Philadelphia. When the ladies of
Washington City, determined to have their own salon, arrived en masse
at the president's house, Jefferson met them in riding clothes,
expressing surprise at their presence. His deep suspicion of any
occasion that resembled a European court caused a major problem,
however: without the face-to-face relationships and networks of
interest created in society, the American experiment in government
could not function.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-left: 0pt; font-size: 11pt; padding-bottom: 11pt; line-height: 1.15; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left; padding-right: 0pt;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">Into
this conundrum, writes Catherine Allgor, stepped women like Dolley
Madison and Louisa Catherine Adams, women of political families who
used the unofficial, social sphere to cement the relationships that
politics needed to work. Not only did they create a space in which
politics was effectively conducted; their efforts legitimated the new
republic and the new capital in the eyes of European nations, whose
representatives scoffed at the city's few amenities and desolate
setting. Covered by the prescriptions of their gender, Washington women
engaged in the dirty business of politics, which allowed their husbands
to retain their republican purity.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-left: 0pt; font-size: 11pt; padding-bottom: 0pt; line-height: 1.15; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left; padding-right: 0pt;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">Constrained
by the cultural taboos on "petticoat politicking," women rarely wrote
forthrightly about their ambitions and plans, preferring to cast their
political work as an extension of virtuous family roles. But by
analyzing their correspondence, gossip events, "etiquette wars," and
the material culture that surrounded them, Allgor finds that these
women acted with conscious political intent. In the days before
organized political parties, the social machine built by these early
federal women helped to ease the transition from a failed republican
experiment to a burgeoning democracy.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-left: 0pt; font-size: 11pt; padding-bottom: 0pt; line-height: 1.15; font-family: "Arial"; height: 11pt; text-align: left; padding-right: 0pt;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-left: 0pt; font-size: 11pt; padding-bottom: 0pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 1.15; text-align: center; padding-right: 0pt;"><span
style="border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 353.5px; height: 572.74px;"><img
alt=""
src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/0qP5DdGEiN-O9khkMkswQglBAW_2s2tMmAHIG0thLFH78FTuhaS3nT977v7OwUVAsscarojTU7OhTwpE8egKcOM70WiCWJobwwKZOWLpjmXPYpuIQdaSmb0IH6krfRMClon6ykTF"
style="width: 353.5px; height: 572.74px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"
title=""></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-left: 0pt; font-size: 11pt; padding-bottom: 0pt; line-height: 1.15; font-family: "Arial"; height: 11pt; text-align: left; padding-right: 0pt;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-left: 0pt; font-size: 11pt; padding-bottom: 0pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 1.15; text-align: left; padding-right: 0pt;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: 400;">Louisa
is perhaps best known for the party she threw for Andrew Jackson in
1824. In a chapter entitled </span><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">A
Beautiful plan</span><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">,
Mary F. Heffron in her posthumous biography of Louisa (2014) begins
with a quote from the poet and newspaper editor John Agg: “Belles and
matrons, maids and madams, All All are gone to Mrs. Adams.” Based on
her correspondence, Mary Heffron paints a word picture of Louisa
Catherine trying </span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-left: 0pt; font-size: 11pt; padding-bottom: 0pt; line-height: 1.15; font-family: "Arial"; height: 11pt; text-align: left; padding-right: 0pt;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); padding-left: 0pt; font-size: 11pt; padding-bottom: 0pt; line-height: 1.15; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left; padding-right: 0pt;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">All
kinds of cajolery to get her Macbeth-”If chance will make me king, why
chance may crown me” --to mend his political ways. Bemoaning “the
illiberal attacks of any idiot that can hold a pen,” Louisa worked hard
to bolster his confidence: “My conviction from my long acquaintance
with your conduct as a publick man is so strong that the deeper they
dive, the higher they must elevate your character.” These were words
that the personally insecure and politically clumsy John Quincy needed
to hear, but they could not move him from his pedestal.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">Despite
of her husband’s aloofness, Louisa entertained and promoted her
husband’s interests. She held Tuesday sociables at her home and on
December 20, 1823 she “decided to hold a ball honoring Andrew Jackson
on January 8, 1824, the anniversary of the general’s victory in the
Battle of New Orleans”. Jackson was Adam’s most serious rival for the
presidency. The Ball was a success.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">“Louisa
led the guest of honor through the crowd, making introductions as they
went. Anticipating that she would be the center of attention, she had
chosen a ball gown of light-catching steel lame with “ornaments for
head, throat, and arms” of cut-steel,” all producing a”dazzling
effect.” the Statesman’s correspondent was suitably impressed: “Mrs
Adams was elegantly but not gorgeously dressed. In her manner she
unites dignity with an unusual share of ease and elegance and I never
saw her to greater advantage than when promenading through the rooms,
winding her way through the multitude by the side of the gallant
General. At the approach of such a couple, the crowd unvoluntarily gave
way as far as practicable and saluted them as they passed.”</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">It
would prove to be the highlight of her success at promoting her
husband. He would win the 1824 election by one vote in the House of
Representatives and appoint another contender, Henry Clay, who
convinced his supporters to back John Quincy, to the post of Secretary
of State. It was called the “corrupt bargain” by the press that favored
Jackson. Instead of eight years as Secretary of State and then with
Adam’s support, the presidency, Henry Clay would serve only four and
Jackson would win the 1828 election by a wide margin, consigning John
Quincy Adams, like his father before him, to one term. Those four years
were also miserable ones for Louisa Catherine. While she continued to
entertain at the White House, playing the Harp and popularizing “Hail
to the Chief,” her son John’s accounting mistake when a Billiard table
was acquired for the White House was met by cries of the misuse of
public funds and a near duel between John and a reporter. The
Jacksonian press was relentless, attacking her for her European ways
and Adam’s elitism, while he in turn promoted better weights and
measures, observing the stars, and the Federal Funding of what would
become known as Henry Clay’s American system. The country was not ready
for such programs nor was Louisa ready for the steady stream of
criticism. </span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><span
style="border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 417.5px; height: 436.9px;"><img
alt=""
src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/SRX04Lul72_H-Ka1gPz9AXfG1zIGeNsYpzG8X81l8P6KtobVuPIq5d0NFrKhyVgxe9YSfxfDZfBQOZuKQEYBhhabW5kdGOPMtPyVjJlpHA-ZC7GxvmQ-rWGJneZQAusU_fvuzIkv"
style="width: 417.5px; height: 436.9px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"
title=""></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">With
great relief, when the election was over, she moved the family directly
north of the White House to Meridian Hill where she briefly found the
rural quiet contentment that she craved. The approach to Meridian Hill
was lined with yellow wood trees which she so fancied that two were
planted in Quincy for her enjoyment, according to family tradition. Of
politicians, it was said, only Martin Van Buren came to call. The happy
repose at Meridian Hill was short lived. While she had her new
granddaughter (shown in the silhouettes she and John Quincy had cut
there) to adore and entertain her, a relationship that would continue
for a number of years, her son John was not able to cope well with his
responsibilities, his alcoholism at times all consuming, and her
eldest, George Washington Adams committed suicide.
<p>Late that summer of 1829, Meridian Hill was sold and Louisa had to
move once again, back to Quincy, expecting never to return to
Washington. She was mistaken. John Quincy relished the notion that his
local constituents wanted him to represent them in the Capitol. When he
was elected popularly for the first time as a Representative, he and
Louisa headed back to Washington. No more parties of note, nor
campaigning for her husband. He didn’t need it. His position on the
right to petition Congress and his successful Supreme Court defense of
the Amistad slaves brought death threats and great unease to Louisa
Catherine who frequently escaped to her bed. It was in those years that
she began her memoir “Adventures of a Nobody,” and her grandson Henry
first came to remember her, both at Quincy, her summer residence, and
in Washington.</p>
</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">Appropriately,
John Quincy Adams died at work in the capitol in 1848, rising to oppose
the honors being granted the military leaders of the Mexican War. He
died much revered and honored, even by his enemies in the South who
chose to speak no evil of the dead. Louisa mourned and spent the
remainder of her life largely in Washington. </span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><span
style="border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 350px; height: 202px;"><img
alt=""
src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/6Kaf7eJw8jKw-pHp1F-NiOS8L8hs-ku0DbdEY6s08disnd0ay8ebuIVKgWASrYeRkCbLlrTwOsCMTPZmV9vbUhAdzav2PCmu_9hI7tXjKwGYZ6qkyyHZsbTMlIZbNoAlCSIpI2Yl"
style="width: 350px; height: 202px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"
title=""></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">There
was no fund for the support of First Ladies, although Congress granted
free mail, known as franking privileges, to her that she used for the
remainder of her life. She did have a financially astute son, Charles
Francis, who provided well for his family and Louisa’s eccentric
brother, Thomas Baker Johnson, managing investments and pursuing a
distinguished legal and diplomatic career, eventually after his
mother’s death, following in his grandfather and father’s footsteps as
Minister to the Court of St. James in London during the American Civil
War. It would be Charles who would build the first presidential library
at Quincy to house the family’s 14,000 volume collection. Charles
Francis had been the only one of Louisa’s children to have been in her
care throughout most of his childhood, bearing the strenuous journey
from St. Petersburg to Paris alone with his mother and living largely
with his parents until his days at Harvard. The lack of the alcohol
gene may have helped, but Louisa was the present and nurturing buffer
between Charles Francis and his father, possibly helping to set him on
the path to fame and fortune, if not the White House. </span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><span
style="border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px; height: 428px;"><img
alt=""
src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/ZlmrOfkB63MOYOVu2E22kNRxIXIq0riBj3MT87dAkw4tMYtTzWZkwj3zM6xPrU9VWo_0IW0fHMOcN59rA2Q_n_ainresktBI31CphHNaXvfsTAeQJ7X_6s8ZZ5XZQuiewDFrWQrz"
style="width: 624px; height: 428px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"
title=""></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">My
favorite painting of Louisa is one that she did not find flattering.
Completed by Gilbert Stuart in 1826 during the difficult Presidential
years, Louisa Thomas captures it in prose, a Louisa Catherine who is</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">small
and thin. Her ornate bonnet, high lace collar, and scarlet shawl almost
envelop her; there are deep shadows. The colors of her face are washed
out, the lines softe. Her expression is tired and sad. Louisa first saw
the finished version at an exhibition at the Boston Athenaeum and
thought it an accurate representation. It looked,, she wrote, like a
woman who has just felt “the first chill of death.” she was half
joking; there’s something gentle, appealing, and intimate about the
painting. But it is the portrait of an older woman, and it suggests
some secret sorrows. Its tone is essentially private.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">Louisa
Catherine sat for another portrait at about the same time by Charles
Bird King, one that Louisa Thomas rightfully describes as political:</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 36pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2; font-family: "Arial"; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">Both
portraits, [Louisa Thomas writes] --on political, one domestic; one
lively, one exhausted; one powerful, one withdrawn---captured something
essential about her. She was both women, however contradictory the
images seemed. “One visitor to Washington in the winter of 1824
remembered her as “very talkative and lively” and her parties “always
pleasant and gay,’ but at home she was often unwell, and her family
followed her mood. Despite her torrid activity, her health was
terrible. “Nothing but opium affords relief at night,” she wrote to her
son John during the summer of 1823.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><span
style="border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px; height: 545.33px;"><img
alt=""
src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ye9H9fC8AeAvVbKS3aERGOWYfdGlWOT3EeXlbv85quYvuvT_kF3VGTe3OUg54vGLTzfgpqvc3U96Zx1VpT3VeudcjcfEP5-O8SVSSaA99cUA4hjjhf4Fs09b8NVazlGP6t82skQ_"
style="width: 624px; height: 545.33px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"
title=""></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; height: 11pt; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400;">Gone
was the gay, perhaps at times giddy young 20 year old girl of 1797,
full of the stories of love drawn from the novels of the day. While the
serious side of her nature peers at us from the earliest known
miniature attributed to her days in Nantes in the care of the nuns, it
would be her education in the shadow of her husband, a world in which
she tried valiantly to find her own voice, never really succeeding,
only soaring for a few years in the capacity of useful ally like an </span><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: italic;">American
Phoenix, </span><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; font-style: normal;">the
title of another biography in which the author argues that even before
his unsuccessful presidency, John Quincy Adams and Louisa Catherine
Adams transformed their European sojourn into America’s salvation
through the ties they forged in Russia, once a strong ally in defense
of America’s independence.</span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: center;"><span
style="border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 214.5px; height: 301.47px;"><img
alt=""
src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/xFwrMs4d4mUU-tgPdLNo57xag8Xd8EjlgGSJ1v_aEXHnBPL-TgjfjyVbfeXMSAuT9yOJE7W4mow99AuMaHvxzo1zAP1IDha7JymshiEyeF2-x-DjssuNjX3z3tBc-bQos2EENcxk"
style="width: 214.5px; height: 301.47px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"
title=""></span></p>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 2; text-align: left;"><span
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Georgia"; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-weight: 400;">In
1816 Louisa Catherine’s portrait was painted in London on the eve of
her returning to America to become the dutiful wife of the Secretary of
State. Apart from the loss of her daughter in St. Petersburg, she had
yet to suffer from the loss of two of her sons and the slings and
arrows of the political world. She was indeed a traveled first lady
which provided her with the knowledge and diplomatic skills to fill the
unofficial office of First Lady, but even then in 1816, she looks
pensive, perhaps even annoyed, with the roles which awaited her at the
side of a brilliant and stuffy man who perhaps loved himself above all
others. She fulfilled the outward reaching roles demanded of her with
grace and effectiveness, but suffered for it. While born a Maryland
citizen, she remained attached to her European upbringing and her
European tastes, never fully able to comprehend or appreciate the
unrefined, rough and tumble Democracy that men like Andrew Jackson
represented. For her generation and for us she remains a woman in the
shadows, a silhouette, to be observed, reflected upon, but perhaps
never fully understood. </span></p>
<div>
<p
style="margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; line-height: 1.15; height: 11pt; text-align: right;"><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Arial"; font-style: normal;"></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-45228069162436058522016-09-08T21:53:00.000-04:002016-09-08T21:55:13.608-04:00<html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body><div style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:72pt 72pt 72pt 72pt;max-width:468pt"><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.12525;height:11pt"><span></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.12525;height:11pt"><span></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.12525"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#a01d14;font-weight:700"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.mdhs.org/civicrm/event/info?reset%3D1%26id%3D199&sa=D&ust=1473350199529000&usg=AFQjCNGovzpNfnvRc261tBMJ24QS7ABPsA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"></a></span></p></div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.12525;text-align:center"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#a01d14;font-weight:700"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.mdhs.org/civicrm/event/info?reset%3D1%26id%3D199&sa=D&ust=1473350199433000&usg=AFQjCNG3XgbyWxOrnH5PJSqt_VRKQ8eCAg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Past and Future Monuments of the Monumental City: </a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.12525;text-align:center"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#a01d14;font-weight:700"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.mdhs.org/civicrm/event/info?reset%3D1%26id%3D199&sa=D&ust=1473350199433000&usg=AFQjCNG3XgbyWxOrnH5PJSqt_VRKQ8eCAg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Finding our Way</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.12525;height:11pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.12525;text-align:center"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Edward Papenfuse, Maryland State Archivist, retired</span></p><p style="margin-left:11pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:center;margin-right:11pt"><span></span></p><p style="margin-left:11pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:center;margin-right:11pt"><span></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.12525;height:11pt;text-align:center"><span><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.mdhs.org/civicrm/event/info?reset%3D1%26id%3D199&sa=D&ust=1473350199434000&usg=AFQjCNHjuR7v_MuzMBL5CbSn7ylUFqqd0Q" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"></a></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2860000000000003;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:8pt;font-style:italic;color:#462d26;font-weight:700">September 8, 2016 - 6:30pm, Maryland Historical Society</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2860000000000003;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:8pt;font-style:italic;color:#462d26">Abstract: </span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.2860000000000003;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:8pt;font-style:italic;color:#462d26">Baltimore is home to 246 monuments and public artworks earning it the moniker, “The Monumental City”. The recent uproar over the fate of four of the city’s sculptures, such as the Lee and Jackson monument, prompts us to reevaluate how we think about and teach history. Should the monuments be melted down (as King George III's statue was in 1776), moved, or interpreted in place? Making use of the collections of the Society and other historical institutions in and out of Baltimore, this illustrated lecture will offer some reflections and concrete suggestions for how we may think and teach about Baltimore city’s monuments, both past and present.</span></p><p style="margin-left:11pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:center;margin-right:11pt"><span></span></p><p style="margin-left:11pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:center;margin-right:11pt"><span></span></p><p style="margin-left:11pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:center;margin-right:11pt"><span></span></p><p style="margin-left:11pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:center;margin-right:11pt"><span></span></p><p style="margin-left:11pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:center;margin-right:11pt"><span></span></p><p style="margin-left:11pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;margin-right:11pt"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:410.67px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/_V14pCkdPbtTkz0i9lSaW-4yBYopNIFXhyQAtZFEvGDPVUBZU7m8rXwFAnJKwZcVy6qCKIOj1SqwVMc2V7ISA7UIFTpCnNCbVoxfHWmhCmKvAjuSIinGp2ex7GiO1OdtGdGVVq0_" style="width:624.00px;height:410.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="margin-left:11pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;margin-right:11pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Source: </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.the-athenaeum.org/art/display_image.php?id%3D416750&sa=D&ust=1473350199437000&usg=AFQjCNH5LHRAC8Gz2Zkrfv4-TqQP8gb_kw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.the-athenaeum.org/<wbr>art/display_image.php?id=<wbr>416750</a></span></p><p style="margin-left:11pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;margin-right:11pt"><span style="color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qIT7O9_IhCA/VjJphaXMGMI/AAAAAAAARK0/OskiwWl7cpQ/s1600/pullingdownstatueofgeorge.jpg&sa=D&ust=1473350199437000&usg=AFQjCNE0Sj5CS1IbBmVaKb77AxoxPJowVQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> </a></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-style:italic">On July 9, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was read for the first time in New York in front of George Washington and his troops. In reaction to what had been read, soldiers and citizens went to Bowling Green, a park in Manhattan, where a lead statue of King George III on horseback stood. The mob of people pulled down the statue, and later the lead was melted down to make musket balls, or bullets for use in the war for independence. Careful records were kept, and it is known that 42, 088 bullets were made. Ironically the statue was commissioned to celebrate the repeal of the hated stamp tax, but its meaning was lost in the heat of the moment inspired by Thomas Jefferson’s castigation of King George III in the Declaration of Independence. </span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-style:italic">Caption source: </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-style:italic;color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.teachushistory.org/american-revolution/resources/pulling-down-statue-george-iii&sa=D&ust=1473350199438000&usg=AFQjCNFKVOSin35CcnU5x-qDQbt7fyULsA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.teachushistory.org/<wbr>american-revolution/resources/<wbr>pulling-down-statue-george-iii</a></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#462d26">Baltimore is home to 246 monuments and public artworks earning it the moniker, “The Monumental City”. The recent uproar over the fate of four of the city’s sculptures, such as the Lee and Jackson monument, prompts us to reevaluate how we think about and teach history. Should the monuments be melted down (as King George III's statue was in 1776), moved, or interpreted in place? Making use of the collections of the Society and other historical institutions in and out of Baltimore, this illustrated lecture is intended to offer some reflections and concrete suggestions for how we may think and teach about Baltimore city’s monuments, both past and present.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;height:11pt"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#462d26"></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Recently my wife and I were in Paris, the city of light, a city of countless monuments and parks including equestrian and larger than life statues to long since dead princes and revolutionaries that slaughtered hundreds, if not thousands, in their quest for power. Indeed some of the monuments once gracing Paris are no more.</span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:482.67px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/edIz8kvcYrFdJ9XHL8cy2W1aCJ_c_f-2pIkK4IMuwSaLm-m8rLmoGlCgywwwfVu8r0Ctj9EczX-6iEtPKKZN3qvgf1OgtAI37svxt1BgxkJhiMlcahPE6SfkpEW5bD7R3xDbIAte" style="width:624.00px;height:482.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">For example this statue of Camille Desmoulins, [Cameel dee-mouleh] once displayed on the grounds of what is now part of the the Louvre, was melted down by the Nazis in 1942. Without question Desmoulins is a controversial figure, some might even dub him a terrorist, consumed in the great terror that he helped ignite in Paris during the French Revolution, but is that an excuse for destroying his statue?</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">While we were in Paris we walked about the neighborhood where we were staying in search of Jefferson Square. It was a bright and sunny day. Children were at play in a space shared with a disparate collection of monuments. </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:837.33px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Gupjxtjq3l-svfuwCOArbXcs8gpIzJU_AN94LFFDOycGY-lhpNm6DxbKhfmktj6jAi-lDII5uVlDYpyo2GKm8O-XeeB5_wUg2s4DSETVODeNQHWJqqnB1fTvRIfBHz44Jkbw9Dr7" style="width:624.00px;height:837.33px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In fact there was no clear monument to Thomas Jefferson, except the park itself with but a brief explanation as to why it was named so (perhaps because Parisians assume everyone knows). </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:250.67px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Tbg-OgmY_AIBkVEqb3B2_7GE8CCo9T53va6XDzjgCfieo1wKSyMsnq81upSnkXWLhmgJ6v7L4qkBKRr8VNi2icLmFt0UbIr-V_akjVMkRtAAG-r9K71vftEitI98FHAWITd1X9Ce" style="width:624.00px;height:250.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">At one end of the park, near where the American author Edith Wharton had her Paris apartment with its intriguing brass knocker, </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:468.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/ome5loimlQinirRlHWwxkE1Ku3JvPsf2uQueG1AqvVJlidGRXrt8dCw8t6wfiQfoAD4JhpsMcct0Hp3TvVmTfevkGl52gPsfmJpeg0mH1yGKfyJn8ONoYmVnMQkNREJOITaX_VCM" style="width:624.00px;height:468.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">there is a monument to Americans who fought for France during the First World War, while tucked to one side </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:468.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/C4c23v2UdWYwVO9Hbh5drlSXAjT7Wtt4k1NmbhOX3xvGHNhkokCFxKkIYjAmZ9lghEMN7zq8Vs1554_wIEBr3AKdAFmhn_oQTDKH5qaE1hDUBwrWCFwyR4BVyLUibaAgHW7Qz_H2" style="width:624.00px;height:468.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">is this bust of an individual to whom anyone who has ever visited a dentist owes a great debt. He was an American who discovered that anesthesia could really help with teeth extraction, even though personally he became a drug addict and died of an overdose.</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:832.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/qU00y7ny4GpO_uYUdA_G3AUvJgDYx8kcWqcWdOLKeRo3gL779QeD3GKPF9Wh3Fvvfp4ThdN3hBlVFVaz8nkCBbGfgGki1MkrJ-1Gj8Qy8aN6F0Qizx7j6BAeZarmGhT-UfMjrZDB" style="width:624.00px;height:832.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In yet another Paris park there is this remarkable statue that is also left largely uninterpreted for the observer, although in this park devoted to children it can be identified on the web as a statue of Fontaine and the Aesop fable for which perhaps he is most famous, the crow, the cheese, and the fox. We were there on a day when the park was filled with what appeared to be well-behaved children, some of whom were learning nursery rhymes in a day care center in the park. What they thought or imagined about this monument is not known, but I suspect that they asked. Wouldn’t you? </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The fable re-told by Fontaine is an appropriate reminder that the reasons why a monument might be erected to commemorate something that is no longer thought appropriate by many, might instead teach a lesson that is appropriate for all. Consider the cheese the truth about to be consumed by the crow, but desired by the hungry fox. </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><hr style="display:none"><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#6e7173"></span></p><a></a><a></a><table><tbody><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:457.8pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:center"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The World’s Wit and Humor: An Encyclopedia in 15 Volumes. 1906.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:center"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Vols. X–XI: French</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:457.8pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:center"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> </span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:457.8pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:center"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#9c9c63;font-weight:700;font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The Crow and the Fox</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:457.8pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:center"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#9c9c63">By Jean de La Fontaine (1621–1695)</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#000020"></span></p><a></a><a></a><table><tbody><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:460.8pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><a></a><a></a><table><tbody><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> </span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">From “Fables”</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> A MASTER crow, perched on a tree one day,</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> Was holding in his beak a piece of cheese.</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> A master fox, by th’ odor drawn that way,</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> Spake unto him in words like these:</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> “Good-morning, my Lord Crow!</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> 5</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> How well you look, how handsome you do grow!</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> Upon my honor, if your note</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> Bears a resemblance to your coat,</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">You are the phœnix of the dwellers in these woods.”</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> At these words does the crow exceedingly rejoice;</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> 10</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> And, to display his beauteous voice,</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">He opens a wide beak, lets fall his stolen goods.</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> The fox seized on’t, and said, “My dear good sir,</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> Learn you that every flatterer</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> Lives at the expense of him who hears him out.</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> 15</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> This lesson is well worth some cheese, no doubt.”</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The crow, ashamed, and much in pain,</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:261.2pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Swore, but a little late, they’d not catch him again.</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:35.5pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000020;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><hr style="display:none"><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:468.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/oezKpC4RgAlgGsiHqm8MCGaZTVtf3XCY0SnekBhafoZdod1Dnm_soV-ZPRYkOhPhvqqpXdKkIrz10_AjtW03YbxE7Xw4h2XBylCSKsr3eK1fnujzFafHrRuYvVf2ykOerK8GIsSW" style="width:624.00px;height:468.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Source: </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Morrison%23/media/File:Morrison_Grave.JPG&sa=D&ust=1473350199471000&usg=AFQjCNHAl2P_1F6zXhSNmyq4Qt1O2KCW_g" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<wbr>Jim_Morrison#/media/File:<wbr>Morrison_Grave.JPG</a></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In the course of our brief stay we visited a number of other monuments in the city, although we did not make it to Jim Morrison’s grave this time. </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:832.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/I5sMAAjhzhVL53JKSdNzOT42Ui0z7SnkbfhKvzMJJzK7INdz-JuvxN8LxeQayt4tnSVfHikHqY1RfCDEtMivzHEZVhdBTplUHgHOHI7ha67HztRJTtCgeC9zoU1M7UzGzg2hc6u2" style="width:624.00px;height:832.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">One of the more visible, but least accessible was this horse and rider with upheld sword that we first experienced in heavy traffic from the rear. It turned out to be George Washington leading a charge, but why it was placed there, who created it, and how it got there remains a mystery unexplained in the guidebooks to Paris.</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Not long ago, the out-going Mayor of Baltimore created a commission to advise her on what actions to take with regard to four monuments in the "Monumental City" that were created to memorialize a Chief Justice of the United States, two Generals who fought for the Confederacy, the Marylanders (some 20,000+ by the best estimate) who went South to fight for the Confederacy, and one to the wives, sweethearts, and other women in Maryland who supported and sympathized with them. All were created with varying degrees of private funds and placed on land that was, or became, public. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:122.67px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/CFVqcRWTunkqpfmSj4bhAvgfo0Jr_TTBuk1jaHEJIH5B0ktWdp3g2Dr9zh6rUO7w3BcctV5_Ru1EDVxctyRtplcmj9yyrCeB6EcbuSDToWnbm3twc1zB6v-yJfyGNRHh9PaWD3KY" style="width:624.00px;height:122.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">They are:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Roger B. Taney Monument (1887)</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument (1903)</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Confederate Women’s Monument (1919)</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Lee-Jackson Monument (1948)</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">For an excellent brief history of the monuments and the contemporary controversies that surrounded them, anyone interested should read Baltimore Heritage’s Eli Pousson's testimony to the Mayor's Commission which is available on line at:</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#256aa5"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://links.govdelivery.com/track?type%3Dclick%26enid%3DZWFzPTEmbWFpbGluZ2lkPTIwMTUxMDI3LjUwNzI1ODkxJm1lc3NhZ2VpZD1NREItUFJELUJVTC0yMDE1MTAyNy41MDcyNTg5MSZkYXRhYmFzZWlkPTEwMDEmc2VyaWFsPTE3NTg0NTc4JmVtYWlsaWQ9c2JoQGhvcGtpbnNhbmRhc3NvY2lhdGVzLmNvbSZ1c2VyaWQ9c2JoQGhvcGtpbnNhbmRhc3NvY2lhdGVzLmNvbSZmbD0mZXh0cmE9TXVsdGl2YXJpYXRlSWQ9JiYm%26%26%26100%26%26%26http://baltimoreplanning.wix.com/monumentcommission%23%2521historical-research/c160p&sa=D&ust=1473350199476000&usg=AFQjCNH1yHpM6tF-H_nJatDhVP5EcsqdSw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://baltimoreplanning.wix.<wbr>com/monumentcommission#!<wbr>historical-research/c160p</a></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:9pt">and</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://baltimoreheritage.github.io/civil-rights-heritage/confederate-memory/&sa=D&ust=1473350199476000&usg=AFQjCNGYCD-MxzcjK77UT_vYf6vfgaT_qw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">https://baltimoreheritage.<wbr>github.io/civil-rights-<wbr>heritage/confederate-memory/</a></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://links.govdelivery.com/track?type%3Dclick%26enid%3DZWFzPTEmbWFpbGluZ2lkPTIwMTUxMDI3LjUwNzI1ODkxJm1lc3NhZ2VpZD1NREItUFJELUJVTC0yMDE1MTAyNy41MDcyNTg5MSZkYXRhYmFzZWlkPTEwMDEmc2VyaWFsPTE3NTg0NTc4JmVtYWlsaWQ9c2JoQGhvcGtpbnNhbmRhc3NvY2lhdGVzLmNvbSZ1c2VyaWQ9c2JoQGhvcGtpbnNhbmRhc3NvY2lhdGVzLmNvbSZmbD0mZXh0cmE9TXVsdGl2YXJpYXRlSWQ9JiYm%26%26%26100%26%26%26http://baltimoreplanning.wix.com/monumentcommission%23%2521historical-research/c160p&sa=D&ust=1473350199477000&usg=AFQjCNHhAs1SJw4Wrv5gkCNDVeIM_l0u5g" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"></a></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">For the all the monuments of the city, Cindy Kelly, with photographs by Edwin Remsberg, provides a concisely written introduction and brief histories in her book:</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><h1 style="padding-top:0pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:16pt;padding-bottom:8pt;line-height:1.2;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";text-align:left;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial";font-weight:700">Outdoor sculpture in Baltimore : a historical guide to public art in the monumental city</span></h1><a></a><a></a><table><tbody><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:0pt 11pt 6pt 0pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:51.8pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:8pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.200225;text-align:left;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;color:#455560">Author:</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:0pt 0pt 6pt 0pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:219.8pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:8pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.200225;text-align:left;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;color:#5a458d;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q%3Dau%253AKelly%252C%2BCindy.%26qt%3Dhot_author&sa=D&ust=1473350199480000&usg=AFQjCNGOH8InSJqMqj4g-RdTGxydxsVl0A" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Cindy Kelly</a></span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt">; </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;color:#5a458d;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q%3Dau%253ARemsberg%252C%2BEdwin%2BHarlan.%26qt%3Dhot_author&sa=D&ust=1473350199480000&usg=AFQjCNEfAmWXHXcV6MUQ6ONAivDok-iYvQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Edwin Harlan Remsberg</a></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:0pt 11pt 6pt 0pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:51.8pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:8pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.200225;text-align:left;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;color:#455560">Publisher:</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:0pt 0pt 6pt 0pt;border-bottom-color:#000000;border-top-width:0pt;border-right-width:0pt;border-left-color:#000000;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#000000;border-left-width:0pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:0pt;width:219.8pt;border-top-color:#000000;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:8pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.200225;text-align:left;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Arial";font-style:normal">Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Cindy Kelly’s book is a fascinating and dispassionate view of all the monumental art of the City. Anyone interested in the stories of the art and monuments of the city should own a copy.</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">For those who would like to quickly visualize the monuments of Baltimore there is also a photostream on Flickr without explanation to pique your curiosity: </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.flickr.com/photos/monumentcity/3294299102/in/photostream/&sa=D&ust=1473350199483000&usg=AFQjCNEOQ6lBzknDp7k2L0BCSwzhJAamqQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">https://www.flickr.com/photos/<wbr>monumentcity/3294299102/in/<wbr>photostream/</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The arguments as to what to do with the four Confederate monuments proved to be all over the map. One argument is obliterate them. Another is to move them from where they are to a more suitable place (wherever that may be). Another, made in jest, was to exile them to Fort Carroll in the Bay, a fort designed by an Army Engineer named Robert E. Lee (one and the same) and named for one of the largest slave owners in Maryland, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, at one time perhaps the largest slaveholder in Maryland. In many ways the naming of the fort designed to defend Baltimore Harbor after Charles Carroll was itself an ironic choice, as Charles Carroll of Carrollton owned British Navy Stock at the time of the bombardment of Fort McHenry, and you could say, helped pay for the bombs that burst over the fort on that fateful night in September 1814. </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">After the deliberations of the Mayor’s Commission, only two of the four monuments remain the apparent center of controversy and targeted for removal, the Taney statue and the Lee/Jackson memorial. </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The other two are devoted to remembering a significant portion of the Maryland public that supported the South and Slavery during the war. History has judged them as wrong to have done so and they did engage in a lost cause, but their surviving generations surely have a right to remember their ancestor’s sacrifices and to learn from the error of their ways through interpretation of the monuments in their honor.</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">I would like to suggest that we should approach public monuments with less passion for destruction and more emphasis on what they can do for us in a city that at least as early as 1823, as Architectural Historian Lance Humphries has documented, has been known as monumental. Certainly that is far better than its other nickname of Mob-Town which had its origins in the actions of a mob in November 1807 that attacked the home of a famous Baltimore Lawyer, Luther Martin. Martin had just returned from Richmond where he had been one of the successful defense team that had convinced the chief Justice of the United States not to hang the disgraced former Vice President of the United States for treason. </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:480.50px;height:911.12px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/etbLkcEew7G-5bUBPOwtuPwvMkG3oye_kzu7GopItCKI1X1eudTW67wKABec2TcRulytCz4wMnmijAebB4K16iDunULTv_YL3qqW370IuCiZV9WMzSAkllflKlTiQaBXLa1-iERe" style="width:480.50px;height:911.12px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Aaron Burr, now the villain of one of the most popular musicals ever staged in America, along with Martin and Chief Justice John Marshall were hanged in effigy on Gallows Hill (a plot of land at the intersection of Chase, Asquith, and Harford Road that today is a small park with two trees and no signage or monument).</span><sup style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt1">[1]</a></sup><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""> Martin fumed in the </span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Federal Gazette</span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, a local newspaper, that if Baltimore weren’t careful if would become known for its mobs. It certainly has.</span></p><hr style="display:none"><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:312.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/GqYFrVikrQvaISNwkzRSPMhUNg_DPEOXmoxGmOGaZByFBopHnFWPXHd8NBA_AnYDQkoIIKxyxvab2BY4AGUhFZqVzE_DhYW5wZe-eKBJ3aOWfvR8ul89oaDDX6kcQmhysnN1yZhQ" style="width:624.00px;height:312.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">But Baltimore is also known for the number and variety of its monuments, as described and illustrated in Cindy Kelly’s book, including the two most prominent, the Washington Monument on Mt. Vernon Place, and the Battle Monument on North Calvert Street. Lance Humphries has traced the history of the nickname, Monumental City, back to an 1823 newspaper article that preceded John Quincy Adam’s better known use of the term a year later, while Johns Hopkins University historian Mary Ryan has written an intriguing article entitled </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><h1 style="padding-top:10pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:16pt;padding-bottom:0pt;line-height:1.15;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";text-align:left;padding-right:0"><span>Democracy Rising: The Monuments of Baltimore, 1809-1842</span></h1><ol start="1" style="padding:0;margin:0"><li style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://juh.sagepub.com/search?author1%3DMary%2BP.%2BRyan%26sortspec%3Ddate%26submit%3DSubmit&sa=D&ust=1473350199487000&usg=AFQjCNESycb8NEOag7uiqNBmceW7CVBMpg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Mary P. Ryan</a></span></li></ol><ol start="1" style="padding:0;margin:0"><li style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span>Johns Hopkins University, </span><span style="color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="mailto:mpryan@jhu.edu" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">mpryan@jhu.edu</a></span></li></ol><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The abstract of her article points out that</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-style:italic">On July 4, 1815 the citizenry of Baltimore, Maryland laid the cornerstone for what would become the first Washington Monument. A few months later, just a few blocks away, ground was broken for a second monument, called the Battle or the Baltimore Monument, which celebrated the ordinary citizens and soldiers who died defending the city during the War of 1812. These two monuments expressed rival political ideologies and reflected the clashing interests that hovered around them in urban space. It was the Battle Monument, rooted in more local, plebian, and essentially urban political culture, that came to best represent democratic ideals and to anchor them in the public space where they could be put into practice.</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Dr. Ryan has a point, but whether or not the battle monument came to represent democratic ideals anchored in a public urban place where they could be put into practice, may be stretching its history and influences a bit too far. Indeed, the Washington Monument was built by those who favored Washington’s Federalist views of the nation and for the most part was supported and built by the wealthy elite of the city. The Battle Monument was built with leftover borrowed funds raised for the defense of Baltimore against the British in September 1814, and some public subscription. Its supporters were broad based including those who contributed to the Washington Monument and those who encouraged , perhaps even led, the mob that attacked Luther Martin’s home eight years before. The purpose of the Washington Monument was to glorify one man and his contributions to the creation of the nation. The purpose of the Battle Monument was to memorialize those who defended the City and the Nation against foreign invasion. </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:450.00px;height:600.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/rheg4DbkI13KHiTxYVbRgYkDNQK8BNrLbD2_O4ZhHsfZUuj7CcBgY4EzsDJ1XHyKP8jMETo_FhL-w3Ju9sd-DS01rHK36ZcNZ6D4sRkXW5BsIMr6aOU6-JWT_iJDGeTSlf3zPh1f" style="width:450.00px;height:600.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Today, thanks to the efforts of the Maryland Historical Society, the original victory, also now known as Lady Baltimore, who was placed atop the Battle Monument, has been preserved for all to see on display at the Society. A few of us think she may be modeled on the architect’s wife, Eliza Crawford Godefroy, the first woman to publish a general interest magazine, and as such it is also a monument to another kind of battle, the battle for the political and intellectual equality of women.</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Monuments in urban places are usually erected to commemorate a specific historical event and/or individuals who in some way have contributed to the history of the city. Mayors sometimes get statues, as do military figures. They are the creation of a moment in the past and need to be treated as such, while appreciating the public spaces they occupy. Sometimes they are truly works of art and sometimes they are truly mystifying having little but their artistic value to recommend them. </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:350.67px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/5ljsSDyf8PUgbUoSsxsN58ppM5ZCfIxMwzG1ifgIB7HKHRCqg1FnD7aL2ShSUWzY4OslRj2G8y5x8yJUy75pwzSPJRTKK2QDRd7sFU-LokZVV25iZFR000M1sPj-qC1ocSG6U_Gw" style="width:624.00px;height:350.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">From the City Paper, article by Michael Farley, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The much-hated 'Male/Female' statue at Penn Station is in fact Baltimore's kinkiest artwork, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">February 5, 2015, photograph from: </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;color:#999999">Baltimore Office of Promotion and the Art</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">To me a perfect example of the latter is the prominent landmark in front of Penn Station. But for the most part monuments in the monumental city are part of the fabric of the city’s history, placed there to help us remember the past and to adorn a public space in which their real significance is to be objects of deposit for the birds and bemusement of those who run, and play, and eat their lunches nearby. To be sure, the better the monument in terms of its beauty (in the eye of the beholder) and its design, the more likely the visitor will want to know how it came to be there, but for the most part monuments act collectively as they do in Paris to enhance and preserve public open space that is meant for the enjoyment and appreciation by all, not necessarily for what the monument was originally intended for, perhaps, but for the inner peace and reflection that public spaces can provide despite why the monument was placed there in the first place.</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Any of us can object to the reasons why a monument is placed in a public space, whether or not it was created with private funds and placed on public land, as were the Taney and Lee/Jackson monuments. But once planted let it remain there as a source of interest, education, and even bemusement.</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:372.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/6Lw1AS3XyAylDJb4bNdDPCZkJybspv28wfno4zu34iVrX_paNfTM1Mb8Pp0syLihtwdUgnGQI3P3wyFxnwYAxv6QlTaY0JtBLNYA2qIsjpdedcMCoQcixpoJCRFQncqwxrzO9mQA" style="width:624.00px;height:372.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Source: NYT, 9/5/2016</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Chief Justice Taney, shown here as a bust on the Frederick County courthouse lawn in a photograph taken from a recent </span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">New York Times</span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""> article, did write one of the worst opinions in the history of the Supreme Court (Dred Scott), one which he hoped would save the nation, but instead added fuel to the fire that consumed several hundred thousand lives. As the New York Times put it in his obituary, published on October 14, 1864, just after Maryland voted to abolish slavery, “that decision itself, wrong as it was, did not spring from a corrupt or malignant heart. It came, we have the charity to believe, from a sincere desire to compose, rather than exacerbate, sectional discord. But yet it was none the less an act of supreme folly, and its shadow will ever rest on his memory.”</span><sup style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt2">[2]</a></sup><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:416.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/3_SUaqHF1gEbmfetogM8kNzGuwSFupQxr1XikJcTGCcaYICKci6eVkoixujpE1KbPQNLpubQRRfqu5bHeWbyXGWTnzslHddwt_4H9ofFmvI7Er1PSewXaBRNoigODPrE3Yi-dSqP" style="width:624.00px;height:416.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Orchard Street Church, source: </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/65437445.jpg&sa=D&ust=1473350199495000&usg=AFQjCNGvAI5ms5PazAxSXwqE22J6PpiCzQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://static.panoramio.com/<wbr>photos/original/65437445.jpg</a></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">But Taney, as a lawyer practicing in Frederick, Maryland, also eloquently and successfully defended the Methodist minister who founded Orchard Street Church in Baltimore from a charge of disturbing the peace and inciting a slave rebellion, among a raft of other cases in which he defended free blacks and slaves. </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:372.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/6Lw1AS3XyAylDJb4bNdDPCZkJybspv28wfno4zu34iVrX_paNfTM1Mb8Pp0syLihtwdUgnGQI3P3wyFxnwYAxv6QlTaY0JtBLNYA2qIsjpdedcMCoQcixpoJCRFQncqwxrzO9mQA" style="width:624.00px;height:372.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">New York Times</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, 9/5/2016</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In September 1931, Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, son of an abolitionist minister, unveiled the bust of Justice Taney in front of the Frederick Court House, which today has also been the center of controversy. He saw Taney on the whole as a ‘great Chief Justice,’ an ‘invincible spirit,’ whose long career as chief justice should be taken into account.</span><sup style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt3">[3]</a></sup></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">As the Wilson Quarterly put it in 2010: </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">“</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Supreme Court justice Roger B. Taney infamously described black as "beings of an inferior order," but … called slavery "a blot on our national character."</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://wilsonquarterly.com/quarterly/fall-2010-what-if-china-fails/the-real-justice-taney/&sa=D&ust=1473350199499000&usg=AFQjCNGWnlCAMLp2JrgrvpczIf4EO4eBbA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://wilsonquarterly.com/<wbr>quarterly/fall-2010-what-if-<wbr>china-fails/the-real-justice-<wbr>taney/</a></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The full quote reads:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">[Slavery] is a blot on our national character, and every real lover of freedom, confidently hopes that it will be effectually, though it must be gradually, wiped away; and earnestly looks for the means, by which this necessary object may best be attained. —Roger B. Taney, 1819</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Taney owned slaves (which he freed in 1818 long before he became Chief Justice and never purchased another)</span><sup style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt4">[4]</a></sup><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, but he also firmly believed in the Union, and was highly esteemed by even his most ardent opponent on the bench, Justice Benjamin Curtis, who strongly dissented from Taney’s Dred Scott decision arguing that Dred Scott was a citizen of the United States as were all blacks not then held in bondage.</span><sup style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt5">[5]</a></sup><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""> Curtis did remark at the onset of his eulogy that at the time of his own appointment to the bench, the Chief Justice was then 73, an age that “the Scripture admonishes us and the experience of mankind proves, it is best for most men to seek that repose which belongs to old age,” in other words retirement. If Taney had retired, it is likely he still would have had statues in his honor for what he already had accomplished, but not ones shrouded in the controversy that marks those in place today.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt"></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:437.33px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/XjNkONLzdWCQfQffyAcZW7i0N59LGJYOhuyFI2aN3J2BmUwgji6CtvaMqoB7QyOI8CLBPbXFFyXxfxmu4-Ypp3S2W5Ud3kSG1e2eMn-1wVNbsAACKfxldAFyV80Z11qS1MXgYuFO" style="width:624.00px;height:437.33px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The Rinehart statue of Roger Brooke Taney in Annapolis and Baltimore. </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">State House, 1872, recast for Baltimore, 1887</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In addition to his bust in Frederick, there are two monumental statues to Justice Taney, both privately created with funding from Henry Walters, a southern sympathizer whose family has given us one of the finest museums in the country, with free admission to all. Both statues are in park settings. One faces Mount Vernon Square on the North and is an 1887 recast of the original placed on the State House grounds in 1871, where it is shaded by a tree dedicated to Martin Luther King and balanced by the memorial to Thurgood Marshall on the other side of the capitol. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Apart from those who would like to have all memory of Taney eradicated from both places, most people who visit either place know little of the man in bronze seated above them in judicial robes, or of the internationally known artist, William Henry Rinehart (1825-1874), who created them. Perhaps they should. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:473.50px;height:786.89px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/KTGuUSGlmxJhms-7Ik6xl0dMB0_X4WSnOTP-gCb5vvc9TGImIm49UWa7Vxa6XS0hoJYpXJSfzrBohk9Ze5dBKIu3wSrNHiC4_LO-yZow7RLrCVhZLb5vsimNBtIxD1pEiuX4Domn" style="width:473.50px;height:786.89px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The Maryland State Archives has implemented better signage on the State House grounds for the Annapolis statue of Taney, with emphasis on the Dred Scott decision.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:494.67px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/heE8Rau7nbZQ6JxqmHUIBBnYSG13Nb4_AxJ9C0lRmBDYQiAtxhhWutOjnwuEWrjxY8DiCXmqtw2RqP-zQwsPaazPuJscbVrB59WrTL0NvKZxhpZOUTAmFuRHJCNL9FZ6kWtRgUlA" style="width:624.00px;height:494.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The addition of a cell phone readable bar code that leads to more information and discussion online is currently being considered.</span><sup style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt6">[6]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The strength of a nation lies in its ability to admit the sins of its past and to place them in the context of a lesson on why we can, and need to do better, while at the same time letting the monumental art of the past assist and supplement that process. That does not mean that the art necessarily celebrates as originally intended. Instead, at minimum it informs, and challenges us to think as to why and how it got there in the first place.</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:370.00px;height:370.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/O9zFqWUv0PSGUT0JABZsKZO56uz2ejFSVv00eX8dE_nSYzrxc8WcvRDzAC3QrcFTiczJMAbAHFjGJBjYQwkmcMAwvVi_aRr-jxBg2VdG-CtABrA4j81I9neyIe1QWbiconjhY4Pi" style="width:370.00px;height:370.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://virtualarchive.us/taney/taney_statue.html&sa=D&ust=1473350199506000&usg=AFQjCNG1jvKeawmkOE6Ud_RC_1TWZOxnsQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://virtualarchive.us/<wbr>taney/taney_statue.html</a></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">For those who would like to know more of the specifics of how such monuments came to be placed where they are and who the artists were that created them, the city and the state should use the power of app read signage (interpreted by apps on our android and iphones) and social media for smart phones to explain its historic places, monuments, and public spaces. There isn't a child of 4 and above who isn't familiar with, and probably has access to a smartphone, if only for games. To answer the question “Mommy why is this statue here, or who is that funny old man sitting in a chair” recourse to a monumental city app that tells you as much as you may want to know and more about any monument in the city would be a worthwhile community investment and a better use of tax dollars than removal. The cost of producing such signage is minimal. For example the readable label (qr code), such as the one I created for Baltimore’s Taney statue, can be produced for free and etched into permanent metal signage</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">If you place a free app such as the i-nigma reader (</span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.i-nigma.com/Downloadi-nigmaReader.html&sa=D&ust=1473350199507000&usg=AFQjCNGMtEdSj4xz1VSeCuFj4_Gbh8cGzQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.i-nigma.com/<wbr>Downloadi-nigmaReader.html</a></span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">) on a cell phone or have QR barcode reader already, it can be pointed to the above qr code and you will be taken you to a site where you can learn more about the statue. All it needs is to be linked, as this one is, to a web site containing the information. With funding from the city, all the city’s monuments could be treated this way as a permanent web-based project of the Maryland Historical Society.</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:373.33px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/jcu4X0N8vm0iA9kuGbI4GvCmRtrALfpn5qpatML-Pnjh_V3HQ4eyPrEopIxR4q6VIx4nVd9mG07W5LFajKzXyFp4Ifngaul2ix-naFQ3rTfNUEbK7X4tzzhYV4HYcNHaAYN4M36D" style="width:624.00px;height:373.33px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Source: <a href="http://www.trbimg.com/img-55957bc6/turbine/bs-ed-jackson-lee-letter-20150705" target="_blank">http://www.trbimg.com/img-<wbr>55957bc6/turbine/bs-ed-<wbr>jackson-lee-letter-20150705</a></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The Lee and Jackson Monument in Wyman Park is another example of where an information ap (and better signage including QR code links) could open up another whole world of understanding about the complex and often divided history of the Monumental City. Not everyone appreciates or agrees with the current signage on the monument, including at least one disgruntled Confederate general and a contemporary newspaper</span><sup style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt7">[7]</a></sup><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">:</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:600.00px;height:394.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/CaYG7pShCOMG71bZPC9cgebbRR8_wgEd_iQqEa_0-PpwDnicKrx9hOXj7Q13Z9jvG7EMCgStFiurjDVRgzZeMT5AhoJ9faHRHUGwrsV4bMy4nfW15c3WN420gy8Uig8qNm9vztvq" style="width:600.00px;height:394.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Source: </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://baltimorepostexaminer.com/robert-e-lee-living-historian-laments-people-are-trying-to-erase-history/2015/07/24&sa=D&ust=1473350199510000&usg=AFQjCNFwjn09ofyIWZDwwoNaqX64UppRkQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://baltimorepostexaminer.<wbr>com/robert-e-lee-living-<wbr>historian-laments-people-are-<wbr>trying-to-erase-history/2015/<wbr>07/24</a></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">But also few have heard of the author of those sentiments either …. He paid for the monument out of a trust fund set up for his sister’s use until she died in 1934.</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#605e5e">The funding came from</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="color:#605e5e;font-size:11.5pt"></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#605e5e">J. Henry Ferguson, the [batchelor] banker who organized the Colonial Trust Company. In his will, he left specific instructions for a monument of his childhood heroes, Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, which was gifted to the City of Baltimore. Although Ferguson died in 1928, the sculpture was not dedicated until 1948 due to various factors, including World War II.</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#605e5e">…</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#605e5e"></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#605e5e">The sculpture was made by Laura Gardin Fraser, who won the design competition for the commission in 1935. She commissioned the architect John Russell Pope (who designed the Baltimore Museum of Art directly north of the monument) to design the base of the monument. The sculpture was cast in 1946. The monument was dedicated on May 1, 1948,</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;margin-right:0"><span style="color:#605e5e;font-size:11.5pt"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Laura Gardin Fraser (1889-1966) was chosen over four male sculptors. A shortage of clay and metal during the Second World War delayed completion, but the result was an artistic accomplishment in a tradition of equestrian statues that reaches back to ancient times.</span><sup style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt8">[8]</a></sup><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><hr style="display:none"><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:308.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/pkMJSBrrqKBP3c_bfwr_gT0_qlJ38kASMYTRt1653SwCmEn-S1TyvJPGOQ021m7wxgZcrFNAaWksw5a3g1FC8gNLjMl4Q0Gm8AqrMoSF4WxfAd3ySbKjzEZeqs-FjxXYbwgKe7En" style="width:624.00px;height:308.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Baltimore Sun</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia""> photos, October 26, 1947. There are two opposing monuments in Wyman Park, one in memory of two generals of the Confederacy here shown being installed on one side of the park, and one in memory of Marylanders who served the Union on the opposite side of the park. The image on the left was taken in sculptor Fraser’s studio. This was a major commission for her and she was widely praised for how well she accomplished it. Photographs purchased for the author’s collection from the</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> Sun</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia"">..</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">From a historical standpoint, the importance of the monument is not so much the men and horses it depicts as the time (1948) when it was dedicated. 1948 was the presidential election year in which Strom Thurmond represented the racist wing of the Democratic Party (he became a Republican in 1964). Thurmond was the only Presidential candidate that year known to have visited the Lee/Jackson Monument during the campaign. The Baltimore </span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Afro American</span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""> was vocal in its opposition to the monument and Strom Thurmond’s visit, and most young people in the African American community supported one of the other presidential candidates, Henry Wallace, leader of the Progressives. They staged effective political protests including the effort to integrate the tennis courts in Druid Hill Park. While there is little monumental art in Druid Hill Park to commemorate those civil rights pioneers, perhaps there should be, linked to the story of the Lee/Jackson monument. </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">While the Lee/Jackson Monument is a work of art in itself that deserves appreciation, taking it away removes the memory also of a contentious time in the City’s history that deserves more attention, not less.</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:598.00px;height:337.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/nYkUg8IWsb0D3-18pExyJhCXz7LUNHFqgDBzW2uZj2R9mfcoblSxTec5GcPUc2cmn00bXdzNcyfaMVSFPq5OHJr7230F407YYxINg9OcgrfF-tmonHCSJzyWzRZn1VxUgpQVWqsu" style="width:598.00px;height:337.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Source: </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.baltimoresun.com/ph-ms-wyman-park-dell-0223-20120220-story.html&sa=D&ust=1473350199516000&usg=AFQjCNF238aybFtSd4ewqq6LgO7Sz9GBpw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.baltimoresun.com/<wbr>ph-ms-wyman-park-dell-0223-<wbr>20120220-story.html</a></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Also, the Lee/Jackson Monument is balanced on the other side of the park by an earlier monument (first dedicated in 1909) to the Union side in the Civil War that was moved there in 1959 to accommodate the Johns Falls Expressway. It is seen here with a community group in 2012 discussing how to make the park more inviting to the public. </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The Lee/Jackson memorial was the last of the Civil War monuments erected in a city that was deeply divided over which side to support, Union or Secession. </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:371.00px;height:591.92px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/K__xu5FKd6zE-CvGmJPc60VlNreNITKh5WuBziqakF9yESCt35q1v5rt-XqIjooptM-_Cs9c2dd214z1D72Hhe6WaIhijyCYXEDfQZrEuGM-h0M6fAWxfENBfc7sekTktaL6O2hG" style="width:371.00px;height:591.92px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Thomas Holliday Hicks</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">E. Anthony, publisher, c. 1860</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">MSA SC 4325-1-21</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Indeed Maryland had a governor at the time (Governor Thomas Holliday Hicks) who even suggested that Maryland avoid the conflict and become independent, allied with neither side, but supported by Great Britain instead as neutral. He was nearly laughed out of town, but remained as governor until 1862 while Baltimore was occupied by Union troops. The story of his monument is an interesting one. A statue of him was commissioned in 1866 by German veterans of the Union Army and offered to the City. The City declined. For a long time it remained in a private garden in the city until, in 1897, after the garden was acquired by the Standard Brewing Company, efforts were again made to place it in a public park. After support was gained from both the City Council and the Maryland Legislature, it was finally placed in the Hallway of the Maryland Institute, only to be destroyed by the great Baltimore Fire of 1904, ending its usefulness as an historical lesson.</span><sup style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt9">[9]</a></sup></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:122.67px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/KI2RWofNMvqbEpF7q7opyLgC463Y2tm3wOaTK5rUp7_mGFEIKgRcDHV2458O_gZsOckuAe9h59f8N7Q_ECmaxM2OA4ZAHv37hif9PyL3boEf4SQULJ0bJDpT_l9dSW9OvwaaVb1W" style="width:624.00px;height:122.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In addition to better actual and virtual signage, perhaps the monuments and public art of the city could become a component of a required course on the art and history of the city that every public and private school child has to pass before graduating. In order for this to work well, the class could be taught on line at the same time throughout all public and private schools with the classroom teacher and his/her students interacting with the on-line teacher/presenter/instructor paid for by the City. At the present time a number of interactive on-line classes provided by major universities reach classes of thousands. Such a Baltimore City wide course could easily reach students in every 5th or 6th grade classroom in the city, public and private.</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The April 2015 demonstrations in the Monumental City which revived charges of Baltimore as Mob-Town, and contributed to the demand for removal of monuments devoted to the memory of the pro-slavery lost cause, was unique in the annals of civil unrest in America. No shot was fired by either side, and no person was fatally injured, demonstrating to some that young people of a certain age do communicate well by social media and can use it effectively to move themselves out of harm’s way while staging a legitimate protest at the same time. Yes, drug dealers and others exploited the school aged children, and looting got out of hand, as almost always happens to legitimate protests in Maryland (the railroad strike of 1877 is one of the best historical examples of pushing a real need for productive discourse to unwarranted violence).</span><sup style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt10">[10]</a></sup><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Pull the monuments of the monumental city into the nexus of the next generation's understanding of why things got to where they are, and teach present and future generations what they have in the way of power to effect change, not by pulling down the monuments of the past, but by erecting new ones (virtually and physically), in the process telling the stories of the old ones in a way that the mistakes of the past are not repeated. Motivate our children to be well educated, good citizens, and provide them with the opportunities to make good on their personal visions of success and achievement.</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:489.50px;height:736.60px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/7j2dQAWzvw5jlJ5vBxq9tzFxTjtEAlGOgEAhgV6gkeDWMRSDWFhyh8biHD-uRcyNieLnOa2g3XEeOXsgN9hshqTRNxAHxp-jqGVzBix0l5a31IOZ2CWLu-U7WecgQc61UdZCoZYj" style="width:489.50px;height:736.60px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Source: </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.inlightofhistory.com/&sa=D&ust=1473350199522000&usg=AFQjCNFVf3kUcoOkYknC6c7AM6rQ0nSDHA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.inlightofhistory.<wbr>com/</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, retrieved 2016/09/08</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Recently the City staged a remarkable event called the LIght City, a variation of the nickname of Paris, the City of Light. One of the featured experiences related to Baltimore’s role in the domestic slave trade..</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">This last March, Baltimore found replicas of gaslights lining Pratt Street for Baltimore’s first Light City Festival, </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.inlightofhistory.com&sa=D&ust=1473350199524000&usg=AFQjCNF3VBZb5tRPOrZRQHY9Uvy5LPYSYw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">the artistic creation of Paul Rucker</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> in collaboration with the Reginald F. Lewis Museum. One reviewer, Bret McCabe, praised its impact on the attendees, while the subject, Baltimore’s involvement in the slave trade, was well documented on the web site, even though there were not enough printed handouts to go around during the festival:</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Paul Rucker’s “In Light of History” does a fair job of tapping into the city’s checkered past. For “In Light” Rucker has installed a small street light at 11 places along Pratt Street that were sites of businesses involved in the slave trade. The light posts are modest, maybe six feet tall, and their lights are glowing areas that slowly change colors. Each lamppost supposedly had a pamphlet Rucker designed about this slave trade history, but even by 8:30 p.m. on Monday night I didn’t come across a single post that still had this publication in stock.</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;text-align:center;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">“In Light of History” is the lone Light City installation that I’ve come across thus far where the Inner Harbor’s overbearing presence amplifies the work’s thematic intent. Rucker’s lampposts are easy to walk right by and not even notice. Or you might see one and think it’s just a different kind of sandwich-board placard for one of Pratt Street’s many chain stores. Is this lamp telling me where the Starbuck’s is or where human beings profited from the selling of other human beings? Both.</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Rucker’s performance on Monday night, however, was just a breath of fresh air. He set up with his solo cello right there at the Inner Harbor amphitheater where Light Street bends into Pratt, a pond of blinking star lights surrounding him. He announced that he wrote a piece of music for each of the sites in his installation and was going to play three of them, and the first went off without a hitch. The next two were plagued by technical difficulties—a looping pedal wasn’t working appropriately—and he eventually ended his set playing the prelude from Bach’s Cello Suite No. 1 (I think, my classical music knowledge isn’t what it should be).</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">But despite the technical difficulties, Rucker was everything the festival needs more of: genuine joy, sincere interactions with attendees, and above all a respect for the intelligence of the general public. He talked about liking the family friendly festival because kids were up late and out of the house with their parents, and toward the end of his set he invited all of the age seven-and-under tykes up to grab one of the blinking stars that surrounded him, causing the kind of adorable chaos that ensues anytime a group of starter humans trundle about. He asked the crowd history questions—What year and amendment gave women the right to vote? (1920, the 19th Amendment) What year was the Emancipation Proclamation issued? (1863) What year did Maryland outlaw slavery? (1864)—and people yelled out answers. The entire set never once felt like an eager-to-entertain tourist sideshow, and was a brief moment of good-natured fun in the presence of a grown-up human who happens to be an artist.</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Source: </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://bmoreart.com/2016/03/everything-is-illuminated.html&sa=D&ust=1473350199526000&usg=AFQjCNFgffMBWeoJTtks71O8C_941Zeacw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">BMORE ART, March 31, 2016</a></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Rather than this remain a transitory experience of short duration, I suspect Historian Ralph Clayton and I could suggest at least two public spaces where a permanent memorial to those slaves who passed through Baltimore could be erected along the lines of Paul’s work. One is at the small expanse of land on Pratt Street that was once part of the most notorious of slave pens in the city. The other is in Fells’ Point opposite the remains of Jackson’s wharf from which the ships carrying slaves to New Orleans departed.</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Rather than pull down and move existing monuments, let’s shed more light on the history of our city monuments, and spend our public monies more wisely in better parks with new monuments, all the while doing a better job of maintaining, explaining and appreciating what we already have created and what we will create in the future.</span><sup style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt11">[11]</a></sup></p><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:right"><span></span></p></div><hr style="width:33%;height:1px"><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref1">[1]</a><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222">Rasmussen, Frederick N. </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222">The Sun</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"> [Baltimore, Md] 28 Apr 2001. I am indebted to Rob Schoeberlein for this reference. According to LIBRARY ANSWERS QUERIES ON STATE: Maryland Department Can Tell Where ...</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222">The Sun (1837-1987); Aug 22, 1937, the earliest documented public hanging on Gallows Hill dated from 1830, with the last in 1842 when execution by hanging was moved to the yard of the City jail. Clearly it was known as Gallows Hill long before that.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;height:11pt"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref2">[2]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> Quoted by Don Fehrenbacher, Slavery, Law,and Politics, 1981, p. 298.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref3">[3]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> Ibid., p. 304. Fehrenbacher does not have such a high opinion of Taney.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref4">[4]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-style:italic">More important, and telling, than his attempts to ameliorate the conditions of slaves and free blacks was Taney's emancipation of his own slaves. On July 14, 1818, before a justice of the peace in Frederick County, Taney affixed his signature in the court record book, paid the requisite transaction fees, and manumitted seven slaves. Clarissa and her infant daughter Mary Anne, as well as Polly (a "mulatto woman") and her infant daughter Elizabeth, all gained their freedom that day. Taney also provided for the eventual emancipation of Polly's three older children. Seven-year-old Mary would become free in 1836, at the age of twenty-five, while three-year-old John and five-year-old William would be free once they reached the age of thirty. Moreover, in 1820, together with his younger brother Octavius, Taney liberated two additional slaves who had been owned by their father. Over the next four years, Taney manumitted two more slaves—bringing the total number of slaves he freed to eleven. We must not underestimate these deliberate acts on behalf of freedom. While historians have lauded George Washington, for example, for liberating his slaves at his death, Taney did so at a relatively young age. Rather than keeping them in bondage or profiting from their sale, Taney chose to free all of his slaves except two, whom he later described as "too old, when they became my property, to provide for themselves." Unlike some Maryland emancipators, Taney never purchased other slaves to replace the ones he freed</span><span style="font-size:10pt">.**</span><span style="font-size:10pt;color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://blogs.dickinson.edu/hist-288pinsker/files/2012/01/Huebner-article.pdf&sa=D&ust=1473350199530000&usg=AFQjCNHdN8D7Fk0tXVYHUGmM5xKA-uBCUg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://blogs.<wbr>dickinson.edu/hist-288pinsker/<wbr>files/2012/01/Huebner-article.<wbr>pdf</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;height:11pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref5">[5]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Don E. Fehrenbacher, </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The Dred Scott Case</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, 1978, p. 717</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref6">[6]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">These two images of signage near the Annapolis Taney statue were supplied by Elaine Bachmann who has headed the effort to better interpret the State House and the State House grounds, including the Taney statute. Email of 9/8/2016</span><span style="font-size:9pt">.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref7">[7]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> <a href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1869/01/04/page/2/article/stonewall-jackson-and-his-critics" target="_blank">http://archives.<wbr>chicagotribune.com/1869/01/04/<wbr>page/2/article/stonewall-<wbr>jackson-and-his-critics</a></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref8">[8]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In her testimony before the Commission, Cindy Kelly writes: </span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The very rare choice of a woman sculptor to create the Lee and Jackson Monument can</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">still be celebrated today. Laura Gardin Fraser ‘s beautifully designed double equestrian</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">monument captures the very moment that Jackson has signaled to his horse to leave. The</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">drama of the moment depicted by the sculptor is heightened by the knowledge that</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Jackson received a mortal wound in the battle that followed. This was only the second</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">double equestrian monument in the country, due in part to the great difficulty and cost of</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">designing and sculpting such a work of art. (6) Fraser worked very slowly and her</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">progress was further delayed by the difficulty of getting Italian clay during the 1940s and</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">the restrictions on the use of metal during the same time period. When it was finally</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">dedicated on May 1, 1948, this monument was considered such an important addition to</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">the city that the governor of Maryland, the mayor of Baltimore and other notable citizens</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">were among the 3,000 people who attended the dedication ceremony. (7)</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">In reflecting the unique history of Maryland and Baltimore during the Civil War era when</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">families lost sons fighting for both the Union and the Confederacy, these monuments</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">stand in remembrance of the human costs of that war on both sides of this conflict. They</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">serve as historical markers in Baltimore’s history and in the nation’s history as well. That</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">history cannot be changed but it can be better understood and learned from.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;height:11pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref9">[9]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia"">I am indebted to Rob Schoeberlein for the documentation for this story of the Hicks statue.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref10">[10]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Perhaps </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">more alarming than the violence of the protest and the destruction of private property in the long run however, was the limited vocabulary and lack of education evident in the social media “discourse” that was so prevalent during the mob action arising out the protest at Mondawmin Mall</span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">.</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> See:</span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The 2015 Baltimore Uprising, A Teen Epistolary</span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">2015.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref11">[11]</a><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> As Cindy Kelly pointed out in her testimony before the Special Commission to Review Baltimore's</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Public Confederate Monuments, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://baltimoreplanning.wix.com/monumentcommission&sa=D&ust=1473350199534000&usg=AFQjCNH7jCHmJCGGnO_IVOlPDman1LGoOA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://baltimoreplanning.wix.<wbr>com/monumentcommission</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">“The challenge is to reach the right balance between promoting an honest picture of the past and respecting the needs of the present.” Racism and the sins of the past weigh heavy upon us in America, but we are no longer, and ought not to be, a people separated and unequal. We are one nation. We need to learn to treat each other with the respect that is our due. Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney struggled and failed to come to grips with what to do about slavery. We should remember him for his failures as well as his triumphs as a public servant. Monuments can help us do so in a way that no other medium can, if we choose to make the effort.</span></p><p style="padding-top:4pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:2pt;font-family:"Arial";padding-right:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Times New Roman""> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;height:11pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p></div></div></body></html>ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-76058463350892701532016-07-19T19:03:00.002-04:002017-11-15T14:36:50.540-05:00A Tribute to a Vanquished Web Site: ecpclio.net<html>
<head>
<title>going going gone for blog</title>
</head>
<body>
<div style="padding: 72pt; background-color: white; max-width: 468pt;">
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" height:="" margin:=""
padding:="" style="color: black;"><span georgia=""></span></div>
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style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">
<h2><span 18pt="" bold="" font-size:="" font-weight:="" georgia="">Going,
Going, Gone!</span></h2>
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padding:="" style="color: black;">
<span 18pt="" bold="" font-size:="" font-weight:="" georgia=""></span></div>
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style="color: black; text-align: center;">
<a
href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cFORUOzkBs4/WgyUxukt-7I/AAAAAAAAVKE/pWWepsOikn8e0nrjbh_J9AqJaXsV8gfGQCLcBGAs/s1600/raiders.jpg"
imageanchor="1"><img
src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cFORUOzkBs4/WgyUxukt-7I/AAAAAAAAVKE/pWWepsOikn8e0nrjbh_J9AqJaXsV8gfGQCLcBGAs/s400/raiders.jpg"
data-original-width="620" data-original-height="413" border="0"
height="266" width="400"></a>
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padding:="" style="color: black;"><span georgia=""></span></div>
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<span georgia=""></span></div>
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<span georgia="">This week the Maryland State Archives decided to
eliminate from the airways a web site that I created as a portal for
cooperative research and writing on topics relating to Maryland
History. I explained the purpose of the site in the introduction which
I have altered from the present to the past tense in light of its
demise:<br>
<br>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" height:="" margin:=""
padding:="" style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
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margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;">
<div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-style: italic;"
font-style:="" georgia="" italic=""><a href="http://www.ecpclio.net/"
target="_blank">http://www.ecpclio.net</a>
was a multifaceted research and image depository site within the
Archives
of Maryland On Line. It encompassed research inquiries relating to
the whole range of archival resources, public and private, available at
the Maryland State Archives and elsewhere, including land records,
maps, plats, rare manuscripts, and photographs...</span><br>
<span font-style:="" georgia="" italic=""></span></div>
<span font-style:="" georgia="" italic=""><br>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
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padding:="" style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""></span></div>
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<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Over the
course of its nearly 20 year existence the
web site spawned 276 research series that were intended to be available
online for contributions by serious researchers, and linked where
appropriate to the Guide to Government Records. At core was the
research that went into a book about mapping Maryland, but it included
several courses on the historical importance of preserving court
records, which proved to be a major source for the study of African
American History. The series were eclectic depositories of documents
and notes. They encompassed a pioneering effort at managing a very
large collection of privately owned survey records that in time would
become the property of the Archives, and an approach to online editing
and transcription that to date has no comparable peer. It also included
an approach to salvaging </span><span georgia=""
style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204);" text-decoration:="" underline=""><a
href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://mdhistory.net/msaref11/msa_sc_5807_02/html/index.html&sa=D&ust=1468980532225000&usg=AFQjCNGJs3eP47jz22gusTgPnQoosHswDQ"
style="color: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;" target="_blank">a
severely damaged collection of family papers</a></span><span georgia="">
that proved to be the best and most inexpensive way of preserving and
accessing its contents. To be fair, the contents of the e-pubs created
for transcribing and editing the collection are still available from
the guide to the collection in Special Collections on line along with a
number of others.<br>
<br>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" height:="" margin:=""
padding:="" style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">The series
were managed by a simple password access
system and online uploading environment that was cost effective and
efficient, but more important was the fact that the documents in the
series could be accessed, added to, and annotated remotely. As a
service to those who might be interested in the topics covered a list
of the series titles is provided here:<br>
<br>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" height:="" margin:=""
padding:="" style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
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padding:="" style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
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style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 1:
Historical Maps - General Mapping of
Maryland</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 2:
Coale, Joseph M. III, Map Collection</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 3:
Josh Civin request for maps of Baltimore
City</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 4:
Historical Maps of Allegany County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 5:
Historical Maps of Anne Arundel County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 6:
Historical Maps of Baltimore County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 7:
Historical Maps of Baltimore City</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 8:
Historical Maps of Calvert County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 9:
Historical Maps of Caroline County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 10:
Historical Maps of Carroll County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 11:
Historical Maps of Cecil County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 12:
Historical Maps of Charles County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 13:
Historical Maps of Dorchester County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 14:
Historical Maps of Frederick County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 15:
Historical Maps of Garrett County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 16:
Historical Maps of Harford County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 17:
Historical Maps of Howard County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 18:
Historical Maps of Kent County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 19:
Historical Maps of Montgomery County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 20:
Historical Maps of Prince George's County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 21:
Historical Maps of Queen Anne's County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 22:
Historical Maps of Somerset County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 23:
Historical Maps of St. Mary's County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 24:
Historical Maps of Talbot County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 25:
Historical Maps of Washington County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 26:
Historical Maps of Wicomico County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 27:
Historical Maps of Worcester County</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 28:
Comptroller's Office: Hundred and Fiftieth
Anniversary, </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 72pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">MSA SC 5368--
Chronology</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 29:
Comptroller's Office: Public History Web
Site</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 30:
What Is History? Supplementary Materials</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 31:
Searching for Ancestors Who Were Slaves</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 32:
Newspapers; sample reels</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 33:
Judicial Institute of Maryland-Maryland
Legal History Series, </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 72pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Part 1: The
Colonial Period (1634-1765)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 34:
Miscellaneous Research Topics</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 35:
Judicial Institute of Maryland-Maryland
Legal History Series, </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 72pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Part 2: The
Revolutionary Period (1765-1820)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 36:
Traditional Indexes to Plats</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 37:
MARYLAND INDEXES (Freedom Records)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 38:
Privately owned images of Maryland related
objects and artwork</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 39:
Comptroller's Office Web Site:
Administrative Files</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 40:
Reference works</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 41:
Building Baltimore: bibliography, cases
and notes for review, Part I</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 42:
Views of the Maryland State House</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 43:
Mandel Papers-Press Conference and Misc.
audio tapes</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 44:
Aerial Photographs, Miscellaneous</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 45:
Slavery Commission: Secondary Sources and
Documents</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 46:
Aaron Burr and his family</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 47:
Documents Relating to the Underground
Railroad</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 48:
State House: A Chronological Overview,
1769-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 49:
Bibliography -- Mapping of Maryland
(County)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 50:
Bibliography -- Mapping of Maryland (State)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 51:
Bibliography -- Mapping of Maryland
(Regional)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 52:
Brigadier General Warner I. Sumpter
Collection </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 72pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Relating to
the History of the Maryland Army National
Guard</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 53:
Administrative Files and Notes: UGRR
Project</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 54:
Staff Research Journals</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 55:
Olmsted Drawings from the </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 72pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Friends of
Maryland's Olmsted Parks and Landscapes</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 56:
Coleman Directories</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 57:
SPECIAL COLLECTIONS (Maryland Battle Flag
Collection) MSA SC 1560</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 58:
Miscellaneous Imaging</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 59:
Anne Arundel County Court - Cases for
Review</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 60:
Handouts for Lectures</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 61:
Attorney General's Office Research</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 62:
Court of Appeals: Records and Briefs</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 63:
Charting the Chesapeake</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 64:
Peabody and Annapolis Collections, </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 72pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Maryland
Commission on Artistic Property</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 65:
Admissions to the Bar in Maryland: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 72pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Court of
Appeals, County and City Courts, Federal
Courts</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 66:
Race and the Law: Student Papers</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 67:
Redistricting and Reapportionment, 1634-</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 68:
Wharton Trial</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 69:
Browning Biographical Research</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 70:
"Judge Lynch's Court": </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 72pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Mob Justice
in Maryland During the Age of Jim Crow,
1860s-1930s</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 71:
Atlas of Historical Maps of Maryland,
Illustrations</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 72:
Origins of the Lieutenant Governor's
Office and Christopher C. Cox: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 72pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Research Notes</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 73:
Hampton Slaves and Related Research</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 74:
Federal Court Records</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 75:
Department of Assessment and Taxation:
Origins and Records</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 76:
Board of Law Examiners Records</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 77:
Warrant 96 Research</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 78:
Temporary Series for Creating Static HTMLs
from ECPCLIO</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 79:
Bill of Rights and Ratification Research</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 80:
Rededication of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 81:
Preserving Municipal History</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 82:
Maryland Placenames - Where is Watkin's
Point?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 83:
Papenfuse, UGRR related research files</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 84:
Slave Owners, Research File</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 85:
House Bill 1385 Research for Judge Wilner</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 86:
STATE ROADS COMMISSION (Minutes) SE3</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 87:
Baltimore City harbor research</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 88:
Issues along the Potomac River</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 89:
Constitutional amendments, 1776-1867</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 90:
Piper Rudnick PIA request re: Mettiki
Coal, LLC</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 91:
Gibson/Papenfuse: Assignments for Race
& the Law in Maryland</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 92:
MHT Historic Places Registration Forms</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 93:
Baltimore City Directories</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 94:
Fugitive Slave Laws, Slave Catchers, and
Slave Traders</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 95:
Maryland Newspapers</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 96:
Deal Island</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 97:
Baltimore City Archives</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 98:
Lois Green Carr St. Mary's Career Files</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 99:
Founding of Maryland/MPT Project</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 100:
Terry, David Taft Research Notes</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 101:
Booker, Jamal Research Notes</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 102:
Echols Dana Sutton Research Notes</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 103:
Mugford Sarah Research Notes</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 104:
Hafner, Jennifer Research Notes</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 105:
Habeas Corpus: Merryman Case</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 106:
Habeas Corpus: Primary Sources</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 107:
Habeas Corpus: Secondary Sources</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 108:
Interactive Mapping</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 109:
Brig Enterprise</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 110:
General Assembly - Grand Inquest Powers</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 111:
Government House Foundation Speech notes</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 112:
AOMOL Research Topics</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 113:
Government Publications</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 114:
Library Electronic Publications</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 115:
State Symbols</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 116:
The Road to and from Brown v. BOE</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 117:
Attorney General, Maryland. Records.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 118:
Baltimore Fire, February 1904</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 119:
Slot Machines, Lotteries, and Gaming in
Maryland</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 120:
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 121:
Leading Cases</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 122:
Martenet Quality Control</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 123:
Marshall, Thurgood: Early Career</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 124:
Art Inventory, Baltimore City Court</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 125:
Judicial Institute of Maryland-Maryland
Legal History Series, </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 72pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Part 4: Storm
Clouds and Conflict (1851-1868)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 126:
ECP Miscellaneous Administrative Files</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 127:
Maryland State Papers, calendars and
indexes</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 128:
Judicial Institute of Maryland-Maryland
Legal History Series, </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 72pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Part 3: The
Ascent of Democracy and Its Judicial
Consequences (1820-1851)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 129:
Governor's Photographs</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 130:
Yellow Ribbon</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 131:
Miscellaneous Research Projects</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 132:
Fugitive Court Records</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 133:
Printing and Printers in Colonial Maryland</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 134:
Art Inventory Baltimore City Courthouses
(public demo)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 135:
James Schneider Collection, MSA SC 5598</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 136:
Bell Cases</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 137:
Joseph N. Ulman cases and personal papers</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 138:
Recordings of MSA Meetings</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 139:
Nuttle Collection</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 140:
Dorchester County Appraisal/<a href="http://mdlandrec.net/plats.net"
target="_blank">mdlandrec.net/plats.<wbr>net</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 141:
History of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore
City/Baltimore Bar</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 142:
History of court reporters/stenographers/<wbr>phonographic
recorders</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 143:
Cases involving the Mayor & City
Council of Baltimore, 1900-1950</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 144:
Misc. Baltimore City Cases</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 145:
Legacy of Slavery Staff Presentations</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 146:
Legacy of Slavery Staff Research Projects</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 36pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Series 147:
Judicial Institute of Maryland-Maryland
Legal History Series, </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 72pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Part 5:
Industrialism, Depression, and War (1867-1945)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 36pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Series 148:
Judicial Institute of Maryland-Maryland
Legal History Series, </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 72pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Part 6: A
More Equitable Society? Maryland Legal
History (1945-present)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 149:
Declaration of Rights: research re:
(Series 149)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 150:
Ground Rents</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 151:
Prostitution and Bawdy Houses - "Sin and
Sex in the City"</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 152:
Race and the Law: African-American
Attorneys</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 153:
Marquardt vs. Papenfuse</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 154:
Black Schools in Baltimore</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 155:
Washington's Farewell Address</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 156:
Conventions in Baltimore</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 157:
Somerset County History including
Princess Anne</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 158:
Representation in Maryland</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 159:
Special Sessions of the Maryland General
Assembly</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 160:
Women in Law - Bibliography/Secondary
Sources</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 161:
Basilica of the Assumption</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 162:
Constitutional Evolution of Elected
Offices and Maryland Government</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 163:
Eminent Domain-Maryland</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 164:
Constitutional Issues</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 165:
Owen Lourie Research Notes</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 166:
Constitutional Conventions-records
assessment</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 167:
Equal Rights/Suffrage</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 168:
Webster, John White-Trial</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 169:
Transer imaging</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 170:
History of Inaugurals</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 171:
Judge Alan M. Wilner</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 172:
Colonial Trade</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 173:
This Day in Maryland History</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 174:
Government Publications Authorities</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 175:
State House - Misc. research requests</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 176:
The Fight to End Jim Crow Laws and
Discrimination in Maryland</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 177:
Court of Special Appeals cases</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 178:
Prison Records</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 179:
Lincoln Assassination Plot</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 180:
National Governors Association research</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 181:
Education in Maryland</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 182:
Kepone Task Force</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 183:
Queen Anne's County Estates/Court Cases</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 184:
Estate of John Eager Howard - Ground Rent
Research</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 185:
Love Point/Queen Anne's County land
research</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 186:
Taxable status of state and municipal
bonds</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 187:
Annapolis charter research</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 188:
George Washington letters</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 189:
State of the State address and Executive
Messages to the General Assembly</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 190:
Laurence Hall Fowler</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 191:
Annapolis Lincoln Bicentennial Commission</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 192:
Government Efficiency</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 193:
Lincoln's Walk: Archival resources</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 194:
Special Elections in Maryland</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 195:
Lee/Horsey Family</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 196:
Clarke, Joseph: Architect of the Dome of
the Maryland State House</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 197:
State House Research - Summer 2008</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 198:
Poplar Grove Research - Summer 2008</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 36pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 199:
Rothwell, Jeremy - Poplar Grove,
S1762-0176</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 36pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 200:
Schelberg, James - Poplar Grove,
S1762-0178</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 36pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 201:
Wood, Olivia - Poplar Grove, S1762-0179</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 36pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 202:
Kowaleski, Albin - Poplar Grove,
S1762-0180</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 36pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 203:
O'Friel, Laura - State House, S1762-0181</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 204:
Dyjack, Ashley - IT, S1762-0182</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 36pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 205:
Baig, Adam - State House, S1762-0183</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 36pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 206:
Kurth, Leif - State House, S1762-0184</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 36pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 207:
Chidambaram, Alemelu - IT, S1762-0187</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" 36pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin-bottom:=""
margin-left:="" margin-right:="" margin-top:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 208:
Rivera, Dorothy - State House, S1762-0189</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 209:
Court of Appeals Cases, Summer/Fall 2008</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 210:
Guide to the History of Slavery in
Maryland</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 211:
Nat Turner - Newspaper Coverage</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 212:
Fells Point Recreation Pier Project
(Series 212)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 213:
Guide to Records: Series units on line</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 214:
Segregation Ordinances</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 215:
ECP Secondary Sources</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 216:
Warehouse Management (Series 216)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 217:
Baltimore Ecosystem Study</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 218:
Register of Wills, Appraisal</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 219:
Baltimore Chapter of NAACP/Law School
Spring 2009</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 220:
Annapolis, Congress, and Federal
relations, 1774-1865 (Series 220)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 221:
Thomas Holliday Hicks Exhibit</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 222:
Maryland State Song</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 223:
Wiretapping</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 224:
TESTING ONLY</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 225:
Substitute Motions in the Maryland
General Assembly</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 226:
Navassa Island</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 227:
Jerningham Drury Court Cases</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 228:
Mount Auburn Cemetery</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 229:
George Swearingen</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 230:
Baltimore Environmental Cases, Fall 2009</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 231:
Hoffman Paper Mills</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 232:
Mental Health Records Appraisal</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 233:
Samuel Hanson, 1716-1794</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 234:
Ship Building in Baltimore, 1820s</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 235:
Student files: transfer series</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 236:
Land Patents and Islands</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 237:
Race & the Law, Spring 2010</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 238:
Peale Museum/Baltimore City Life Museum
Reports and Finding Aids</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 239:
Gibson, Larry Bio</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 240:
Mitchell: Baltimore City Government Course</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 241:
Baltimore City Circuit Court, Civil and
Equity Cases</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 242:
Material relating to Macedon, New York</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 243:
Treaty of Ghent Research</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 244:
Morgan: Permanent Sit-In Exhibit, Robert
M. Bell Center</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 245:
Maryland Legislative Black Caucus -
Member biographies and photographs</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 246:
Maryland Legislative Black Caucus -
sources</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 247:
Building Baltimore: 2010</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 248:
Maryland Judicial Institute/Judge Clayton
Greene</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 249:
War of 1812 Appraisal Work (Series 249)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 250:
BCA drop box</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 251:
James Mark Baldwin</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 252:
Black Soldiers. Sailors, and Runaways,
1745-1864</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 253:
Race and the Law, 2011</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 254:
Land Office: Certificates of Reservation</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 255:
Mark Twain's visit to Annapolis, 1907</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 256:
Governors' Funerals</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 257:
Law Class, Fall 2011</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 258:
Audio Tapes: Jody Morrison
interviews-msa_sc5954</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 259:
Warrant 100</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 260:
Legacy of Slavery Exhibit Files</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 261:
War of 1812 Exhibit</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 262:
Trade Missions</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 263:
Free Blacks/Slaves and the Law in
Maryland, 1776-1831</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 264:
Race and the Law, Spring 2012</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 265:
Copyrighted Images</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 266:
Work Plans: E-Publications and Research
(266)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 267:
Brookeville 1814</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 268:
Maryland's War of 1812 Claims</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 269:
Early 19th century reported appellate
cases</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 270:
Law Class, Fall 2012</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 271:
Defending Baltimore, 1812-1815</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 272:
Race and the Law: 2013</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 273:
USCT soldiers from Maryland's Eastern
Shore</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 274:
Office of the Public Defender Appellate
Division</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 275:
Admiralty Law and Baltimore Related Prize
Cases, series 275</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""> Series 276:
Maryland 400 and the Maryland Line<br>
<br>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" height:="" margin:=""
padding:="" style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Yesterday <a
href="http://ecpclio.net/" target="_blank">ecpclio.net</a> disappeared
from the web, some of it
to be transferred like the lost ark into an inaccessible data archive
from which it is likely never to emerge. The remainder, including a
simple system of access, has been either wiped clean or hidden behind
such high barriers of electronic security that its value is severely
compromised, if not lost altogether.<br>
<br>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" height:="" margin:=""
padding:="" style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia=""></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
<div 0="" 11pt="" arial="" font-size:="" margin:="" padding:=""
style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span georgia="">Goodbye <a
href="http://ecpclio.net/" target="_blank">ecpclio.net</a>
at least for now. As I have copies of most of my own contributions to
the website and as I own the domain name, I may revive portions of it
at </span><span georgia="" style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204);"
text-decoration:="" underline=""><a
href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://ecpclio.net&sa=D&ust=1468980532289000&usg=AFQjCNFkeLMGCh5wJUr4U_aM1FLS7n-5eg"
style="color: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;" target="_blank">http://ecpclio.net</a></span><span
georgia=""> if there proves to be any interest. If there is any
interest in any of the topics addressed above, feel free to write me at
</span><span georgia="" style="color: rgb(17, 85, 204);"
text-decoration:="" underline=""><a href="mailto:edpapenfuse@gmail.com"
style="color: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;" target="_blank">edpapenfuse@gmail.com</a></span><span
georgia=""> and I will see what I can do to resuscitate the series on
my personal server or through sharing out through Google Drive. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;"></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;"><br>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cFORUOzkBs4/WgyUxukt-7I/AAAAAAAAVKE/pWWepsOikn8e0nrjbh_J9AqJaXsV8gfGQCLcBGAs/s1600/raiders.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cFORUOzkBs4/WgyUxukt-7I/AAAAAAAAVKE/pWWepsOikn8e0nrjbh_J9AqJaXsV8gfGQCLcBGAs/s400/raiders.jpg" width="400" height="266" data-original-width="620" data-original-height="413" /></a>ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-73705979534784796382016-04-01T22:54:00.000-04:002016-04-01T22:54:46.913-04:00<html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body><div style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:72pt 4.5pt 72pt 4.5pt;max-width:603pt"><p style="padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:"Georgia"">"Sonny do you see anything of the pig's foot coming?"</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The Religion of George and Anne Mynne Calvert </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Expressed in Art, Words and Deeds</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Revised from Remarks at the Spring Meeting of </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The American Catholic Historical Association </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">March 31, 2007</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia"">©Ed Papenfuse, Maryland State Archivist Emeritus</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">In attempting to reconstruct the past, historians have long since learned that evidence is elusive and imagination is necessary to explain what hints survive. Rarely do you find the silver bullet, the verification in uncontestable form of whatever aspect of the narrative you are attempting to weave. Defining and explaining George Calvert and Anne Mynne’s faith is no exception. [100]</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Was a Yorkshire lad with a devout catholic mother and an apparently devout catholic wife, secretly a catholic during the years he outwardly conformed as a trusted servant of King James the first? Simply defining what it meant to be a Catholic in 17th century England in the face of the Penal Laws is difficult enough. In 2004 Harvard professor Stephen Greenblatt published his eminently readable </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Will Power </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">about Shakespeare's world, which was also George Calvert's. Adam Gopnik in the New Yorker ably summed up Professor Greenblatt's thesis: [101]</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Drawing on surprisingly fertile decades of biographical scholarship, Greenblatt is not afraid to make definite assertions.He begins with a fine, disabused picture of Stratford circa 1564, when the poet was born. Against the old notion of an expansive Elizabethan culture connected by the open English road, he draws a portrait of a society nearly Soviet, or perhaps South American, in its paranoias, public persecutions, and sudden, murderous changes of ideology. The underlying crisis was religious. In half a century—within the lifetime of Shakespeare’s father, John—England had gone through a very conservative regime of Catholicism, to an uneasy form of improvised state Catholicism under Henry VIII, through a period of radical Protestantism under King Edward VI, back to Roman Catholicism under Queen Mary, and then on to the staunchly Protestant monarchy of Elizabeth. As each sect seized power, it set about burning and disembowelling those who had been ascendant moments before. By the time Shakespeare was a young man, to be a Catholic priest at all was a capital offense.</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The fear and brutality of this unending religious civil war was relieved by the richness of the surrounding folk culture: May Days and Robin Hood pageants, morality plays in tavern courtyards and miracle plays on holidays. “Folk culture is everywhere in his work, in the web of allusions and in the underlying structure,” Greenblatt writes. And this folk culture was, for Shakespeare, inextricably tied up, as it is in the Mediterranean world to this day, with the rituals and calendar and enveloping presence of the old faith. Greenblatt is assured here, where earlier generations of scholars were reserved: little doubt remains that Shakespeare, whose father, mother, and daughter were all, at times, secret Catholics, was at some level a partisan of the old religion. (A disinterested record remarks after his decease that “he dyed a papist.”) His mother, Mary Arden, came from an old, distinguished, and ardently Catholic family. His father, John, a glove maker (and therefore an artisan, but one who dealt in luxury goods), was a leading citizen of Stratford, an alderman and bailiff, who participated in the Protestant ascendancy, arranging to have the local church ripped up and its icons and paintings removed—but who at the same time helped make sure that the schoolmasters hired for the public school were Catholic sympathizers, and secretly signed a Roman Catholic “Spiritual Testament” and hid it in the rafters of his house. (The testament of faith was found, still concealed, in the eighteenth century.)</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">An even more strident interpretation of Shakespeare's Catholicism is to be found in Claire Asquith's book </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Shadowplay. </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">She summarizes her thesis on line: [102]</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Ever since a seventeenth-century Protestant clergyman, Richard Davies, remarked that "William Shakespeare dyed a papist," Shakespeare's religion has been a thorny subject for scholars and biographers. Protestant England would much rather he had not died a papist. Three hundred years after Shakespeare's death, English Catholics were still viewed as a fifth column liable to join forces with the country's enemies at a moment's notice. Even today, England's entry into the European Union is portrayed in some quarters as a Vatican plot to reclaim England for Catholic Christendom. Until recently the English nation was viewed as incontrovertibly Protestant, and, of course, so was the national poet. Favorite schoolboy quotations stressed his solidarity with the Elizabethan nation-state. The patriotic concluding speeches of King John and Henry VIII, the battle cry of the "reformed" military hero, Henry V, the support throughout Shakespeare's works for authority and the rule of law all identified the playwright as a staunch Protestant Englishman. "Naught shall make us rue," as the Bastard says at the end of King John, "If England to herself do rest but true."</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">But what was England's "self," exactly— to what should she rest "true"? These lines have always been read in the light of the play's depiction of the proud reunion of the country after the divisions created by the pope's mischievous interdict of the English king—supposedly a parallel to the country's antipapal solidarity in the face of the similar interdict of Elizabeth (1533-1603). Yet in the play the Bastard's lines actually celebrate the moment England submits to the authority of the papal deputy and resumes relations with Rome.</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">What are we to make of this kind of ambiguity, which is so typical of Shakespeare? Many scholars see it as evidence of his political and religious neutrality. Still, there is another possible explanation, one that politically oppressed audiences such as those in Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe would readily understand. During my years in Moscow as the wife of a British diplomat, I was introduced to the double-speak of subversive drama, an ingenious method designed to circumvent the Communist censor. Minute alterations to plays by classical authors enabled dissidents to communicate with their audience about contemporary politics. The result gave initiates an enjoyable sense of complicity, but was innocent enough to hoodwink the authorities. I began to wonder whether the many incongruities in the apparently apolitical works of Shakespeare and his contemporaries indicated that they were playing the same dangerous game. So long as Shakespeare was seen as a pillar of the establishment, no one dreamed of looking for coded meanings in his work. Today the characteristic ambiguity of his writing is beginning to take on a new significance. Since the Second World War, England has become less certain of her Protestant identity. "Is This the Death of Protestant England?" asked one apprehensive headline in the wake of the blanket coverage by the English media of the funeral of Pope John Paul II. Historians no longer feel obliged to perpetuate the orthodox "Whig" view of England's history, and have been re-examining the nature of Protestantism in Shakespeare's day. Influential books such as Eamon Duffy's Stripping of the Altars conclude that the embrace of Protestantism was largely reluctant. This is a revolutionary position. As presented by Protestant historians, England welcomed the Reformation. Henry VIII's (1491-1547) quarrel with the pope and dissolution of the monasteries constituted a break with the superstitious past. Reformers swept away the obscurantist ceremonies and the humiliating subservience to Rome and gave the country a national church, the Protestant work ethic, the Bible in English. They released a new spirit of intellectual inquiry and national self-confidence which was to be embodied some seventy years later in the works of Shakespeare.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The key to understanding both these works, whether you agree with them or not, is accepting that historians must be both very careful with the meaning of the evidence they find, whether it be literary or artifact, and be willing to cast the evidentiary net as wide as possible. The same words may intentionally have different meanings to different intended audiences. Nor can artifacts be ignored. By artifact, I mean whatever has survived of material evidence of the past from archaeological remnants found in the ground to paintings on the walls, from descriptions of long lost furnishings to watermarks in paper that possibly document the trail of Jesuit priests through the English cathedral towns and in St. Mary's City Maryland in the 1660s and 1670s as the Puritan damaged cathedrals are restored by Catholic craftsmen, and as the Jesuits construct the largest brick chapel in English speaking North America. How else do you explain the presence of Low Country Jesuit made paper with a cross, crown, IHS, and the word MARINAUD appearing in so many places in England and in Maryland at the same time?</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The focus of this essay is on George Calvert's faith. John Krugler has masterfully culled almost every scrap of evidence that can be found about the life of George Calvert. [103] Not only is his book well written and a delight to read, any scholar who follows his footnotes, as I have done, will find that he is meticulous in his search for the surviving record and sensitively accurate in his characterization of its meaning. That is not to say that something new might not emerge. [104] Not too long ago, John and I were having dinner when he mentioned a relatively new work by Diane Purkess, </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The English Civil War: Papists, Gentlewomen, Soldiers, and Witchfinders in the Birth of Modern Britain</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> (Hardcover - Jun 30, 2006). </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Without footnotes she tells a fascinating tale of the raid on Henrietta Maria's Chapel at Somerset House by Puritan terrorists in 1643. They slashed and dumped into the Thames a large painting by Rubens of the Crucifixion that George Calvert had given the Duke of Buckingham who in turn had given it to King Charles I and his Queen, Henrietta Maria. This stimulated my imagination and provided a potential bolstering of my intended remarks. Not only was George Calvert instrumental in the founding of Maryland, his son Cecil named the prospective colony after Henrietta Maria. But what was George doing with such a large Catholic painting in the first place in 1622, if he was not yet a convert?</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">I couldn't resist taking up the challenge of finding the documentation for such a tale, even if it meant missing some interesting sessions at the conference where I was to comment on Professor Krugler's assessment of George Calvert's catholicism. I began, as most undergraduates do these days, with Google, by looking for any collaborative information on the episode at Somerset House. There I found references in another work by Michelle Anne White, </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Henrietta Maria and the English Civil Wars</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">, and in the old standby, Samuel Rawson Gardiner, </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The English Civil War</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">, both of which now exist in full or in part as scanned books placed on the web by Google Books. Fortunately Michelle White's book was footnoted and I was led to some extraordinary art history in two articles by Albert J. Loomie published in the </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Burlington Magazine</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> in 1996 and 1998, which I copied during a morning's enjoyable sojourn in the library.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Professor Krugler (English and Catholic, p. 68) notes that to curry favor with the Duke of Buckingham in 1625, George Calvert gave him a large painting by Rubens of the Crucifixion. What Professor Loomie adds to the story is fascinating, and provides a further window into George Calvert's faith. Professor Loomie notes that George Calvert solicited the painting in October 1621 from Jean Baptiste van Male, the representative of Archduchess Isabella of the Spanish Netherlands. Van Male explains the encounter to the Archduchess's secretary, Della Faille:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Finally, sir, [a name in cipher] our good friend had earnestly begged me to obtain for him a painting of the Crucifixion, with Our Lady St John and the Magdalen of one aulne in height," which should be done in the finest style we have in our country. As I am anxious to be of service to him in this business, yet having no one to whom to turn, I have preferred to ask you to please arrange that Master Rubens receive the commission for it and that he be paid out of the Treasury. I assure you that the gift will very much enhance our position and this good lord will cherish it, as he will understand its worth.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Della Faille was not willing to ask the Archduchess to commission the work unless he could assure her that Calvert was a reliable Catholic. Van Male was quick to reply:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">I can assure you that our friend, on whose behalf I asked for the painting, is fully devoted to our religion and I consider him to be more a Catholic than anything else. And I have some knowledge of this matter, having had a private correspondence about it with him over some time. Furthermore, having lately been in his private chamber (cabinet), I saw there several paintings of Our Lady and other saints, which he valued highly, holding them in as much honour and reverence as we do, so much so that I am convinced that this gift will be very useful: it will be well received and one can proceed without any scruple.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">That the painting was thought to be a testament to the Catholicism of its owner it confirmed by its subsequent ownership. Calvert gave it to Buckingham. Buckingham gave it to King Charles. King Charles gave it to Henrietta Maria, his queen, who placed it over the high altar in her chapel at Somerset House where by virtue of her marriage treaty she was permitted to have Catholic services which to all accounts became very popular. As the intensity of the English Civil War increased, dissatisfaction with the privilege mounted. In March of 1643 the Chapel was desecrated by Puritan members of Parliament. The painting was slashed to pieces and thrown into the Thames, never to be seen again.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">How did Calvert come to even think of wanting a crucifixion by Rubens? I would love to know what books he had in his library by 1621, which might indicate his taste in religious works. Perhaps he had </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Missale Romanorum</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">, Plantin Press, Antwerp [1617] from which we have the only image of an early Crucifixion attributed to Rubens? [105] In any event it was an impressive Catholic painting given by a Catholic Monarch, Archduchess Isabella of the Spanish Netherlands, to a minister of the English King who she was assured was a good Catholic.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">But what does all of this about a painting necessarily prove about Calvert's secret faith? That is a much more complicated question. To answer it, I think we must step back from a history of religion and faith that does not, in my opinion, give enough credence to the role of the wife and mother and her female circle in shaping the religious views of her children, in particular sons and husbands.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Professor Krugler paints a strong picture of George Calvert as a conforming protestant until after his wife's death. If he were to pick a year for conversion to Catholicism, it would be in 1625, nearly three years after Anne Mynne Calvert died. That George Calvert's stepmother was a strong catholic is clear. The DNB article on George Calvert, as corrected, asserts that Anne Mynne' father was Catholic implying that the Church the Mynne's attended and were buried at in Hertingfordbury, St. Mary's, was only nominally Anglican. On August 8, 1622, Anne Mynne died at Arundel House where she was apparently staying with Anne Dacre Howard, the staunchly Catholic mother of Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl of Arundel. Reportedly, after a high mass the funeral procession made its way to St. Mary's Hertingfordbury, her family parish church, where she was ultimately laid to rest in an elaborate italianate tomb erected by her husband. [106] The Catholic leanings of Anne Dacre Howard were well known. Illustrative is the treasured rosary she was given by the martyred Mary, Queen of Scots.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Upon Anne Mynne's death, a suspected Catholic tutor and poet, James Shirley, [107] living only 26 miles distant at St. Alban's School in Hertfordshire, mourned her passing in less than inspiring rhyme.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">Vpon a Gentlewoman that died of a Fever</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Death, time, and sicknes, had been many a day</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Conspiring this sweet Virgin to betray;</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">At last impatient, vow'd o're the next Sun,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">To finish what their malice had begun.</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Sicknes went slowly on, but time, apace,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Death lag'd behind, by night all reacht the place.</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">But when resolv'd of a surprize, they came,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">They found her guarded by a holy flame</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Her waking Fever kept, this did affright</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The theeves, who are still fearful of the light.</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Time stayed without; but sicknes, by the sin</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Of bribing a false servant, was let in.</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Death follow'd the advantage, and did creep</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Into her chamber, where though in her sleep,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Sicknes faint-hearted could not stop her breath,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">But she soon found the Icie hand of death.</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Her grone awak'd some friends, and the maid kild,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">With sighes, and clamors all the ayre was fill'd;</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Fearing a swift pursuite, time ran away,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Sicknes no longer had the heart to stay,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Death with his prey soon hid him under ground,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Not since by any living creature found.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Why James Shirley would write a poem about Anne Mynne is somewhat of a mystery, although his earlier attachment to Queen Anne, wife of James I, who died in 1619, and his later affiliation with Catholic Queen Henrietta Maria (who married King Charles in 1625, and who became Maryland's namesake in 1632) , would bring him to Mass in Somerset House before the high altar adorned with Calvert's gift of the crucifixion painting. Perhaps he was already a willing participant in the Catholic underground in August 1622?</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The answer to this and other questions of the expressions of faith and communication among people who are persecuted for their views may lie in the intended meaning of the words they use and the hidden ways in which they use imagery and symbols such as heraldry and even the notes of music to convey their beliefs in code to others who would understand their double meaning. It is asserted, for example, the recusant composer William Byrd communicated with a fellow Catholic in France through the exchange of motets, the notes of which spelled out strong pro-Catholic message hidden to the untrained eyes of correspondence spies.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">To better understand the faith of the fathers, more attention needs to be paid to the faith of the mothers and wives, and the saints they revered as indicators and educators in the faith. While not all children followed in the faith of their mothers, they could have great influence on what their children and their husbands believed. In examining the persistence of faith the family context ought not to be ignored, and particularly the role mothers and wives played in the religious education and the maintenance of religious beliefs across generations.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">You can't begin to talk about Anne Mynne Calvert who George Calvert married in 1604 without talking about St. Cecilia. St. Cecilia was the patron saint of the blind and of music, whose tragic death at the hands of the Romans elevated her to sainthood, and whose feast day is a recurring day of importance to our appreciation of Maryland history. In many ways Maryland began with the blessing of St. Cecilia on her feast day in 1633 as those first 200 or so adventurers set out in blind faith from the Isle of Wight to seek a new life in America on the shores of the Chesapeake. Chaucer immortalized St. Cecilia in poetry, and how she was depicted by noted artists during the lifetime of the first of the Calvert women is as much a history of the secularization of religious art and society as it illuminates the meaning of her sainthood to the Calvert family.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The Second Nun's Tale of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is about the life of St. Ceciliae who was martyred in Sicily under Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (c.176 a.d.). It was written sometime between 1387 and Chaucer's death in 1400. Chaucer begins by explaining the significance of Cecilia's name:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">First let me tell you whence her name has sprung,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Cecilia, meaning, as the books agree,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">'Lily of Heaven' in our English tongue,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">To signify her chaste virginity;</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Or for the whiteness of her constancy,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The greenness of her conscience, of her fame</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The scent and sweetness, 'lily' was her name.</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Cecilia may betoken 'path to the blind'</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">From the example given in her story;</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Or in Cecilia some would have us find</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">A union as it were of 'Heaven's glory' ...</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Cecilia may be also said to mean</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">'Wanting in blindness,' as she had the light</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Of sapience and bearing calm and clean; ...</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">And just as one may look to heaven and see</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The sun and moon, and where the stars are hung,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">so in this maiden, spiritually,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">We see her faith and magnanimity</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">And the whole clarity of her wisdom thence</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">In many works of shining excellence.</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">[quote from pp. 452-453 4-2744]</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Chaucer also reminds his readers that when confronted with the threats of her enemy, Almacius, the Emperor's official,</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Cecilia replied:</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> </span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Your power is little to be feared indeed;</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Power of mortal man is soon discerned</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">to be a bladder full of wind and spurned;</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">for prick it with a needle when it's blown</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">and the inflated boast is overthrown.'</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">To the end, even when half dead with 'carven neck' from the blows of her assassin's knife, Cecilia never ceased in teaching, singing, playing, and preaching her faith.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">In time, Raphael's saintly St. Cecilia became less so, as images of her 'proliferated throughout' the 16th and 17th centuries. About 1610 the Florentine painter, Orazio Gentileschi portrayed her as a simply dressed young woman playing the organ for an angel. By the time of Anne Mynne Calvert's death in 1622, Bernardo Strozzi, the master painter of Genoa had depicted her as a quite sensuous, richly dressed, young woman "with an organ (barely visible pipes, left, rear) - which she is traditionally credited with having invented- a violin (mid-left), and a lute (center, right)."</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">[Walter's Catalogue, p. 26]</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Orazio Gentileschi, c. 1610, Florence, St. Cecilia and an Angel, National Gallery of Art, 12-241</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Strozzi, St. Cecilia, ca. 1618-1620</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Perhaps the most exciting aspect of history and all the related disciplines (like art and archaeology), is that there is always something new to learn, something more to discover to challenge what we know and how we know it. Finding definitive answers is not easy and a lot of digging can lead to competing conclusions, difficult to resolve. Robert Barakat's article in the December 1976 </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Aspects</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">, a publication of the Newfoundland Historical Society, is a perfect example. Based upon the same evidence, two people came to quite different conclusions on the site of George Calvert's house at Ferryland, both asserting vociferously that each had found 'the' place, leading Dr. Barakat to the challenging conclusion that "the two proposed sites for Baltimore's house appear equally valid in light of the evidence, superficially at least. Moreover, the historical evidence brought to bear is sufficiently ambiguous to creat[e] problems of interpretation." While they might not agree, each new generation of scholars has the opportunity to tell us something new and often profoundly important about the past that we did not know, believed differently or had conveniently forgotten. Sometimes what we learn is based upon old evidence seen in a new light. Sometimes new evidence is unearthed which completely (or at least partially) alters our perspective and interpretation of the past. Take for instance, how Maryland got its name. While savoring the joys of research in the new British Library not too long ago, the Pulitzer Prize winning author, William Warner, revisited the origins of the story of the naming of Maryland, a story which he and I agree, deserves more than a footnote of explanation. Written some time after the event, it purports to be based upon the account of someone present in 1632 when the blank left for the name of the new colony was filled in by King Charles I. It is not the King's second choice that makes the story interesting. That we all know was to honor his Queen, Henrietta Maria. It is his first choice that makes the tale intriguing, especially in light of what happened to Charles. Charles lost his head to the executioner's axe sixteen years after the Ark and the Dove arrived in Maryland. His first choice of a name for the new colony in 1632 would make me Archivist of "Mariana" today, but Lord Baltimore gently reminded the King that "Mariana" was the name of a Jesuit Priest who not only wrote against monarchy, but according to one scholar, William J. Banger, also "supported the proposition that a tyrant should be removed from office, killed if necessary. ..." Charles chose his queen's name instead for Maryland, but did not heed Mariana's warning about the fate of tyrants.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">In returning to the sources of Maryland History, it is time we gave St. Cecilia and the Calvert women their due, paying heed to their contributions and their impact on Maryland in name and substance, all the while admitting that not everyone will agree with my interpretation of the surviving evidence.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">This constant probing of the past even leads at times to conclusions contradicting the law, and opposing even the College of Heralds. The Maryland code states categorically that the cross botany, the red, and the silver (today transformed into white) in the Great Seal of Maryland and the Maryland Flag are derived from the armorial bearings of the Crosslands, purportedly George Calvert's mother's family. But don't always believe what you read in the law books. It is also well known that Shakespeare had no difficulty in bribing the College of Heralds into giving him a manufactured coat of arms (see Greenblatt's chapter </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The Dream of Restoration</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> for details). By misidentifying the source of the cross and half the colors that make up the official seal and flag of our state, we not only miss an extraordinary contribution of one of the Calvert wives, we also miss singularly important elements of feminism and Catholicism in the Calvert vision for the New World.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">By not delving more closely into the lives of the women who were either born or married into the Calvert family, we miss significant facts concerning the financing of the Maryland venture, and fail to understand the degree to which some of the members of the Calvert family (Cecil in particular), went to great lengths to make illegal contributions to support the faith, even to the extent of depriving his first born (Charles) of the benefit of his Yorkshire patrimony for a considerable length of time.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">To document conclusions that contradict Maryland Law and the rules of of the College of Arms, and to give the Calvert women their due, we need to look more closely at the evidence as it relates to Anne Mynne Calvert, wife of George Calvert and to suggest that from her marriage to George Calvert in 1604, she was the bulwark of his secret Catholic faith.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">George Calvert (1578/1579-1632) married Anne Mynne on St. Cecilia's feast day, November 22, 1604, at St. Peter's Church, Cornhill in London. From that day forward, the religious symbolism of St. Cecilia, patron saint of music, the blind, and education, and the secular significance to the family's fortunes of Sir Robert Cecil's patronage, were intertwined in the naming of the Calvert children and in the remembrance of such significant events as the sailing of the Ark and the Dove from the Isle of Wight on November 22, 1633.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Anne Mynne grew up in a strong Catholic household in a village near London called Hertingfordbury. George Calvert grew up in Yorkshire where he built a country home, Kiplin Hall, for himself, Anne, and their rapidly growing family.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Between 1605 and 1622 Anne bore eleven children, dying in childbirth with the last. A contemporary recorded the event: "On Thursday [August 8] Secretary Calvert's lady went away in childbirth, leaving many little ones behind her. She had not been sick above two days." [14-327-8-24]</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">[illus: George Calvert from Justin Winsor's Narrative andCritical History, III]</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">George Calvert was called 'Secretary' because in 1619 King James I appointed him Secretary of State, the equivalent of a Foreign Minister. His predecessor in the office, Sir Thomas Lake, had been dismissed because of his wife's indiscretions. The King wanted to be certain that Calvert did not have the same problem with Lady Calvert. Before making up his mind about the pending appointment, he questioned Calvert carefully on many subjects, including pointed inquiries about the reliability of his wife.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">"She is a good woman," Calvert replied, "and has brought me ten children; and I can assure your majesty, she is not a wife with a witness," a response which historians construe to mean that "Lady Calvert was by no means a second Lady Lake" who "would betray what was confided to her." It also seems that the King had had enough of "head strong, high spirited wives" like Lady Lake of whom he had experienced "much willfulness and [a] violent temper." It may also mean that Lady Lake was too openly a Catholic like his own wife Anne of Denmark, and that he wanted to be sure that Anne Mynne Calvert would be discrete in her worship.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">[14-327-8, p. 10-11; 12-62]</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">George Calvert got the appointment, only to lose Lady Anne three years later. She died of a fever giving birth in London where her husband was immersed in efforts to secure a Spanish bride for Prince Charles. Her body was taken to her family's parish church, St. Mary's Hertingfordbury, in Hertfordshire, about nineteen miles north of London.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">St. Mary's, sign, 12-143-1</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">St. Mary's church, 12-143-2</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">George was overcome by grief. He wrote the Marquis of Salisbury thanking him for his words of comfort:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">I am much bound to you for the sense you have of my sufferings,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">and for the wise advice you give me to bear it patiently. I shall</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">strive to do it, but there are so many images of sorrow that</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">represent themselves every moment to me in her loss, who was the</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">dear companion and only comfort of my life, as I doubt I shall not</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">so easily forget it as a wise man should; for which God forgive me</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">if I offend, who for my sins only has laid this heavy cross upon me,</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">and yet far lighter than I deserve, though to my weak heart it be</span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">almost insupportable."</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">[12-45-1, Krugler]</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Anne Mynne's Tomb, St. Mary's church, 12-143-3</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">As a memorial George Calvert built Anne Mynne a splendid Italianate tomb placing his recumbent wife in marble before a mantel adorned with the Calvert shield on the Left, the Mynne Coat of Arms on the right, and the two coats of arms elevated and joined in the middle.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">In the language of heraldry there were "three shields of Arms. On the centre shield: Paly of six, or[gold] and</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">sable [silver], a Bend counterchanged for Calvert; impaling, Sable [silver]; a Fess dancette paly of four, gules and ermine, between six crosslet argent[silver], for Mynne. On the other, Calvert and Mynne emblazoned alone."[12-144]</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">George Calvert sought solace in the household of the Catholic Earl of Arundel where supposedly a high mass had been held in memory of his wife Anne and where she seemed to have spent much of her time while in London. It was this same Earl of Arundel who may have been a student and patron of the noted poet and compiler of the first Italian-English dictionary, John Florio (1533-1625). Indeed, both Florio and George Calvert had their portraits painted by the same artist, Daniel Mytens the elder at about the same time (1618).</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">It is plausible to argue that George Calvert may have chosen to honor the memory of both his wife (who died in 1622) and John Florio (who died in 1625) by adopting as his family motto </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Fatti Maschii Parole Femine</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> which from Florio's perspective translates gentle words, strong deeds. Written in latin on the margin of a 1622 description of his coat of arms, it is first found in use on a wax seal affixed to George Calvert's last surviving letter of March 28, 1632 and is now boldly emblazoned on the Great Seal of Maryland which is affixed to all laws and most official pronouncements of the state.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">So important was the memory of his wife Anne Mynne that when George Calvert was elevated to the Irish Peerage as Baron Baltimore in 1625, he incorporated the crosslet or cross botany, and the color red from her coat of arms into his own, a practice that Sir Bernard Burke of Burke's Peerage fame later commended to Victorian widowers of the Aristocracy if they had been left with children, and, I suspect, their wife's money, much as George Calvert had been.[12-145]. Time has dimmed the memory of Anne Mynne, just as her tomb has been moved from a place of honor near the altar to a dark corner in the rear of St. Mary's Church.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Subsequent generations of scholars and the annotated code of Maryland have mistaken the Cross that appears on the Calvert Coat of Arms, the Great Seal of Maryland, the State Flag, and by law on every flag pole where the State Flag is flown, as a Cross Botany of the Crossland family to which George Calvert's mother may or may not have belonged. Perhaps it is time to change the law and give Anne Mynne her due. Not only does she deserve credit for at least half of the most visible symbols representing Maryland, but she also provided material wealth and inspiration for her husband who renounced the political world, openly joined the Catholic church, and who may have been far less sexist than contemporaries and historians may have imagined.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Have I proven that in his heart, if not in his outward performance as the King's servant, George Calvert was a closet Catholic? No. I may have pushed Professor's Krugler's hard and fast date back three years or so based upon the evidence professor Loomie found, although I believe that in his heart George Calvert never left the Church and after 1604 entrusted the raising of his children in the faith to his wife, Anne Mynne. What I hope I have done for certain, is to suggest that we need to take into consideration a broader base of evidence, such as the use of language, art, and adopted symbols as signs of resistance to oppression and an indication of adherence to beliefs despite penal laws and other forms of harassment. Perhaps we need to take more seriously the gossip of the Bishop of Gloucester who is quoted by Professor Krugler (p. 70), substituting Anne for the Secretary in the instruction of the children.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Speaking of the period between 1619 and 1623[8?], he recalled that Calvert, as the only secretary employed in the Spanish negotiations, "did what good offices he could therein for religion's sake." He asserted that Calvert was "infinitely addicted to the Roman Catholic faith." Goodman, who died a Catholic, attributed Calvert's conversion to the Spanish ambassador, Gondomar, and to Count Arundell, "whose daughter Secretary Calvert's son had married." The bishop repeated the gossip that the secretary did usually "catechize his own children so as to ground them in his own religion, and in his best room having an altar set up, with chalice, candlesticks, and all other ornaments, he brought all strangers thither never concealing anything, as if his whole joy and comfort had been to make open profession of his religion."</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">On May 19, 1870, Frederick Douglass returned in triumph to Baltimore where he led possibly the largest parade of African Americans ever to assemble until the March on Washington in 1963. The parade ended at the Battle Monument. Douglass mounted the temporary platform erected for his speech only to have it collapse under him. He brushed himself off, told the crowd that it must have been built by a Democrat, and proceeded to the balcony of the Gilmore House seen to the left in a stereo view of the crowd. There he gave an extemporaneous speech which the Editors of the Douglass papers missed. It was a powerful speech, calling on the crowd to make the most of the 15th amendment to the Constitution granting free adult black males the right to vote, the passage of which they were celebrating that day. As he addressed the crowd, Douglass reminded them that they no longer had to speak a coded language. As the Baltimore SUN reported :</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">To him this day was the day of all days. He was permitted to appear before them in the more dignified, the more elevated character of an American citizen. Thirty five years ago it was his lot to be a slave in Talbot county working side by side with slaves on a plantation. He remembered that he always looked forward with yearning to the time when Maryland should not contain a slave. Uneducated as he was he knew enough of logic of events, of the sense right and wrong that the day would come when not a chain should clank nor fetter gall, nor whip crack over a slave. The change is amazing, when he remembers how slavery was interwoven with everything civil, political social and ecclesiastical in this State. He remembers that he and his fellow slaves desired to talk about emancipation, but were prevented by the presence of the overseer. They invented a vocabulary of their own so that they would not be understood as saying anything but the most harmless things. They were talking of liberty, in fact they were the original abolitionists. The old aunty would ask a slave, "Sonny do you see anything of the pig's foot coming?" That was the way we talked about emancipation...</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The quest for answers in history is never ending, with clues abounding in places we have yet to think to look. It is the challenge of our discipline to be forever interpreting "Sonny do you see anything of the pig's foot coming." As long as we do, there may be indeed a day of emancipation from the possibly mistaken interpretations of the past.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">note to file:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">secondary sources consulted:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.worldcat.org/title/english-and-catholic-the-lords-baltimore-in-the-seventeenth-century/oclc/53967315%26referer%3Dbrief_results&sa=D&ust=1459567976243000&usg=AFQjCNFWKqSWk96aQDGHzKx4Luu7b6bkeg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">English and Catholic : the Lords Baltimore in the seventeenth century</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">by John D Krugler, Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The English Catholic Community, 1570—1850</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> (London: Oxford University Press, 1975) by J. Bossy.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage, 1617-1623:. A Chapter of English History ...</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> (2 vols, 1869) By Samuel Rawson Gardiner</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The Prince and the Infanta: The Cultural Politics of the Spanish Match</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> (Yale University Press, 2003) By Glyn Redworth</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Catholicism and Community in Early Modern England: Politics, Aristocratic Patronage and Religion .</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">. (Cambridge University Press, 2006) By Michael C. Questier</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p></div></body></html>ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-16603383137185342522016-01-23T02:17:00.002-05:002016-01-30T19:24:38.612-05:00The Meaning of Words<html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body><div style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:72pt 72pt 72pt 72pt;max-width:468pt"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Fatti Maschii Parole Femine</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:18pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Strong Deeds Gentle Words?</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:531.00px;height:449.97px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/QMiAcnhz8TNwCCvFWD21_AXnTOVR66G-RxOKNhRK00Anp7qegOirDC5wygSFvGFAI2i-QRiVM143lZGrpbPeMnLLq8l8ZrFS9avjRs75QZcHrVcV4wRhYJZ3rJCaEqhlnBMuLhDD" style="width:531.00px;height:449.97px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Source: Huntingfield Corporation Map Collection, Maryland State Archives, MSA SC 1399-1-526</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The earliest known public printing of the George Calvert family coat of arms with the family motto was in 1635. It appeared on a map of Maryland that accompanied a pamphlet written to promote the new colony that George Calvert’s son, Cecil Calvert, had begun on the shores of the St. Mary’s River in what is today St. Mary’s County, Maryland.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:270.67px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/sShaFIButeu1CHkW-isS36GqL_cCMEOiwCI6eVYtxu5dyVTSlcMiptjOTXDCNwjSJ7NRNYcWgeWrO2YRJ0lE4qHJZiefAGfOeyNzfE3_eA8KC19mgRIuOmd9_xm09YUwS7LOHGL0" style="width:624.00px;height:270.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525">Engraving of the west range of the stableyard (</span><span style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#252525">"aula"</span><span style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525">) of Arundel House by Adam Bierling, 1646, after a drawing by its tenant </span><span style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#0b0080"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslas_Hollar&sa=D&ust=1454200130654000&usg=AFQjCNFRppQwXFd0_PTnSU1qkzjmGsbbwQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Wenceslas Hollar</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. Source: </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundel_House&sa=D&ust=1454200130654000&usg=AFQjCNHW8meBLN47PH682RoqX6bnF4p1MA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<wbr>Arundel_House</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The motto on the coat of arms, </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Fatti Maschii: Parole Femine</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, is not associated with George Calvert until 1622, the year his wife, Anne Mynne Calvert died in childbirth with their 11th child. Anne died in August and George retired disconsolate to Arundel House, the Roman Catholic household of Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel.</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt1" name="0.1_ftnt_ref1">[1]</a></sup><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> On August 12, 1622, George Calvert wrote William Cecil, the son of his patron, the second Earl of Salisbury:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><a href="#0.1_" name="0.1_7ab1ef72cc9cd01018886268edb0a89e639028de"></a><a href="#0.1_" name="0.1_0"></a><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr style="height:0pt"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:6pt 6pt 6pt 6pt;border-bottom-color:#dddddd;border-top-width:1pt;border-right-width:1pt;border-left-color:#dddddd;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#dddddd;border-left-width:1pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:1pt;width:41.1pt;border-top-color:#dddddd;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.42857;text-align:left"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">1622, August 12.</span></p></td><td colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="border-right-style:solid;padding:6pt 6pt 6pt 6pt;border-bottom-color:#dddddd;border-top-width:1pt;border-right-width:1pt;border-left-color:#dddddd;vertical-align:top;border-right-color:#dddddd;border-left-width:1pt;border-top-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-bottom-width:1pt;width:462.9pt;border-top-color:#dddddd;border-bottom-style:solid"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;text-align:left"><span style="color:#000000;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:normal">I am much bound to you for the sense you have of my sufferings, and for the wise advice you give me to bear it patiently. I shall strive to do it, but there are so many images of sorrow that represent themselves every moment to me in her loss, who was the dear companion and only comfort of my life, as I doubt I shall not so easily forget it as a wise man should; for which God forgive me if I offend, who for my sins only has laid this heavy cross upon me, and yet far lighter than I deserve, though to my weak heart it be almost insupportable. St. Martin's Lane, 12 August, 1622.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.42857;text-align:left"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Holograph. 1 p. (130. 59.</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#333333">) </span><sup style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#333333"><a href="#0.1_ftnt2" name="0.1_ftnt_ref2">[2]</a></sup></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The following December someone annotated his request for official recognition of a coat of arms with the marginal note “Fatti Maschii Parole Femine”.</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt3" name="0.1_ftnt_ref3">[3]</a></sup><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> By 1632, the year of his death, he was sealing his documents with wax, embossed with a signet ring that contained the motto.</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt4" name="0.1_ftnt_ref4">[4]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:577.00px;height:359.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/B6bG27xjdypFdpGIGRd9dZsaV_SA8BIE7t5VhYzEwfGj6VEB0tPwcLqTw9trCUYekAGuT2o1j8vsGbqSwHMX2kCGA27UY6llrgYPWWqjq9JhaFRfqxYeDCQqAF8CgvIsKgq-x3zD" style="width:577.00px;height:394.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Anne Mynne Calvert’s tomb, St. Mary’s Huntingfordbury, courtesy of Tom and Jane Coakley</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Anne Mynne Calvert was temporarily buried at St. Martin-in- the-Fields, until her elaborate italianate tomb was completed in St. Mary’s church, Hertingfordbury.</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt5" name="0.1_ftnt_ref5">[5]</a></sup><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> The plaque beneath her reclining marble figure is a glowing tribute, apparently in Italian, and the Calvert family shield is merged into one with that of the Mynne’s, a combination reflected in Maryland’s flag today.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">George Calvert was always a man of words which he attempted to translate into action first as secretary to a powerful politician, Sir Robert Cecil, and then as Secretary of State for King James the First, where he demonstrated a mastery of Italian, French, and Spanish. It was said of him “he is so well instructed in all things, as that he is able to make a large comment upon any text you should propose.”</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt6" name="0.1_ftnt_ref6">[6]</a></sup><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">George Calvert was not always successful at verbal or written persuasion, particularly in attempting to defend the King before parliament, and in negotiating a marriage between James’s son and future King, with a Spanish princess.</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt7" name="0.1_ftnt_ref7">[7]</a></sup><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> Worn down by the effort and devastated by the loss of his wife, George Calvert, by then Baron Baltimore, as a reward from a grateful sovereign, returned to the faith of his mother and father, and sought further refuge in establishing a colony in Newfoundland that offered religious freedom, the grant for which he received on December 31, 1622.</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt8" name="0.1_ftnt_ref8">[8]</a></sup><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> The “Sad Face of Winter” proved too much for him there, and he successfully convinced the King to grant him land north of Virginia in a more accommodating climate.</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt9" name="0.1_ftnt_ref9">[9]</a></sup><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> He did not live to see the new colony, but his shield and family motto were incorporated into the great seal of Maryland which today is used to authenticate the acts of the legislature and official documents.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Since at least 1886, scholars have attempted to puzzle out the most appropriate translation of </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Fatti Maschii Parole Femine</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. One scholar suggested ‘courage and courtesy’, while the most widely touted translation in 1886 proved to be “manly deeds womanly words” based on the 17th century common translation of variant forms of an Italian or Tuscan proverb.</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt10" name="0.1_ftnt_ref10">[10]</a></sup><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> In 1886, however, they did not have the benefit of the careful research of Thomas M. Coakley, John D. Krugler, Henry Miller, and others into the lives of the Calverts. Their research uncovered new sources, and provided access to documentation that offered a new approach to the meaning of the Calvert motto. Still, as late as 1993, William Safire the noted wordsmith of the </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">New York Times</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> ridiculed the motto as sexist in one of his columns. Even though he generously included two letters that challenged his point of view when he published the best of his columns as a book in 1997 entitled </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Watching My Language</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, efforts to change the English interpretation of the motto in the Maryland State </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Code</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> faltered.</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt11" name="0.1_ftnt_ref11">[11]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:403.49px;height:639.50px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/2_c8FkF2o1GSAZva136vCuThvnQ1qvucqub4IQYYYrwUeTJviotqHGNjr9jOzIuWFtOi_uV8FLquv58ZSswKFVMiUyT2D8jdVo5-m2v45Li3qN-GD7tU-v_trbfeEfyQwOENGvpz" style="width:403.49px;height:639.50px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">George Calvert by Daniel Mytens</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Source: </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Jackson-Stops, Gervase. 1985. </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The Treasure houses of Britain: five hundred years of private patronage and art collecting</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. Washington [D.C.]: National Gallery of Art.</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, p. 137.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Translating from one language to another is never easy, particularly when the matter of intent and usage is concerned. There is no question that the prevailing translation of the Italian proverb </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Le parole sono femine e i fatti sono maschi(i)! </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">in Lord Baltimore’s day was “words are women deeds are men.” The great scholar and book collector Thomas Bodley after whom the Bodleian Library at Oxford University is named, used that translation disparagingly in 1605 to mean associates who did not live up to their word</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt12" name="0.1_ftnt_ref12">[12]</a></sup><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, while over two centuries later Elizabeth Herzogenberg would flirt with the composer Johannes Brahms in a long letter praising his songs and passing on gossip:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">I already know a few Tuscan proverbs, one of which I will quote, because it will both bring grist to your wicked mill and serve to excuse me for sending nothing better than a gossiping epistle by way of thanks for your songs: Le parole sono femine e i fatti sono maschi!</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"><a href="#0.1_ftnt13" name="0.1_ftnt_ref13">[13]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">George Calvert was a linguist who began his college education as a poor 14 year old Yorkshire lad admitted to Trinity College Oxford in 1593.</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt14" name="0.1_ftnt_ref14">[14]</a></sup><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> As his biographers found, his mastery of language and his ability to write, provided him with a path to wealth and employment by the Crown where he served as the King’s chief diplomat, fluent in Italian. His marriage to Anne Mynne joined him to a wealthy family whose resources he would draw upon for his colonial ventures, and provided them with eighteen years of marital happiness.</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt15" name="0.1_ftnt_ref15">[15]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">It is not known if George Calvert knew of John Florio, an Italian Scholar, when he was at Oxford, but it is safe to assume that he knew his publications. He also would have known him through his friend Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, one of Florio’s students, and through his contacts with Queen Anne, wife of James I</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. Queen Anne proved to be </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Florio’s most influential patron, having been introduced to him by George Calvert’s patron and first employer, Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury. It was to Queen Anne to whom Florio dedicated his second edition of the </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Worlde of Words</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> (1611), the first Italian/English dictionary, a work George Calvert would have relied upon in his use of Italian.</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt16" name="0.1_ftnt_ref16">[16]</a></sup><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:367.50px;height:517.54px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/qITcM03TMbPLYgqTBP9CUeefyw-1bTbhjtPVNbtoU3r0OqaoWX13RrFr9_NicHZ2BeaWDz6sPh2eef0SAfgj0M3BN18jEoad2GeknYTag_dPrO8NYEmbnD-hDYORRuR_80EjQGjJ" style="width:367.50px;height:517.54px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Title page to the second edition of </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Worlde of Worde</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">s, 1611</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">John Florio did his best to convince the world that </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Fatti Maschii Parole Femine </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">should be understood gender neutral, without deprecating, sexist overtones that gave weight to deeds as masculine and disparaged words as exclusively feminine.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:374.50px;height:542.75px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/axOUg74NYMyH8ZgqwKkSaVuX9yGi4UzRmfTNDTjbS2f2R3cI0DAXQie-ijfJp2znANQyVBxaxnw3GUTGJ_HW1CTDYLISAKsfrVC9ybapFRvlzAiMflvVzlTrKLApVsn_9vRSMFiE" style="width:374.50px;height:542.75px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">John Florio, possibly from a painting by Daniel Mytens </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">who also painted a portrait of George Calvert at about the same time.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Source: </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portraitLarge/mw133541/John-Florio?search%3Dsp%26sText%3DJohn%2BFlorio%26rNo%3D1&sa=D&ust=1454200130669000&usg=AFQjCNFq5_uGVOQVZqk8qPpyfu3oLF-8JA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.npg.org.uk/<wbr>collections/search/<wbr>portraitLarge/mw133541/John-<wbr>Florio?search=sp&sText=John+<wbr>Florio&rNo=1</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In the dedication to the first edition of </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Worlde of Words</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> published in 1598, Florio wrote: </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> … as our Italian’s saie, </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">Le parole sono femine, & i fatti sono maschii</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">, Wordes they are women, and deeds they are men. But let such know that Detti and fatti, wordes and deeds with me are all of one gender...</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"><a href="#0.1_ftnt17" name="0.1_ftnt_ref17">[17]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Considerable scholarship over the past several years, especially by Stephen Greenblatt at Harvard, and Clare Asquith, the Countess of Oxford, has demonstrated that in Shakespearean England, words and phrases were coded. Their meanings contained multiple interpretations depending upon the audience. Both Greenblatt and Asquith conclude that Shakespeare’s words sent secret messages to fellow Roman Catholics, interpreted one way by his Protestant audiences, and another by Catholics.</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt18" name="0.1_ftnt_ref18">[18]</a></sup><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> The same could be said about portraits. For example take this remarkable portrait of John Florio’s Patron, Queen Anne (Anna) of Denmark in which the brooch containing the monogram symbolic of the Roman Catholic church, IHS, is prominently displayed:</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt19" name="0.1_ftnt_ref19">[19]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:554.50px;height:685.62px"><img alt="Anne of Denmark, after Paul van Somer, 17th century (circa 1617) - NPG 127 - © National Portrait Gallery, London" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/WwXy4AierG3TK8WCXi96Y_gCoBz4EPs_hObYx90xPDV8uRZq1afaboRkrKY6KjrWqSHj9rxuMil10xJoRb6tq-b6-rnFF6aiUsE3D3XgAQDfZ0GM3ovlX8D7QTWSklCnDwDafizT" style="width:554.50px;height:685.62px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title="Anne of Denmark, after Paul van Somer, 17th century (circa 1617) - NPG 127 - © National Portrait Gallery, London"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Anne of Denmark after Paul van Somer</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">oil on canvas, feigned oval, 17th century (circa 1617)</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">24 3/4 in. x 21 in. (629 mm x 533 mm)</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Purchased, 1861</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.npg.org.uk/primcoll.asp&sa=D&ust=1454200130672000&usg=AFQjCNE01UlS3-txoLlRvYHPcP32tz6d_A" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Primary Collection</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">National Portrait Gallery, </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia""> 127</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">It is time to approach interpreting the Calvert family motto as being a coded message, utilizing a gender neutral meaning that George Calvert intended for family and friends, one that he adopted shortly after Anne Mynne Calvert’s death in the spirit of John Florio’s interpretation. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:348.50px;height:570.14px"><img alt="Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel, 4th Earl of Surrey and 1st Earl of Norfolk, by Daniel Mytens, circa 1618 - NPG 5292 - © National Portrait Gallery, London" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/H7gveLBDCWQmvp9Rv96a8CiW1isxnZBNStg2eIRuXRmPEsF-V2-5QZMuepxtD3JHhVpBRhxKxuMYjlFvvEYov_NWdUreriesAdTLZLzfnpo4nw7f0O3XY84Znr5WrRxi6RhnGPsE" style="width:348.50px;height:570.14px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:0.9900000000000001;text-align:center"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#262727;font-weight:bold">Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel, 4th Earl of Surrey and 1st Earl of Norfolk</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.3976470588235295;text-align:center"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#262727">by Daniel Mytens, oil on canvas, circa 1618</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.3976470588235295;text-align:center"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#262727">81 1/2 in. x 50 in. (2070 mm x 1270 mm)</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.3976470588235295;text-align:center"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#262727">Accepted in lieu of tax by H.M. Government and allocated to the Gallery, 1980</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.3976470588235295;text-align:center"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#0a94d6;font-weight:bold"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.npg.org.uk/primcoll.asp&sa=D&ust=1454200130675000&usg=AFQjCNFrqegotDdTScaZH0edlXjDVPNtcQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Primary Collection</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.3976470588235295;text-align:center"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#262727">National Portrait Gallery, </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#262727"> 5292</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">When his diplomatic career ran into great difficulties and his beloved wife Anne died on August 8, 1622, George Calvert sought refuge in the Roman Catholic household of Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, that had learned the gender neutral meaning of </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Fatti Maschii Parole Femine</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> from John Florio. In December of that year, George Calvert incorporated the Tuscan motto into his coat of arms, while at the same time he sought to found a colony that would provide religious freedom. Indeed by 1625 he no longer needed to use coded language, openly declaring himself to be of the faith of his parents and his wife.</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt20" name="0.1_ftnt_ref20">[20]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">This is not to suggest that the gender neutral translation that is offered here once again as a substitute for “manly deeds womanly words” in the Maryland </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Code</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> was meant exclusively for a Roman Catholic audience. It was meant as a tribute to </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">both</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> virtues of strength and gentleness, characteristics of Anne Mynne who, as George Calvert had inscribed on her tomb, was “a woman born to all excellent things, incomparable for honesty, cleanliness of life, wisdom, wit, and knowledge.”</span><sup style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt21" name="0.1_ftnt_ref21">[21]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">It is only fitting that in reflecting what George Calvert intended as a tribute to his wife, and the followers of John Florio’s </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Worlde of Wordes</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, as well as to his own public career of putting words into action on behalf of his sovereign, that the Calvert family motto at last be officially interpreted in English as “Strong Deeds, Gentle Words.” </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Edward C. Papenfuse</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Maryland State Archivist, Retired</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Addenda:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The words on Anne Mynne Calvert’s tomb: </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Pietate, Pudicitia Prudentia Incomparabilis Feminae </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">as found in Florio’s Italian/English dictionary, 1611 edition:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:599.50px;height:29.78px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/YAFfBzZo5_k9JSOy4VvdO9D_3_fyZy__-C0fasxIfgDYXqSt7N9t9pwFerzLwilTDI41QEbQEVCdpUq7KXDbM8LcVAOOjwyVpytTqSAwZ1oqWlCeBhtQHyXvh-QxF-XfVhFF3Us_" style="width:599.50px;height:29.78px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:286.50px;height:206.23px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/r9dVPVPON7siY9ugi3BYZNROhX3bqf3aEJ0z54GXdH3arstCc9uqD0i9NTb18R6XQRm5WrFg7bHpRhWW5z0JkWl3yfX-80VN5poInBGEtOb6OAKr5eFx_Aeor3isVrE490OdkCEf" style="width:286.50px;height:206.23px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:267.50px;height:38.43px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-ZDfGZ6D8sYNStx_cBUBVc95X6_kEOZMisOuOaUYk6k2M4_dHoeqLgA4gG1Cu7lH_3V3LsjATTaDJ2_ziofVQOpCF-7fE0-sYwcy7cD8wzQEW9NqnzZRqyHl2j7euNClpGJ7hezP" style="width:267.50px;height:38.43px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:310.50px;height:129.86px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/NWuT_HZBU2V9rx5xuynLx-yUVW_kq-_7zIfXo1RUnV2jP6iS5Re4gJzhrrx3DB0mWkVD8GUK-SFg-PAGjTZaabdrW2BMOltXErv3_ESsLqqPeQbXo74FiqDKgMM9AlYeeDmEsgzT" style="width:310.50px;height:129.86px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><hr><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial""><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Lord Baltimore’s Map of Maryland, 1635:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:505.33px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/5HuX3iI8LdnK5SgP-eH6KDFn58zfE28Bj0shpY1GFf9P51jPXmnLust5VUcRJOZWYKpSv8u37ngQSa-4iEGvkhWutKlG2tHK3Jw5qUPpUPbXnRSMoZpOVqtugzlQHeYPKwsRlMFJ" style="width:624.00px;height:505.33px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Source: Huntingfield Corporation Map Collection, Maryland State Archives, MSA SC 1399-1-526</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:right"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p></div><hr style="width:33%;height:1px"><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref1" name="0.1_ftnt1">[1]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">John D. Krugler, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">English & Catholic. The Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004, p. 70. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;height:11pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref2" name="0.1_ftnt2">[2]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#333333">source: </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-cecil-papers/vol22/pp159-167&sa=D&ust=1454200130686000&usg=AFQjCNG5zWYWOFxddycagt_jMyerwJ8PXg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.british-history.ac.<wbr>uk/cal-cecil-papers/vol22/<wbr>pp159-167</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;height:11pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref3" name="0.1_ftnt3">[3]</a><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">the annotation could be in George Calvert’s own hand, although no one has studied his surviving letters to identify his actual handwriting. King Charles and the Duke of Buckingham permitted him to dictate or have his letters copied into legible script by a secretary. From Newfoundland in 1628 he explained to the Duke of Buckingham: </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">I remember that his Majestie once told me that I write a fairer hand to look upon a farre as any man in England, but that when any man came neare it they were not able to read a word! Whereupon I got a dispensation both from His Majestie and your Grace to use another man's pen when I write to either of you, and I humbly thank you for it, for writing is a great pain to mee nowe. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">August 25, 1628, Ferryland, to the Duke of Buckingham from George Calvert, transcribed in Michael Francis Howley,</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> Ecclesiastical History of Newfoundland</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, London: Burns and Oates, 1888, p. 112. By December 9, 1622, Calvert was back at work at the King’s chief diplomat attempting to resolve a problem with the late Polish Ambassador.. See the privately owned letter reproduced at </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://virtualarchive.us/historywiki/index.php/George_Calvert,_First_Lord_Baltimore_%2528c._1580-1632%2529&sa=D&ust=1454200130694000&usg=AFQjCNG2ZOnhgoLTav3jlWgsYV010as4_g" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://virtualarchive.us/<wbr>historywiki/index.php/George_<wbr>Calvert,_First_Lord_Baltimore_<wbr>%28c._1580-1632%29</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, which is probably not in Calvert’s hand. By May of the following year he appears to have been using a secretary for the letters he wrote from his home in St. Martin’s lane, See his letter to the Earl of Huntington, 29 May 1623, in the collections of the Huntington Library where the closing in his own hand is virtually illegible, provided for reference only at: </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://virtualarchive.us/historywiki/index.php/George_Calvert,_First_Lord_Baltimore_%2528c._1580-1632%2529&sa=D&ust=1454200130694000&usg=AFQjCNG2ZOnhgoLTav3jlWgsYV010as4_g" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://virtualarchive.us/<wbr>historywiki/index.php/George_<wbr>Calvert,_First_Lord_Baltimore_<wbr>%28c._1580-1632%29</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref4" name="0.1_ftnt4">[4]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Thomas M. Coakley, “George Calvert, First Lord Baltimore: Family Status, Arms”, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Maryland Historical Magazine</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, 79, no. 3, Fall 1984, pp. 255-269</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia"">.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref5" name="0.1_ftnt5">[5]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">communication from Henry Miller, 2016/01/18. See </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">1936 Register of St. Martin-in-the Fields</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. Translated and edited by J. V. Kitto. Harleian Society Publication, vo. 66, p. 173.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref6" name="0.1_ftnt6">[6]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">London, June 26, 1619 John Chamberlain, Esq. to Sir Dudley Carlton, in </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The Court and Times of James the First</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> (1848), edited by Thomas Birch, vol. ii: 175.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref7" name="0.1_ftnt7">[7]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Samuel Rawson Gardiner, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Prince Charles and The Spanish Marriage, 1617-1623</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, London: Hurst and Blackett, 1869, Volume II.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref8" name="0.1_ftnt8">[8]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">1622, Dec. 31. Grant to Sir Geo. Calvert and his heirs of the whole country of Newfoundland. [Grant Bk., p. 351.], <a href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/jas1/1619-23/pp466-472" target="_blank">http://www.british-history.ac.<wbr>uk/cal-state-papers/domestic/<wbr>jas1/1619-23/pp466-472</a>.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref9" name="0.1_ftnt9">[9]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Great Britain, PRO, Colonial Office, CO 1/5 (27), 75. “...For here, your Majesty may please to understand, that I have found by too dear bought experience, which other men for their private interests always concealed from me, that from the middest of October to the middest of May there is a sad face of winter upon all this land, both sea and land so frozen for the greatest part of the time as they are not penetrable, no plant or vegetable thing appearing out of the earth until it be about the beginning of May, nor fish in the sea, besides the air so intolerable cold as it is hardly to be endured.” See Baltimore, George Calvert, Francis Cottington Cottington, and Lawrence C. Wroth. Tobacco or Codfish, Lord Baltimore Makes His Choice. New York: New York Public Library, 1954.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref10" name="0.1_ftnt10">[10]</a><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> Maryland Fund-Publication, No. 23. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The Great Seal of Maryland</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, by Clayton C. Hall, (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1886).</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref11" name="0.1_ftnt11">[11]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">William Safire, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Watching My Language, Adventures in the Word Trade</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, (New York: Random House, 1997, pp. 37-38.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref12" name="0.1_ftnt12">[12]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Thomas Bodley, Thomas James, and George William Wheeler. 1926. </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Letters of Sir Thomas Bodley to Thomas James first keeper of the Bodleian library</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. Oxford: Clarendon press., letter 129, p. 136, “Sir Io. Parker hath promised more then yow have signified: but wordes are women, and deeds are men.”</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref13" name="0.1_ftnt13">[13]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Brahms, Johannes, Heinrich von Herzogenberg, Elisabet Stockhausen Herzogenberg, Max Kalbeck, and Hannah Bryant. 1909. </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Johannes Brahms the Herzogenberg correspondents</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. New York: J. Murray. </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://books.google.com/books?id%3DxhI3AQAAMAAJ&sa=D&ust=1454200130689000&usg=AFQjCNHiiBJs1guftUYFqFtl-ESxKah0jg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://books.google.com/books?<wbr>id=xhI3AQAAMAAJ</a></span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">., p 166.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref14" name="0.1_ftnt14">[14]</a><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Henry Miller is the authority on George Calvert’s Oxford education. His blog entries from his research trip to England in 2012 are a well written and scholarly journey through the surviving records. He finds George Calvert enrolled in Trinity College in 1593 at the age of 14 and graduating in 1598, the year John Florio’s </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Worlde of Words</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> was first published. See: </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.hsmcdigshistory.org/research/blogs-and-podcasts/dispatches-from-oxford/oxford-11-27-11/&sa=D&ust=1454200130690000&usg=AFQjCNG1szUoTRpjuqPbq-RgyBIY3WonwA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.hsmcdigshistory.<wbr>org/research/blogs-and-<wbr>podcasts/dispatches-from-<wbr>oxford/oxford-11-27-11/</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> and </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.hsmcdigshistory.org/research/blogs-and-podcasts/dispatches-from-oxford/oxford-2-19-12/&sa=D&ust=1454200130690000&usg=AFQjCNHKsL6JiOqAzZk7Zau889mzW4lFWw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.hsmcdigshistory.<wbr>org/research/blogs-and-<wbr>podcasts/dispatches-from-<wbr>oxford/oxford-2-19-12/</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. </span><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref15" name="0.1_ftnt15">[15]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Thomas Coakley, “George Calvert and Newfoundland: “the Sad Face of Winter,” </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Maryland Historical Magazine</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, Volume 100, No. 1, (Spring, 2005), pp. 7-28. “A more probable explanation of Calvert's financial means in undertaking this venture is that he used his personal and family resources and such loans, secured by his real and personal property, as he could make. The sole piece of evidence as yet available to support this hypothesis dates from 1629, when the Avalon venture was in serious trouble. In that year Calvert's brother-in-law, George Mynne, transferred £4,000 of East India Company stock entered in his own name and £2,000 of the same stock in Calvert's name to Philip Burlamachi, the merchant-financier.” </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Ibid</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">., p.13</span><span style="font-size:10pt">.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref16" name="0.1_ftnt16">[16]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">According to John Florio’s biographer, Frances Yates, Florio left Oxford for London in 1583, ten years before George Calvert arrived, Yates does not mention Calvert, but Florio’s patron was Anne of Denmark (d. 1619) in whose household he spent considerable time. Where George Calvert learned Italian is not known for certain, but he would have known Florio in Queen Anne’s household and as the tutor to the Earl of Arundel, a good friend. As John Krugler points out, Anne of Denmark, James the First’s Queen, was committed to Roman Catholicism which the king “considered “as madness” but could only caution “her to be discreet in worship.”” </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Frances Amelia Yates, and John Florio. 1934. </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">John Florio</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. Cambridge: Univ. Pr.</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:8.5pt">. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> John D. Krugler, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">English & Catholic. The Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004, p. 42. </span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref17" name="0.1_ftnt17">[17]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Michael Wyatt in </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The Italian Encounter with Tudor England</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 244 ff, discusses Florio’s ‘proto-feminist’ assertion in his preface to the first edition of </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Worlde of Wordes</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> (1598) that </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Fatti Maschii Parole Femine</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> is and should be considered gender neutral. “Florio fashions himself ...as quite a different type of “grammarian,” one dedicated to the potential of language for opening up entirely new horizons,” in which women are the equal of men in words and deeds. Wyatt points to the final dialogue in Florio’s </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Second Frutes </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">(1591) in which Silvesto, who aims to defend the dignity of women, successfully engages in a debate over gender with the misogynist Pandolpho, refuting the sexist interpretation of the proverb </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">fatti maschii parole femine</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">.</span><span style="font-size:10pt">, </span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref18" name="0.1_ftnt18">[18]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Stephen Greenblatt, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Will in the World</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004, and Clare Asquith, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Shadowplay The Hidden Beliefs and coded Politics of William Shakespeare</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, New York: Public Affairs, 2005. Richard Fawkes raises the possibility that music carried coded messages in “Protest songs: were there coded messages in Byrd’s sacred works?”, Classical music (23 March 1991), p. 33.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref19" name="0.1_ftnt19">[19]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">For the most recent scholarly work on Anna of Denmark and her devotion to both the arts and Roman Catholicism see </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Anna of Denmark and the Arts in Jacobean England</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> by Jemma Aeronny Jane Field, University of Auckland, 2015 at: </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/2292/25869/Volume%2520One.pdf?sequence%3D2&sa=D&ust=1454200130696000&usg=AFQjCNHd-_XBDE9LkM5uHsUlg3BkByIepQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">https://researchspace.<wbr>auckland.ac.nz/bitstream/<wbr>handle/2292/25869/Volume%<wbr>20One.pdf?sequence=2</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref20" name="0.1_ftnt20">[20]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Krugler, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">op. cit</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">., p. 70.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref21" name="0.1_ftnt21">[21]</a><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> see below for the definitions of the words on Anne Mynne Calvert’s tomb taken from the </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Worlde of Wordes</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">..</span></p></div></div></body></html>ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-8597407569759525172016-01-14T14:02:00.000-05:002016-01-14T22:18:18.966-05:00<html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body><div style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:72pt 72pt 72pt 72pt;max-width:468pt"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> Remembering December 23, 1783 & January 14, 1784</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""> by</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> Dr. Edward C. Papenfuse, Maryland State Archivists, retired</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:left;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">It has never been easy being President of the United States. On Tuesday evening, January 12, 2016, in his State of the Union address, President Obama presented his hopes for the future to a Congress that has been far from friendly over the past several years, and has persistently obstructed his proposals with a savagery of language that has been intensified on the campaign trail, as the time for the election of a new president nears.</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt1" name="0.1_ftnt_ref1">[1]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">President Obama may take some solace from the fact that the press attacks on our first President under the Constitution, George Washington (1789-1797), were nearly as severe and have a familiar ring to them.</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt2" name="0.1_ftnt_ref2">[2]</a></sup><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> But Washington’s initial response to his critics were not as positive as President Obama’s address. In an early version of his famous 1796 farewell to the nation, Washington wrote:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">"As this Address, Fellow citizens will be the last I shall ever make you, and as some of the [newspapers] ... have teemed with all the Invective that disappointment, ignorance of facts, and malicious falsehoods could invent, to misrepresent my politics and affections; to wound my reputation and feelings; and to weaken, if not entirely destroy the confidence you had been pleased to repose in me; it might be expected at the parting scene of my public life that I should take some notice of such virulent abuse. But, as heretofore, I shall pass them over in utter silence..." </span><sup style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"><a href="#0.1_ftnt3" name="0.1_ftnt_ref3">[3]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:2.0;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:616.45px;height:367.50px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/Gi_WZ5kXE0oifvLCAgo9zQQRBBEyqcnCp0slUWlNvfgP7HriJBXHCBWJkr9mAEUP9AnMKd7p7YViKDpaQl2PXHMnSA77FUacWaaoeGGaKxqaTU5cVe-AT9K8gb6P7YILAr5-3GoP" style="width:616.45px;height:367.50px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:2.0;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Charles Willson Peale, the Maryland Statehouse, Columbian Magazine, 1789</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:2.0;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">source: </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/stagser/s1259/131/941/images/d013233a.gif&sa=D&ust=1452812792235000&usg=AFQjCNEVKo8V0180AxayGwJz4ZPrth1Vmg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/<wbr>stagser/s1259/131/941/images/<wbr>d013233a.gif</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">For the most part the words of George Washington’s contemporary critics have been forgotten and what remains is an appreciation of his efforts to mold a motley collection of often bickering states into a nation among nations in the form of another speech he gave earlier in Annapolis. You can learn a great deal about his efforts and Congress by visiting the Statehouse in Annapolis, both in person and virtually on line.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Washington was a frequent visitor to Annapolis. Prior to the war he attended the Annapolis races and dined with the colonial governor, among other prominent residents. His last visit was during his presidency in 1791 which turned out to be an unhappy one in more than one respect. He arrived on a boat from the Eastern Shore of Maryland in the midst of a storm with consequences that he relates in his diary:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222">Thursday [March] 24th [1791]. Left Chester town about 6 Oclock. Before nine I arrivd at Rock-Hall where we breakfasted and immediately; after which we began to embark… one of my Servants (Paris)</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#231f20"> </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222"> & two horses were left [behind].</span><sup style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222"><a href="#0.1_ftnt4" name="0.1_ftnt_ref4">[4]</a></sup></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222">Paris was Washington’s slave, nattily dressed with a new cap, who rode as post boy when they were on the road, and otherwise attended to the horses. Paris would not catch up to Washington until he reached Georgetown, after the president left Annapolis. Clearly Paris had enjoyed his taste of freedom as one of the 9 slaves that Washington had attending him in Philadelphia, and as one of the privileged slaves that accompanied the President on his visit to the Southern States in 1791.</span><sup style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"><a href="#0.1_ftnt5" name="0.1_ftnt_ref5">[5]</a></sup><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"> By June, Washington would find Paris to be unsatisfactory, as he explained to his secretary, Tobias Lear:</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222"> </span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222">Paris has become so lazy, self willed & impudent, that John (the Coachman) had no sort of government of him; on the contrary, Jno. say’s it was a maxim with Paris to do nothing he was ordered, and everything he was forbid. This conduct, added to the incapacity of Giles for a Postilion</span><sup style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222"><a href="#0.1_ftnt6" name="0.1_ftnt_ref6">[6]</a></sup><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222">, who I believe will never be able to mount a horse again for that purpose, has induced me to find Paris some other employment than in the Stable—of course I shall leave him at home.</span><sup style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222"><a href="#0.1_ftnt7" name="0.1_ftnt_ref7">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"></span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.4625;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222">Sadly, Paris would die of the ague or some other similar illness at Mount Vernon in 1794, and would not be one of the slaves that Washington set free in his will.</span><sup style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"><a href="#0.1_ftnt8" name="0.1_ftnt_ref8">[8]</a></sup><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"> </span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.4625;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222">With Paris left behind in Rock Hall in March of 1791, the President proceeded to Annapolis, as he notes in his diary:</span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222">Unluckily, embarking on board of a borrowed Boat because She was the largest, I was in imminent danger, from the unskilfulness of the hands, and the dulness of her sailing, added to the darkness and storminess of the night. For two hours after we hoisted Sail the Wind was light and a head. The next hour was a stark calm after which the wind sprung up at So. Et. and encreased until it blew a gale—about which time, and after 8 Oclock </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222">P.M.</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222"> we made the mouth of Severn River (leading up to Annapolis) but the ignorance of the People on board, with respect to the navigation of it run us aground first on Greenbury point from whence with much exertion and difficulty we got off; & then, having no knowledge of the Channel and the night being immensely dark with heavy and variable squals of wind—constant lightning & tremendous thunder—we soon grounded again on what is called Hornes point where, finding all efforts in vain, & not knowing where we were we remained, not knowing what might happen, ’till morning.</span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:537.50px;height:186.06px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Y6HvrCED7k8NyaUh46QpkiQwDIif-9p6a-Ys0RybneCOEYQfp-EkpSVL981MMT9V5m0u5NacSMxyLGNSfh0bZaX2xklWD7vlAo7mxLWGO2klHStCZ43_eR6fX9V0dh1gH9Z01aD-" style="width:537.50px;height:186.06px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Artist’s rendition of Washington’s Coach. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">It does not depict Paris riding postilion which meant leading on a mounted horse to the left of the team of four. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">It was the seated coachman with the whip who almost drowned on the voyage to Annapolis</span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222"></span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222">Friday [March] 25th [1791]. Having lain all night in my Great Coat & Boots, in a birth not long enough for me by the head, & much cramped; we found ourselves in the morning with in about one mile of Annapolis & still fast aground. Whilst we were preparing our small Boat in order to land in it, a sailing Boat came … to our assistance in wch. with the Baggage I had on board I landed, & requested Mr. Man at whose Inn I intended lodging, to send off a Boat to take off two of my Horses & Chariot which I had left on board and with it my Coachman to see that it was properly done—but by mistake the latter not having notice of this order & attempting to get on board afterwards in a small Sailing Boat was overset and narrowly escaped drowning.</span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222">Was informed upon my arrival (when 15 Guns were fired) that all my other horses arrived safe, that embarked at the same time I did, about 8 Oclock last night.</span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:288.00px;height:399.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/WH0rYYtv8indd1GzuqRmo738Pixdn8h4OB7rSSWS_Zptc6Q6SSOak3j8vnbXlhpl61kRgHEBabv24xoNdqQAdSOKEML3soQPZebupxO9H4g8caBL7GCL7OeEeIDR1sJ_qHT2fxpo" style="width:288.00px;height:399.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">John Eager Howard by Thomas Sully, 1834 </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Collection of the Maryland Commission on Artistic Property </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">MSA SC 1545-1134</span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222"></span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222"></span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222">Was waited upon by the Governor [John Eager Howard] (who came off in a Boat as soon as he heard I was on my passage from Rock hall to meet us, but turned back when it grew dark and squally) as soon as I arrived at Mans tavern, & was engaged by him to dine with the Citizens of Annapolis this day at Manns tavern and at his House tomorrow—the first I accordingly did.</span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:303.50px;height:356.03px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/K7hnAytCcwI6nlZIrzb-gdu17mDpg_GeCXq28WOYkFu28ds2yxA29m35HnUQm9ajwtBOHpwLNR7RPZlIWrCLTLcKhhkUQLGkutNoOsq_QcNpfKNIqWk1-FDo9KcMXZCmk4K9LVB8" style="width:303.50px;height:356.03px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222">Governor’s Mansion, Annapolis, private collection</span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222"></span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222">Before dinner I walked with him, and several other Gentlemen to the State house, (which seems to be much out of repair)—the College of St. John at which there are about 80 Students of every description—and then by the way of the Governors (to see Mrs. Howard) home [to the Governor’s House]</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222">.</span><sup style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"><a href="#0.1_ftnt9" name="0.1_ftnt_ref9">[9]</a></sup></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"></span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222"></span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.4625;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222">I suspect that most of you knew or have heard of one of Governor Howard’s direct descendants, Dr. William H. B. Howard, who died recently.</span><sup style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"><a href="#0.1_ftnt10" name="0.1_ftnt_ref10">[10]</a></sup><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"> </span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:350.67px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/BdoN-52az2fYCdHZ8XCV0YD7cIvRW_6Yj216IpuEHhOnwDB-HkwDwr8OsuvGtz9V_CNHzgWAgRIrIpoeQ-F4YLnok9wIds2f3xYJr8bSQym286_4sngLTh7OfBc71TQYP-19aAgQ" style="width:624.00px;height:350.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:8pt;color:#999999">Dr. William W. B. Howard co-founded the sports medicine center at Union Memorial Hospital.</span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:8pt;color:#999999">(Sam Friedman / Patuxent Publishing)</span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.4625;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222">I have fond memories of Dr. Howard from one of my many stays at Union Memorial when at my earnest request he personally removed a much disliked NG tube, with the observation that he doubted it was doing much good. He had come to talk about Maryland History, a passion of his, and we reflected on Governor Howard’s long association with Washington as well the important role Governor Howard played in the development of Baltimore. It was on Governor Howard’s Baltimore estate that the Robert Mills monument to George Washington was erected through public subscription, and which today dominates Mount Vernon Square. </span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.4625;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"> </span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.4625;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222">One of Dr. Howard’s favorite paintings of Washington is one that has hung in the Maryland State House since the artist, Charles Willson Peale, delivered it in December 1784, shortly after the U. S. Congress had adjourned to Trenton, New Jersey. It is a remarkable full length portrait representing Washington and his aides, Lafayette and Tench Tilghman at Yorktown, the concluding battle of the American Revolution, and is accompanied on exhibit by the original sword worn by Tilghman.</span><sup style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"><a href="#0.1_ftnt11" name="0.1_ftnt_ref11">[11]</a></sup></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:485.44px;height:744.50px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/LejT61Yncwp6rAeJwuEfghguDhN-tR_rbYQw8uE8UIHxaJjkweZ03eSIxxe1lfAH4i43FvwQiWBYxvRbdUEavnqOlXQEYMTBkMfrKaT9LQTfeAuqkUIMeJWqgZe43MFnUp9FYOBS" style="width:485.44px;height:744.50px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><h4 style="padding-top:8pt;margin:0;color:#666666;text-decoration:underline;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:0pt;line-height:1.15;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";text-align:center;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><a name="0.1_h.5udzokit64ax"></a><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Washington, Lafayette & Tilghman at Yorktown</span></h4><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) 1784 </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Oil on canvas Signed lower left: "C.W.Peale pinxt 1782" MSA SC 1545-1120</span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"></span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.4625;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222">One of the details of this remarkable painting is Washington’s standard, or flag, that he apparently carried at Yorktown and possibly before which bore what became one of the country’s most treasured symbols, an Eagle.</span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:349.00px;height:566.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/XD9DGDPUlWaGvLDO8qWBV8iYshQjii8E4kySunyI-1Xw566qAD59hcnhenIcfqU7NBbmpm6xkJjqV68nJfSrJh1NMQ8wKj67UpK0doXkuro_TzcU7dtWPzqYZrBmAANRd8PjemF4" style="width:349.00px;height:566.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">detail from </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Washington, Lafayette & Tilghman at Yorktown</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) 1784 Oil on canvas Signed lower left: "C.W.Peale pinxt 1782" MSA SC 1545-1120</span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"></span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.4625;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222">In 1776 Congress gave</span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#101010">Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams the job of designing an official seal for the new nation. However, the three Founding Fathers failed to come up with a design that won Congress’ approval, as did two later committees that were given the task. In mid-June 1782, the work of all three committees was handed over to Charles Thomson, the secretary of Congress. Thomson chose what he thought were the best elements of the various designs and made the eagle—which had been introduced by artistically inclined Pennsylvania lawyer William Barton in a design submitted by the third committee—more prominent. (Since ancient times, the eagle has been considered a sign of strength; Roman legions used the animal as their standard, or symbol.)</span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;margin-right:0;margin-left:36pt;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"></span></p><p style="padding-top:3pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:11pt;padding-bottom:3pt;line-height:1.4625;text-indent:15pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:250.67px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Wf9OluRDtajFV8bpN_XGOi46XgYA1Nv3p_yLQrEVeW_K9i3_zMsEDwAXI4_Nzuf9dme3dR5E9udYOZCisgrC-etHIYWcTbPVhveUWhWUE_V119IS_LOmGr1PUSt_XfyZQffWMgBx" style="width:624.00px;height:250.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">J. Harold Cobb's George Washington Inaugural Button Collection</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">source: </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://kirkmitchell.tripod.com/CobbGW/&sa=D&ust=1452812792259000&usg=AFQjCNEy4ANFgMQ9FfbennypgSyTqwQBTQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://kirkmitchell.tripod.<wbr>com/CobbGW/</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#222222"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">By then Washington had adopted it for his flag (as early as 1781) and would continue that design for the buttons worn at his Inauguration as president in 1789. Washington was always a stickler for ceremony and detail down to the buttons on his uniform, and a the cap that Paris wore, an obsession for his appearance that in later years would plague his Secretary of War, James McHenry (after whom Fort McHenry was named) as can seen in McHenry’s correspondence now in the collections of the Maryland State Archives.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:387.00px;height:500.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ng0zJXYBJD2IWjVQnh1bAHUq1lgWYEVjiBvmhuES5RZ1TD8hpMoqk_-9RnyrTwmLuXw4RjDzBAzo_cVpE2l8wzGR53ymc_8ceocRy1mLPigZAc_T-cKwm8Hlgtwya21mm-Hfj0yx" style="width:387.00px;height:500.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">James McHenry, courtesy of Independence National Historical Park</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">McHenry was important to Washington’s Annapolis story in a number of ways, not the least of which was his part as a member of the protocol committee that scripted the Congressional ceremony in which Washington resigned his commission as commander in chief on December 23, 1783 in the Old Senate Chamber of the Maryland State House.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:364.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/K_3tj05nOO7LdxNfrxkiTKRUAbXpxGMZuufUUmqoKD_51UqhVfPyJwgPKPtAtIElqRwh3bEvUIZCpKNPv8MXNXH3_WTThMPaYxW8W8f2OBPAw76pvwrMJoav-Mem3stkxSVuHgU_" style="width:624.00px;height:364.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">source: </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://politicalmaryland.com/&sa=D&ust=1452812792264000&usg=AFQjCNF4uYtko6eyclTkdg0UDBTf_Wrz9w" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://politicalmaryland.com/</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">In October of 2015, for $15 in support of </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Baltimore Heritage</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">, you could have journeyed to Annapolis to tour the restored old Senate Chamber in the Maryland State House which an Annapolis staymaker and entrepreneur builder, Charles Wallace, first opened to public use in 1779. Today you are encouraged to do it yourself for free.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:412.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/SljMnqtWSySdZ0rqhTLb-_6qTxKC3oaouU7NtmOIWUy6Ymz9pIC0WBp3FMtRrODQAPpkv2gFyG6BZYb30F3VOOTfgoUSi5qhPwJV1VOIorpmuFmuErrUUn9dAycInvXr5RaduDNX" style="width:624.00px;height:412.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525">Woman's corset c. 1730–1740. </span><span style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#0b0080"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk&sa=D&ust=1452812792267000&usg=AFQjCNFTXEbjmcefiEbTHo678beCkLcoTg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Silk</a></span><span style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#0b0080"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_weave&sa=D&ust=1452812792268000&usg=AFQjCNH9XZzID3oMIEgDg4cK0lXg7-g85w" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">plain weave</a></span><span style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525"> with supplementary </span><span style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#0b0080"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weft&sa=D&ust=1452812792269000&usg=AFQjCNHs9ncCSFpi9O6PpF-FQQhVYCld1Q" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">weft</a></span><span style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525">-float patterning, </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525">stiffened with </span><span style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#0b0080"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleen&sa=D&ust=1452812792270000&usg=AFQjCNGAp-DqlogXIx42COyrlq4NRyBUQQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">baleen</a></span><span style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525"> from Baleen whale. </span><span style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#0b0080"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art&sa=D&ust=1452812792270000&usg=AFQjCNEn7cyt5-VDGzswFXiYqyk7A5qkmw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a></span><span style="background-color:#f9f9f9;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525">, M.63.24.5.</span><span style="background-color:#f9f9f9;vertical-align:super;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#0b0080"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_corsets%23cite_note-1&sa=D&ust=1452812792271000&usg=AFQjCNF-uTWGBiJYExt0vm6jXuxgT1d7rw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[1]</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Charles Wallace, with his stay making business (corsets) , had a number of influential female clients who lent him money for his mercantile and building ventures in Annapolis, and assisted him in obtaining government contracts, the most spectacular of which was to build the Maryland State House, begun in 1772. Wallace had his problems as a government contractor and builder. The first roof of copper blew off in a storm and it was replaced with cedar shingles capped by a dome that always leaked, leading to its replacement in 1785-88 by the massive dome you see today. In the face of a British invasion of the bay, his workmen and most of the residents fled the town. Still, he managed to finish his contract before the war ended. His Senate Chamber with its balcony for the ladies and visitors, including the daughter, Molly Ridout, of one of his early backers and creditors, was a sight to behold. One contemporary writer called it “the prettyest room in America.” That a staymaker (with the help of his sister and her coffee house) could do so well was the essence and the practice of the American Dream.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">In the fall of 1783,Wallace’s Senate Chamber became the home of the United States Congress, and Annapolis became the Capital of the United States for the next year. Ever since unpaid soldiers threatened them in Philadelphia, Congress had been on the move to smaller towns perceived of as less susceptible to mob influence. From Annapolis they would move on to Trenton, but then with a change of heart, landed in the bustling city of New York at Federal Hall, which would continue as the nation’s first capitol under the constitution, the place where George Washington would be inaugurated as the Nation’s first president.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Over the years since it was first opened, the Old Senate Chamber in the Maryland State House in Annapolis has undergone a number of renovations. Little of the fabric of the original room remained intact. Intensive research by the staff of the Maryland State Archives and some conjecture by a distinguished panel of architectural advisors, with funding by the State, led to the reopening of the restored room in pristine splendor for personal self guided, and privately led tours. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">With a priceless document in George Washington’s hand on display outside its doors, Maryland’s Old Senate Chamber is one of the most important places to visit to experience the history of the creation of the United States. Here the principle of civilian authority over the military was established, and the treaty launching the United States as a nation on the world stage was ratified. As the announcement of the October 2015 Baltimore Heritage tour explained:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:374.67px"><img alt="Tour the Restored Old Senate Chambers" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/RgeLQboeheslpoJNFabP-CCxUAIXL7tIiz1njsJmeJfL2GULIQ2YjYaioDHocTsePnqhO8VRVLCgE9_6L_RT1NiMrdsF4GRR-8oEpFyKV0oQUMq_Dn36mgk2AU7BssmhvEIeq4V-" style="width:624.00px;height:374.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">source: </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://baltimoreheritage.org/tours/a-full-weekend-of-heritage-tours-from-annapolis-to-fells-point/&sa=D&ust=1452812792275000&usg=AFQjCNGzvZttsTQWY_7raarOztODWlMnyA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://baltimoreheritage.org/<wbr>tours/a-full-weekend-of-<wbr>heritage-tours-from-annapolis-<wbr>to-fells-point/</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Two hundred and thirty-one years ago, George Washington stood in the Senate Chamber of the Maryland State House in Annapolis and resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. With this simple act, he affirmed that the new United States of America would have civilian control of the military. After seven years of research, construction and conservation, the room has been restored back to its appearance between 1783 and 1784, when Congress held session in Annapolis, ratified the Treaty of Paris to end the Revolutionary War, and received Washington’s resignation. Ever wondered why George Washington is facing south on top of Baltimore’s own Washington Monument? Washington is pointed towards Annapolis and the State House Senate Chambers</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">.</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt12" name="0.1_ftnt_ref12">[12]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:268.50px;height:356.87px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/hZJ3EL4emc4bKH2jYsUeRrHsCwRqQLJcW5CGE9B3aPoH3ywef242_Rx2M-wMrZAF8rkBdls0nrLaR9AH0cpARhjV9vNQOCNUL94LeedehEraVyyy3pMx4cEGR-dwe_0YODC99Ccv" style="width:268.50px;height:356.87px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">source: </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://voiceofbaltimore.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/WashingtonMonumenttop-Baltimore.jpg&sa=D&ust=1452812792279000&usg=AFQjCNH4L6fV8qXP4xjm459QcYE7iEOSeQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://voiceofbaltimore.org/<wbr>wp-content/uploads/2015/06/<wbr>WashingtonMonumenttop-<wbr>Baltimore.jpg</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">George Washington atop Baltimore’s Washington Monument</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The speech in the hand pointing south to Annapolis that Washington gave on December 23, 1783, was brief and to the point. He asked that Congress take good care of his officers and men and made it clear that the civil authority in the new nation should remain superior to the military. Like Cincinnatus, the Roman general, he meant to retire to his farm. The official copy of his remarks were recorded in the Congressional Record. What the public did not see for another two hundred and twenty-five years was his original draft which on the conclusion of the ceremony he gave to James McHenry, his former aide and future Secretary of War.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:309.50px;height:387.67px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/dArCwM3WQQj4r2CeFgcYjycK1odkq9mYaqPX3ANwt0OpoJLI8eiLdxVKgQ_IJgDBE0ZW8eA1sVObMrK24_xmEyS11cWRc0XDx-PCjc9ewIJ-Z6M4wOUz-Y_D6uclxrovufOAVYbY" style="width:309.50px;height:387.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Archivist holding the original Washington speech, now on display in the Maryland State House</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2008-02-17/news/0802170051_1_state-archives-continental-army-speech&sa=D&ust=1452812792282000&usg=AFQjCNF4GbZHRoaYULHVh-9ioUTKyftPPA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://articles.baltimoresun.<wbr>com/2008-02-17/news/<wbr>0802170051_1_state-archives-<wbr>continental-army-speech</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">In 2007 I had the privilege of purchasing for the State, Washington’s original speech and McHenry’s eloquent letter describing the event written to his bride to be in Philadelphia.</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt13" name="0.1_ftnt_ref13">[13]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:535.00px;height:853.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/u8Kzp3lylya3RLHzXj16cV2oyN-NpqGnyBTXBKSeMs4r4s6mvX2gOZJcu-OZtj6vZdYbiuKFbd8TtVfiG27fbMDIKJr2MDOzQsHZ2OkCWpkNCqeZM2ftfinVPBowd5maWQjLzOBk" style="width:535.00px;height:853.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In what remains one of the best eyewitness accounts, McHenry described a “solemn and affecting spectacle,” and observed Washington’s hands shaking, forcing the Revolutionary War hero to hold his speech with both hands. “So many circumstances crowded into view and gave rise to so many affecting emotions,” McHenry wrote, “The events of the revolution just accomplished -- the new situation into which it had thrown the affairs of the world -- the great man who had borne so conspicuous a figure in it, in the act of relinquishing all public employments to return to private life -- the past -- the present -- the future -- the manner -- the occasion -- all conspired to render it a spectacle inexpressibly solemn and affecting.”</span><sup style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt14" name="0.1_ftnt_ref14">[14]</a></sup></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:298.67px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/hkgSVAMNUh3QggD-zwQ1Md7GkrZBh9Zl2egdZ4866IFau2HY6C2DNs1LqAhd8qjOUdqK3YBohlnLgA2RynaAB_opnb68SL7wGtHueoV2ni_qDNyVwH_ROZZzC7q-ViwcLdxoRGDs" style="width:624.00px;height:298.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">courtesy of the Maryland State Archives</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Restored Old Senate Chamber with bronze figures of </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">George Washington and Molly Ridout, </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">An Annapolitan, Mary Ridout was also present at the ceremony, witnessing it from the balcony. Molly, as he was known, had probably dined with Washington when he visited the Ridout household in 1771 and may have accompanied him to the theater.</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt15" name="0.1_ftnt_ref15">[15]</a></sup><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> Now in January 1784 she wrote her mother, then resident in London, her impressions of his speech:</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:407.50px;height:534.84px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/bSdLZaIwp9rAEQy8_A7DHoZbUc7p-UrubNC6mb2VtBbtIYhO1qgUb6AbnVaUzJACl8AlDsBR41bumSjWMndWgpy7RjaO3TX6GKxYUWHMoWuPmKR0a1NcmvnsR_AoMg_TEAMo2QZc" style="width:407.50px;height:534.84px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;direction:ltr;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Annapolis 16th January 1784 </span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;direction:ltr;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;direction:ltr;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">I wrote to you my Dear Mamma some weeks ago by a frigate that went from this place to Brest this you will certainly receive as it goes by a Gentleman that carrys a Copy of the definitive Treaty ratified by Congress who are in this Town at present, but I fear they will not make it their permanent residence it would make property here of value if they did. I went with several others to see Gen. Washington resign his Commission the Congress were assembled in the State House both Houses of Assembly were present as Spectators the Gallery full of Ladies, the General seemed so much affected himself that everybody felt for him, he addressed Congress in a short Speech but very affecting many tears were shed, he has retired from all public business & designs to spend the rest of his Days at his own Seat. I think the World never produced a greater man & very few so good – </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">...</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">.</span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;direction:ltr;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="margin-left:36pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;direction:ltr;margin-right:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">I am my Madam your dutiful Affectionate daughter M Ridout </span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;direction:ltr;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">source: </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/016800/016812/images/ridoutletter_transcription.pdf&sa=D&ust=1452812792291000&usg=AFQjCNHSHZfLYQu_UeLW8Bouztl3o2u1XA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://msa.maryland.gov/<wbr>megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/<wbr>sc3520/016800/016812/images/<wbr>ridoutletter_transcription.pdf</a></span></p><p style="margin-left:72pt;padding:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;height:11pt;direction:ltr;margin-right:0"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Perhaps as important as what Washington said on December 1783, was what he crossed out in the original draft which is now on display in the State House rotunda. With those deletions he made it clear that he did not consider it his ‘final’ farewell and that this was not his ‘ultimate’ “leave of all the employments of public life.” If called he would return, which he did three and a half years later, first serving as the chairman of the convention that wrote a new Constitution, and then as its first President.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Washington left for Mount Vernon on completing his speech, arriving in time for Christmas dinner. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:482.67px"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/zCpUTTTo_5-m6Z4j4NSTCczDrwjlwqnuHsCRu4zPdodBe3A_I7OO6-xSVLXRMEFdCdDcTSIf6ihU_gVjf4NwPPUDR1MStnJr-Vn7l0x6vkZ2o0IJQn_wDAf6cKUJWyELhka6Ouy2" style="width:624.00px;height:482.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens and William Temple Franklin </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">in Benjamin West’s 1783-1784 painting. The British commissioners refused to pose, and the painting was never finished.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">source: </span><span style="font-size:6pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/September-October-08/On-this-Day--Treaty-of-Paris-Signed--Ending-Revolutionary-War.html&sa=D&ust=1452812792295000&usg=AFQjCNEsziVpWM7VPRwpF6zTgnVk9I5cyg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.findingdulcinea.<wbr>com/news/on-this-day/<wbr>September-October-08/On-this-<wbr>Day--Treaty-of-Paris-Signed--<wbr>Ending-Revolutionary-War.html</a></span><span style="font-size:6pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Congress remained in Annapolis for several more months attending to business, the most important of which was ratifying the Treaty of Paris that had been negotiated by Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, and Henry Laurens. That task was undertaken by Thomas Jefferson who had also served on the protocol committee for the resignation ceremony.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:437.50px;height:468.22px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/nxUpBzRbe48_Tfk26xy8uzBomwtUjsrTlAWzM0yIk5N9F4-j902ZC7-15mEIoW40Xi_DaMffgTJtMautRZcW5fUMwiRgHLK9IBRLTy2D08dqJPcLMdisF7RbCQUntFPVxqci6Qzy" style="width:437.50px;height:468.22px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">source: </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.vahistorical.org/collections-and-resources/virginia-history-explorer/thomas-jefferson&sa=D&ust=1452812792298000&usg=AFQjCNHkliIjaqJtKhYFK5xOL0K_PKa_LA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.vahistorical.org/<wbr>collections-and-resources/<wbr>virginia-history-explorer/<wbr>thomas-jefferson</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Thomas Jefferson, the son of land surveyor and mapmaker whose words were immortalized in the Declaration of Independence at the commencement of the war, was none too happy with the lack of speed with which Congress acted on the Treaty that was to end it. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:494.67px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/JTE4aMg3uCTri-nOROG53gqkCFw5iF0CRnpvl9wENmbt7U9JIiDmZia0OuES3nuDYAUW-P8vdcCNVernxy6kf3vJuLKETehhNoxldDoYbkXCLbWSLiQTUXJt_a5gCjjkX8O3uZHi" style="width:624.00px;height:494.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Cover of </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">The Treaty of Paris, 1783: Its Origin and Significance</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, by Jonathan R. Dull, 1983 </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">with the final page of the original treaty, courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Not until January 14, 1784 could Jefferson muster a quorum of states for its ratification.</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt16" name="0.1_ftnt_ref16">[16]</a></sup><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> In those days Congress voted by State delegation, one vote for each State. The treaty was despatched at once for London. Jefferson was relieved. He looked forward with pleasure to his next assignment which was to be Congress’s diplomatic envoy to the French court of Louis XVI, a post that he would fill for four years, bearing witness to the beginnings of another revolution that toppled the French monarchy, profoundly affecting his thinking, and the future course of American Democracy. He would become the principal motivator of the two-party system that has dominated American Politics ever since, and a successful advocate of expanding the voting franchise to all adult white males removing property restrictions. Indeed in the months before he left Annapolis, while his slave was being trained in Baltimore to be his hair stylist in Paris (ultimately the slave, a Hemings, refused to go), Jefferson would complete his </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Notes on Virginia</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> and author a plan for the undeveloped lands north of the Ohio River in what was known as the Northwest Territory, a plan that called for </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525"> neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any State created out of the territory. Although this aspect of his plan was initially defeated, much to his dismay, it was ultimately adopted in 1787 while he was in Paris.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:588.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/r3IHS4q_8LXzJlh6MiXVhLT9ciH8RVuP5-QaY6Ly8nguF0GphKNPNugSrsxCpR9V6SW7dODYNwAc7256q73yUBMqDdNks7dm0ePU1pSm-uNoY-VznyGRUVHycuQyvV7voAQS1jBR" style="width:624.00px;height:588.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525">In all I hope you will find time to visit the Maryland State House, although I would avoid going there during the 90 day session (January through the first week in April) of the General Assembly as parking is scarce and the State House is filled with politicians and lobbyists cheek by jowl with school groups and protesting constituents.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";direction:ltr"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525">And don’t forget that December 23 and January 14 are memorable days in the history of the United States when General George Washington bowed to Congress, and the United States formally became a recognized nation on the world stage, with all of its attendant perils and tribulations.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525"></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";height:11pt;text-align:right;direction:ltr"><span></span></p></div><hr style="width:33%;height:1px"><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;direction:ltr"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref1" name="0.1_ftnt1">[1]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">G.O.P. vs. Obama: Disrespect or Just Politics? </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/02/us/politics/02cong.html?_r%3D0&sa=D&ust=1452812792322000&usg=AFQjCNFiin4_Csm-bNskcAdbCk8HozDwcw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.nytimes.com/2011/<wbr>09/02/us/politics/02cong.html?<wbr>_r=0</a></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;direction:ltr"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref2" name="0.1_ftnt2">[2]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">see: </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/press-attacks/&sa=D&ust=1452812792319000&usg=AFQjCNHF2XkyzE0ILBPd0nZbk8b5CvdLsw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.mountvernon.org/<wbr>research-collections/digital-<wbr>encyclopedia/article/press-<wbr>attacks/</a></span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">"Belisarius" cast harsh aspersions upon Washington's high-handed manner, which he saw as emblematic of the entire administration: "a brief but trite review of your six years administration, mark the progressive steps which have led the way to the present public evils that afflict your country. . .the unerring voice of posterity will not fail to render the just sentence of condemnation on the man who has entailed upon his country deep and incurable public evils."</span><span style="color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:super;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/press-attacks/%23note4&sa=D&ust=1452812792320000&usg=AFQjCNERthzTvbvt50D63CgwFgn6ojjbTw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">4</a></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;direction:ltr"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref3" name="0.1_ftnt3">[3]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">source: </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/press-attacks/&sa=D&ust=1452812792314000&usg=AFQjCNFjoxdj6mkDI7zM-iM15sgQyxPArQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.mountvernon.org/<wbr>research-collections/digital-<wbr>encyclopedia/article/press-<wbr>attacks/</a></span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> For more on the earlier draft of the Farewell Address, see Washington on Washington, ed. Paul M. Zall (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2003), 129.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:10pt"></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;direction:ltr"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref4" name="0.1_ftnt4">[4]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">diary entries are taken from: <a href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mgw:@field(DOCID+@lit(wd0618))" target="_blank">http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/<wbr>query/r?ammem/mgw:@field(<wbr>DOCID+@lit(wd0618))</a></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;direction:ltr"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref5" name="0.1_ftnt5">[5]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">for Paris in Philadelphia and with Washington in 1791 see the Washington diaries, ibid., and </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/slaves/index.htm&sa=D&ust=1452812792317000&usg=AFQjCNHoM7ROpUyVB2LXe4xgmdSxCo6dxA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.ushistory.org/<wbr>presidentshouse/slaves/index.<wbr>htm</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;direction:ltr"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref6" name="0.1_ftnt6">[6]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525">A </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525;font-weight:bold">postilion</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525"> (or </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525;font-weight:bold">postillion</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525">, occasionally </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#0b0080"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicisation&sa=D&ust=1452812792307000&usg=AFQjCNH3jvGoY89O5VzSW5SuxYfxPOqDLQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Anglicised</a></span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525"> to "post-boy") rider was the driver of a </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#0b0080"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse&sa=D&ust=1452812792308000&usg=AFQjCNFRxqtnZ_atArF_WEhCGIuvEwj60g" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">horse</a></span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525">-drawn </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#0b0080"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(carriage)&sa=D&ust=1452812792308000&usg=AFQjCNHWKk4Dk9kqF3lCUOIz8NW6WWTVMw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">coach</a></span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525"> or </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#0b0080"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_chaise&sa=D&ust=1452812792309000&usg=AFQjCNEIxg743l3KtV8Z33lxMmuV9E8UQw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">post chaise</a></span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525">, mounted on one of the drawing </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#0b0080"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse&sa=D&ust=1452812792310000&usg=AFQjCNFuOTZYnWvSBYthNfuq2XXG3BlH6A" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">horses</a></span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525">. By contrast, a </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#0b0080"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachman&sa=D&ust=1452812792310000&usg=AFQjCNFo8XP6TjJt9-MdxXQlPToUgj7UvQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">coachman</a></span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#252525"> would be mounted on the vehicle along with the passengers. Postilion riders normally rode the left (or "near") horse of a pair because horses usually were trained only to be mounted from the left. With a double team, either there would be two postilions, one for each pair, or one postilion would ride on the left rear horse in order to control all four horses. Source: </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postilion&sa=D&ust=1452812792311000&usg=AFQjCNGaHdhnBHw59v4Zk4fmTEka8dSmmQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<wbr>Postilion</a></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;direction:ltr"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref7" name="0.1_ftnt7">[7]</a><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-08-02-0193&sa=D&ust=1452812792318000&usg=AFQjCNEr3t3vlls2V_RuFNgtlRS7WpvJ_A" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://founders.archives.<wbr>gov/documents/Washington/05-<wbr>08-02-0193</a></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;direction:ltr"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref8" name="0.1_ftnt8">[8]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/william-pearce/&sa=D&ust=1452812792315000&usg=AFQjCNFQReGOqvwKg25Rw_Qi5U0kTfWlUg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.mountvernon.<wbr>org/research-collections/<wbr>digital-encyclopedia/article/<wbr>william-pearce/</a></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;direction:ltr"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref9" name="0.1_ftnt9">[9]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#222222">source: </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-06-02-0002-0002&sa=D&ust=1452812792312000&usg=AFQjCNEvBOmvZullwZCwnFDK99dcYeGtjA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://founders.archives.gov/<wbr>documents/Washington/01-06-02-<wbr>0002-0002</a></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;direction:ltr"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref10" name="0.1_ftnt10">[10]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> <a href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/obituaries/bs-md-ob-william-howard-20160111-story.html" target="_blank">http://www.baltimoresun.<wbr>com/news/obituaries/bs-md-ob-<wbr>william-howard-20160111-story.<wbr>html</a></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;direction:ltr"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref11" name="0.1_ftnt11">[11]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/4873/html/ttwebpage.html&sa=D&ust=1452812792323000&usg=AFQjCNHzJfGRkYnSscJ7T7kTOPD6rwEIpg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://msa.maryland.gov/<wbr>msa/speccol/4873/html/<wbr>ttwebpage.html</a></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;direction:ltr"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref12" name="0.1_ftnt12">[12]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Source: Baltimore Heritage blog:</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic;color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://baltimoreheritage.org/event/george-washington-treaty-paris-restored-old-senate-chambers-maryland-state-house/&sa=D&ust=1452812792324000&usg=AFQjCNF0P2ec4uL_1C9Jw8A_zKVFi1VHrw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://<wbr>baltimoreheritage.org/event/<wbr>george-washington-treaty-<wbr>paris-restored-old-senate-<wbr>chambers-maryland-state-house/</a></span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic"><wbr> (2016/01/11)</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;direction:ltr"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref13" name="0.1_ftnt13">[13]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2008-02-17/news/0802170051_1_state-archives-continental-army-speech&sa=D&ust=1452812792325000&usg=AFQjCNGjdgH3i_gY9VEIofCy3btvUuG_ZQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://articles.<wbr>baltimoresun.com/2008-02-17/<wbr>news/0802170051_1_state-<wbr>archives-continental-army-<wbr>speech</a></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-size:10pt"></span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;direction:ltr"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref14" name="0.1_ftnt14">[14]</a><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia""> the text of this paragraph is taken from </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://marylandstatehouse.blogspot.com/2014/12/there-at-resignation-james-mchenry.html&sa=D&ust=1452812792329000&usg=AFQjCNH92X3rDrEzrHQDoYqftfiTdmQiiA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://marylandstatehouse.<wbr>blogspot.com/2014/12/there-at-<wbr>resignation-james-mchenry.html</a></span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia""><wbr> </span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;direction:ltr"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref15" name="0.1_ftnt15">[15]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1d598b;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-03-02-0001-0022-0026&sa=D&ust=1452812792327000&usg=AFQjCNH8GpHVGXzgiFuVDhPl6Es0CeSqHA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://founders.archives.<wbr>gov/documents/Washington/01-<wbr>03-02-0001-0022-0026</a></span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. See: </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/001281/html/m1281-1358.html&sa=D&ust=1452812792327000&usg=AFQjCNFXpvNSXNfkOqLhbLyVqCoyuArZxA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://msa.maryland.gov/<wbr>megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/<wbr>sc4872/001281/html/m1281-1358.<wbr>html</a></span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. Washington probably saw the </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-style:italic">Maid of the Mill with the Old Maid</span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, a comic opera performed by the American Company at the new theater on West Street.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";line-height:1.0;direction:ltr"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref16" name="0.1_ftnt16">[16]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia"">See:</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/treaty/treaty.html&sa=D&ust=1452812792331000&usg=AFQjCNHnel_C2gXVKc4-ml1Acn-15H6F8g" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://msa.maryland.<wbr>gov/msa/educ/exhibits/treaty/<wbr>treaty.html</a></span><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p></div></div></body></html>ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-16413470269861823442015-12-07T16:15:00.002-05:002015-12-07T16:17:27.431-05:00It is that time of year<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-88190637171252729862015-10-17T18:03:00.000-04:002015-10-17T18:03:05.779-04:00Midtown Scholar Bookstore, October 15, 2015<html><head><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="content-type"><style type="text/css"> .lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-6 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-1{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-2{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-0{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-5{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-6{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-4{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-2 > li:before{content:"■ "}ul.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-8{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-3 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-4 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-1 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-5 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-0 > li:before{content:"● "}.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-8 > li:before{content:"■ "}.lst-kix_i1vwy2afs857-6 > li:before{content:"● "}ul.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-0{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-4{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-3{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-2{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-1{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-8{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-7{list-style-type:none}ul.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-6{list-style-type:none}.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-7 > li:before{content:"○ "}ul.lst-kix_kbtfs42jt0f0-5{list-style-type:none}</style></head><body style="background-color:#ffffff;padding:72pt 72pt 72pt 72pt;max-width:468pt"><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Midtown Scholar</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><h1 style="padding-top:24pt;margin:0;color:#000000;padding-left:0;font-size:16pt;padding-bottom:6pt;line-height:1.15;page-break-after:avoid;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:left;direction:ltr;padding-right:0"><a name="h.iafryjxft9e5"></a><span style="font-size:23pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">Making and Re-Making Midtown: The Midtown Scholar</span></h1><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Written by </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia";color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.witf.org/mt/mt-cp.cgi?__mode%3Dview%26blog_id%3D25%26id%3D354&sa=D&usg=AFQjCNEvcuT3PaRR61EHTr18iON7zWTlAg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit">Cary Burkett, Arts & Culture Desk and witf Host</a></span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> Oct 15, 2015 2:10 PM</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 600.00px; height: 328.00px;"><img alt="ac scholar front.jpg" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/nkZsqU0wJDI4biRroektYr2WPP8cew4182cjqf5m-FZoGLoBaH64gLjcOd3Dzvh7xWPUohQYKPDghXeoslc3kFUzOTpP0abCG3bdot9yvAjYNSQM4IgHNx99Gzk1Xrz4p1VjKvw" style="width: 600.00px; height: 328.00px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The building at the corner of Verbeke and Third Street in Harrisburg's Midtown neighborhood has a green-and-red striped awning with yellow letters across its border that proclaim: </span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-family:"Georgia"">Midtown Scholar - One of America's Great Independent Bookstores.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Longtime Midtown resident Frank Hummel is sitting outside. He loves the bookstore. "It's a shining light. It's a beacon, " he says.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The store is actually a series of interconnected buildings. The main section was once a 1920's era cinema . An old art-deco neon sign is above the main entrance, although it doesn't flash.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Just inside there's a coffee bar. And there are books of course, in shelves all along the walls and in recessed alcoves. There are sections of handsomely-bound sets of classics and sections of used paperbacks. Doorways open into rooms full of more books. Steps lead down to a lower level, with rows of more fully-packed bookcases. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">An ornate iron staircase leads to an upper gallery. It holds yet more books from many different eras -poetry, drama, music - and comfortable reading areas with padded leather chairs right out of a 1920's detective novel.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 365.50px; height: 487.56px;"><img alt="ac scholar inside.jpg" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/BR7iAjr5bYox9LjDdWDIDWw7bmTKH4NWperedhB9HSpsYleBPXeF7zIM-pLV58FLHa2ogbPHSud8yusX5vzmAAk--8ywqHGC4rQrBykHoLMO1WW2YtJf1ft0QPq4op8iyAcqXpU" style="width: 365.50px; height: 487.56px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> A Rare Book section is on the lowest level. There's a children's section next to the bakery bar, which has its own entrance.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">By all accounts, the Midtown Scholar has had a tremendous impact on this neighborhood. But just how did this remarkable bookstore end up here?</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The story begins at Yale University where two bookworm academics met as graduate students. He was Eric Papenfuse, studying American history. She was Catherine Lawrence, studying British history. Sparks flew when they discovered their mutual love of books.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 299.50px; height: 234.27px;"><img alt="ac papenfuse.jpg" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/cP7Pf4L0cwuGXmuZSqsIBiL90ignRBWWKBPdAt1SqhFM9K0Uf59UVvGjqfGG1wzShgwy0CX3eWDGfUgDeB0otvN5edEqnZTqIDjLR6gkPrUzhJGGRhQnqSWveShZDcskUpa1zsA" style="width: 299.50px; height: 234.27px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Eric Papenfuse</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Papenfuse smiles as he recalls, "When we first met, she was the only person up to that time that I had met who had more books than I did."</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Lawrence is quick to point out that they were all bought second hand, at library book sales.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">They studied books and bookmaking in their courses. "When we were in graduate school," Papenfuse says, "our favorite pastime was to go on sort of weekend excursions and go used-book-hunting."</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">It wouldn't have been hard to predict that Eric Papenfuse and Catherine Lawrence would get married. And it wouldn't have taken a crystal ball to guess that they might someday found a bookstore together. It would have been tougher to foresee that Eric Papenfuse would become the mayor of Harrisburg.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">He states, "It was something that I had no interest in when I was in graduate school or moving on. I wanted to run a business, I wanted to teach, I wanted to read books. I did not want to go into politics. My venture into politics has come out of my civic involvement, which has been born of the bookstore."</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">It all comes back to the bookstore. But when the couple moved to the Harrisburg area in 1999, their plans were to be teachers. She had just landed a job at Messiah College teaching British history. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Still, when they got to their new home, Papenfuse remembers, "We were shocked to find that there was really no bookstore in the capital of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania."</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">One thing led to another, and they began to research the possibility of establishing a bookstore. They looked at different locations in Harrisburg. Some real estate agents actually discouraged them from looking within the city proper. But one of them, Ray Thorne, helped them find a rundown property in Midtown, which had been the old Midtown Post Office.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The two reminisce about the poor shape of the building which would become the first location for the Midtown Scholar. They recall the graffiti, the holes in the roof, the gray, peeling paint.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 399.50px; height: 312.49px;"><img alt="ac lawrence.jpg" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/Sgowk22HKsl33Fx_FmyKCamz8X6h0RogeSJnr4KxLH2Wx9TVJarxZi6Nx8phz1OCVJ6q5Q1ehhVR6_7CA_rhVGMs2F83LtZIUElyi98NRVP7lDnlYReTxrMYzPf9wV83SXNyCe4" style="width: 399.50px; height: 312.49px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Catherine Lawrence</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Lawrence says, "We would not have recognized on our own that it could be just what we needed. It provided a really quaint, charming space like a Georgetown/DC type of walk-up bookshop."</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Papenfuse chimes in, "There was even a little loading dock on the back, and we wouldn't have looked there had it not been for the Midtown Cinema. I think that's a really important point."</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The Midtown Cinema helped bring the Midtown Scholar to the area. It marked an important milestone in the changing face of the community. Many at the time had all but given up on the neighborhood, including the family that was selling the building. "They were so down on the area," says Papenfuse, "that they could only conceive of us opening an adult book store. That's literally what they said. And we said, 'no it's going to be a scholarly book store'. And they had no idea what to make of that."</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">But the couple had a very clear idea of what they wanted to make of it. From the beginning, even at this first location at the old Midtown post office, the vision was for a bookstore that would be a community gathering place.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Lawrence wanted it to be, "a bookstore where you communicate with other customers while you're there, and have a common and community discussion."</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Papenfuse expands, "We wanted a location where people could talk about books, where they could have intellectually engaged ideas about all sorts of issues of the day.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The store seemed to meet a need in the community. At a time when many other bookstores were closing down as sales moved online, The Midtown Scholar expanded. It quickly outgrew the location at the old post office. It moved to the much larger current building in 2009.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The bookstore's impact in the community has been felt in wide-ranging ways. Mayor Papenfuse cites the founding of the Friends of Midtown as an example.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 418.00px; height: 265.86px;"><img alt="ac scholar interior.jpg" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/ImH7-UqsoRNw_LwOXuyYrF3kFrPRESW3TPtSrwiidjO4oJDfa4eEuE75y3n-IUNudIiSR-Ag_ptL5iux2rgmzH5SuJuWwW-a1sD1nlnHZbuZqztiuEvjEHRtp_OYmTTNHMUp8hQ" style="width: 418.00px; height: 265.86px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">"That was an idea that was born at the Midtown Scholar," he says. "And Friends of Midtown today has become a sort of foundational non-profit for the neighborhood that involves a lot of people in everything from economic development to beautification."</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The bookstore was also among the first to host political debates, candidates nights and forums on civic issues. Lawrence points out that many art groups regularly meet at the Scholar.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">"We have a group called Art Kaleidoscope in which you have art critique groups, we have an association of graphic designers that meets several times a month, poetry cartels and poetry groups...there are a lot of folks who find this as a great meeting place from around the region to come and talk about the arts or participate in the arts."</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The monthly artwalk known as Third and the Burg had its beginning at the bookstore.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Papenfuse says, "These were different things that were larger than the Midtown Scholar that really represented collaboration and an effort to community build and create a new business district for Midtown."</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">"And an arts district," Lawrence adds, "specifically a business and arts district."</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The Midtown Scholar has fulfilled the goal of being a community gathering place for diverse groups. And all the groups meet surrounded by the books. The books become a symbol for ideas and conversation.</span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">"We believe books transform," says Lawrence. "Ideas change people's minds and affect people's directions and sensibilities - tie people together or fracture them apart - and so, books transform." </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;direction:ltr"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The vision of Mayor Eric Papenfuse and Catherine Lawrence for a bookstore called the Midtown Scholar has also had a transforming role, helping change the face of the community where it is located. </span></p><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;text-align:center;direction:ltr"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 400.00px; height: 285.00px;"><img alt="AC scolar side.jpg" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/bfGYq2uXrPP_itPZRmJWK-8K_YuTQB6opjm2EJBmPjxzCtKewsiLlHPwrqyINEPQEsFxElUUcskaqHsfQVYAOs59_k8In3EtXSMaSYJXcO6cwOeG4AJisoKoBATom52gp1tbrX0" style="width: 400.00px; height: 285.00px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><div><p style="padding:0;margin:0;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";orphans:2;widows:2;height:11pt;text-align:right;direction:ltr"><span></span></p></div></body></html>ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-66112003225975997212015-06-15T13:39:00.000-04:002015-07-04T00:49:11.790-04:00Words on Vellum & Paper: The Magna Carta, The Bill of Rights, H. L. Mencken, and F.D.R.The impact of words on the law, and what is perceived of as rights and privileges shared by the body politic is hardly a myth when it comes to the language of the <i>Magna Carta</i>. What is important about the document is the resilience of its words. The document may have had little immediate impact (apparently the Pope disallowed it and King John ignored it), but its words were persistently carried forward in time to the point where they did, and still do, have meaning in the law and in practice.<br />
In 1987 I presided over a ceremony celebrating the <i>Magna Carta</i> which resulted in an op-ed article I wrote for the Baltimore <i>Sun</i>. Given the <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/15/opinion/stop-revering-magna-carta.html?_r=0">recent debate on the significance of the <i>Magna Carta</i> itself</a>, I returned to my original. article (published September 2, 1987) and an essay I wrote (in Greene, Jack P, and Robert J. Haws. T<i>he South's Role in the Creation of the Bill of Rights: Essays</i>. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009) about the importance of the language as it found its way into the Maryland State Constitution in 1776 where it remains embedded to this day For example, see: <i>Art. 24. That no man ought to be taken or imprisoned or disseized of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or, in any manner, destroyed, or deprived of his life, liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or by the Law of the land (amended by Chapter 681, Acts of 1977, ratified Nov. 7, 1978)</i>.<br />
Possibly no single document was as well known by name to the Founding Fathers (and the Founding Mothers, such as Abigail Adams), than the <i>Magna Carta</i> which the Barons forced King John to accept on June 15, 1215. It was a "bill of rights" that formed an integral part of the English legal heritage universally accepted by those who created the 13 original colonies. It took some intense lobbying to get a "bill of rights" into the U. S. Constitution, but a number of states, including Maryland had already incorporated language from the <i>Magna Carta</i> into their state constitutions. From 1776 Maryland's declaration of rights contained the provision "That no freeman ought to be taken, or imprisoned, or dis-seized of his freehold, liberties, or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner destroyed, or deprived of his life, liberty, or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land." The language in 1215 read "No Free man shall be taken, imprisoned, dis-seized, outlawed, banished, or in any way destroyed,m nor will we proceed against or prosecute him, except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land." It may have taken a long time for this principle to become an integral part of Britain's unwritten constitution (1628?), but it was part of Maryland's written constitution from 1776 and the Nation's from 1788.<br />
In 1934, the Gridiron club chose H. L. Mencken to be the spokesperson for the Republican Party at its annual, off the record, roasting of the President of the United States. In that speech Mencken did not refer directly to the <i>Magna Carta</i> and the language embedded in Maryland's state constitution (he would do that on another occasion), but instead he turned to the 1628 Petition of Right the language of which was in part derived from the <i>Magna Carta</i>. On a "Mencken Day" at the Enoch Pratt Free Library, I delivered the following observations on H. L. Mencken's views on Government.<br />
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<b>H.L. Mencken, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the Petition of Right
or What Do We Really Know about H.L. Mencken's Views on Government?
</b>
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It is common knowledge, at least among Mencken devotees, that on December 8, 1934, H. L. Mencken addressed the Gridiron club at the Willard Hotel in Washington D. C. as the spokesman of the 'loyal opposition,' there being no other obvious candidate able, or perhaps willing, to take on the Administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. In November, the Republican Party had suffered another defeat in the Congressional elections, losing nine seats in the Senate and nine in the House. On paper at least, there was very little that the Democrats could not do. They controlled 72% of the Senate and nearly 76% of the House of Representatives.<br />
It is also common knowledge that President Roosevelt had the last word of the evening as the Guest of Honor. Both speeches were off the record and the 490 guests in attendance were expected not to break the rule.[the number of guests is taken from Mencken's Diary. Other authorities say 400. (Bode)]<br />
The festivities started at 7:20 in the evening (according to Mencken's Diary) and ended only after the President finished his remarks which he began about 11:30 [one authority says 11:15 p.m., but does not indicate where he got his information. (Carl Bode)]. The program opened with the president of the Gridiron Club, James L. Wright, the correspondent of the Buffalo Evening News, delivering "the keynote of the ... show," in darkness as tradition dictated, except for the glow of a lighted gridiron.<br />
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<i>Tonight, my friends, [he said], we train our field glasses on the pompons of the political pageant, on fantastic floats and floating fantasies. Colorful events of recent months will pass quickly in review.</i><br />
<i>Since we last met beneath the golden gridiron, there have been many changes. The Washington Monument has been washed down and the Republican Party washed up.</i><br />
Dinner followed (with Terrapin Maryland as a featured course, not [as Carl Bode asserts] in honor of Mencken, but as a tradition 'since the early days' of the club [Brayman], interspersed with skits, songs, and the two main speeches. The opener was a Santa Claus skit on the New Deal in which<br />
<i>Every stocking was filled ere the saint turned to go,<br />
And the manna had fallen as thick as the snow;<br />
And they heard him exclaim, as he flew out of sight:<br />
"Merry Christmas to all --- and be sure you vote right!"<br />
to which the chorus sang:<br />
You better watch out, you better be good,<br />
Better not pout, but vote as you should ---<br />
Santa Claus is comin' to town.<br />
He's making a list and checking it twice,<br />
Gonna find out who's treating him nice,<br />
Santa Claus is comin' to town.</i><br />
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No one knows for certain all of what the President said that night. The only person present to write extensively on his speech claims he began by referring to the night's skits and the "the temperateness of" "My old friend Henry" Mencken's "remarks and criticisms" [Brayman], and then launching into a vicious attack on the Washington Press Corps and Journalists in general.<br />
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The notes for FDR's speech survive at Hyde Park with his handwritten annotations. Given the outline in his own hand, I suspect that the President did begin with a comment that the customs of the Gridiron Club seemed to be changing, from an opening crash off stage of broken crockery being dropped from one tin container to another, to a more hopeful Santa Claus skit. He probably observed that his old friend Henry's appearance on behalf of the opposition was not unlike the Prodigal Sun (spelled SUN in reference to Mencken's recently joining the management of the Sun papers) coming back to father. He may have even quoted Jim Watson who said "When you can't Like 'em, join 'em." But what everyone remembers best is what the President said about the Press, although no one is certain that he forwarned his audience that the words were not his own.<br />
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["Prejudices", Sixth Series:]<br />
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<i>Most of the evils that continue to beset American journalism today, in truth, are not due to the rascality of owners nor even to the Kiwanian bombast of business managers, but simply and solely to the stupidity, cowardice and Philistinism of working newspaper men. The majority of them in almost every American city, are still ignoramuses, and proud of it.<br />
....<br />
I have myself been damned as a public enemy for calling attention, ever and anon, to the intolerable incompetence and quackery of all save a small minority of the Washington correspondents.<br /><br />
["Prejudices", Third series:]<br /><br />
Third-rate men, of course, exist in all countries, but it is only here that they are in full control of the state, and with it of all the national standards....<br />
That the United States is essentially a common-wealth of third-rate men -- that distinction is easy here because the general level of culture, of information, of taste and judgment, of ordinary competence is so low.</i><br />
At this point in his remarks, the President may well have informed his audience, if they had not been told already, that he had been quoting from his "old friend Henry."<br />
<br />
He may even have continued with the remainder of the excerpts he had collected. They were certainly embarrassing enough, especially given audience and the role Mencken had assumed for the evening:<br />
<br />
<i>In his "Notes on Democracy", Mr. Mencken says:<br /><br />
"Politics under democracy consists almost wholly of the discovery, chase and scotching of bugaboos. The statesman becomes, in the last analysis, a mere witch-hunter, a glorified smeller and snooper, eternally chanting "Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum'. It has been so in the United States since the earliest days....<br /><br />
"Government under democracy is thus government by orgy, almost by orgasm. Its processes are most beautifully displayed at times when they stand most naked -- for example, in war days. The history of the American share in the World War is simply a record of conflicting fears, more than once amounting to frenzies. The mob, at the start of the uproar, showed a classical reaction; it was eager only to keep out of danger."<br /><br />
"In Defense of Women", published in 1918, Mr. Mencken says, in part:<br /><br />
"What we need, to ward off mobocracy and safeguard the Constitution and a republican form of government, is more of this sniffing. What we need -- and in the end it must come -- is a sniff so powerful that it will call a halt upon the navigation of the ship from the forecastle, and put a competent staff on the bridge, and lay a course that is describable in intelligible terms."<br /><br />
In the Fifth Series of "Prejudices", Mr. Mencken makes this statement:<br /><br />
"A Washington correspondent is one with a special talent for failing to see what is before his eyes. I have beheld a whole herd of them sit through a national convention without once laughing....<br /><br />
"I know of no American who starts from a higher level of aspiration than the journalist. He is, in his first phase, genuinely romatic. He plans to be both an artist and a moralist -- a master of lovely words and a merchant of sound ideas. He ends, commonly, as the most depressing jackass in his community -- that is, if his career goes on to what is called success."<br /><br />
In "Making a President", by Henry L. Mencken, the author made the following political prophecy:<br /><br />
"Roosevelt will probably carry all the Southern States that Al lost in 1928, despite the difficulties that the repeal plank is bound to raise in some of them, but he will certainly lose New York, and there is little chance that he will carry Massachusetts and its tributaries. He may win nevertheless, but if he does it will be by a kind of miracle."<br /><br />
In the same publication, subsequent to the Chicago Convention, Mr. Mencken said: "But Roosevelt won, and now the party begins the campaign with a candidate who has multitudes of powerful and implacable enemies, and is in general far too feeble and wishy-washy a fellow to make a really effective fight." [Roosevelt papers, Hyde Park].</i><br />
<br />
Edgar Kemler writes that the President also read an even worse Menckonian indictment of the press,<br />
<br />
<i>There are managing editors in the United States who have never heard of Kant or Johannes Muller and never read the Constitution of the United States; there are city editors who do not know what a symphony is or a streptococcus, or the Statute of Frauds; there are reporters by the thousands who could not pass the entrance examination for Harvard and Tuskegee, or even Yale. [Kemler, p. 271]</i>
but there is no record of it in the Hyde Park papers.<br />
<br />
Whatever the President actually read of Mencken's words that evening, the performance did not sit well with their author. The entry in Mencken’s diary for December 9 contains no reflections on either his own or the President’s remarks, although two days later he does mention missing a radio talk by Edwin C. Hill who was present at the dinner in which Hill "apparently gave the impression that the affair was much more serious than it was in fact." [Fecher, p. 77]. In a letter written the same day to his friend Sara Mayfield he was somewhat more truthful. "I got in a bout with a High Personage at the dinner and was put to death with great barbarity. Fortunately, I revived immediately and am still full of sin." [quoted by Brayman, p. 19; Mayfield, p. 210].<br />
<br />
Possibly even Roosevelt felt he had gone too far in humiliating Mencken before his peers. Marion Rodgers quotes a letter of FDR's to Arthur Bisbane written two weeks after the dinner in which the President claimed that he "did not really intend to be quite so rough on Henry Mencken but the old quotations which I dug up were too good to be true, and I felt in view of all the amazing but cynically rough things which Henry had said in print for twenty years, he was entitled to ten minutes of comeback." [Marion Rodgers, Mencken and Sara, p. 511, no source cited.]<br />
<br />
But what about Mencken's speech that night? Despite what the President did to him, was there anything of value, anything of lasting humor in what H. L. Mencken had to say?<br />
<br />
At 9 p.m. (according to Carl Bode), or at 10:30 p.m. (according to Edgar Kemler), following a skit set in the lobby of a New Deal Hotel in which prominent New Deal officials were paid off, either for helping the Democrats win in their home states or, like Rexford Tugwell, by asking them to remaining abroad until the Congressional elections were over, Mr. Mencken rose to speak. Perhaps he had some inkling that the President was looking forward to the last word, although there is no proof, as some have asserted that his remarks had to be submitted in advance to the White House. Just before the banquet Mencken had encountered Roosevelt in the dressing room and noted later in his diary that "he called to me and we had a pleasant meeting. He was extremely cordial, bathed me in his Christian Science smile and insisted on calling me by my first name." But If Mencken was worried, he did not show it. He had worked hard at drafting what he wanted to say.<br />
<br />
In contrast to what the President may have said, the text of Mencken's remarks is well documented. Carl Bode discovered three versions among his papers at the Pratt, two of which also found their way into the files of the Gridiron Club. That he had been chosen to be the spokesman for the Republican Party is not surprising. In 1932 Mencken voted for Roosevelt as the lesser of two evils. As the plans for the New Deal unfolded he became increasingly wary and outspoken in his opposition to the growth of government and the abuse of executive
power. He had never favored big government.<br />
<br />
In the only autograph letter of his owned by the Maryland State Archives Mencken responded to Governor Ritchie's plan for reorganizing State Government in 1921 with the observation that he would be:
delighted to read the report on State Reorganization.<br />
<br />
<i>I hear that it is a fine piece of work. We have been running on aimlessly in Maryland, adding wing after wing to the house until it now looks like a train of freight cars. I hope you manage to lop off at least 50% of the state boards. A board is inevitably inefficient. One man can always do the work better than two, and two better than three, and so on forever.</i>
<br />
<br />
Nor did his faith in one man extend to unilateral government by a President, as he made clear in the Evening Sun on March 13, 1933, when he reflected upon President Roosevelt's inaugural address:<br />
<br />
<i>Mr. Roosevelt's appeal to the American people ... to convert themselves into "a trained and loyal army willing to scrifice for the good of a common discipline," and his somewhat mysterious demand, immediatelhy following, that they "submit" their LIVES as well as their property to "such discipline" ... have met with a hearty response, and almost all of us are now looking forward confidently to that "larger good" which he promised in the same breath. ... But just what the eminent speaker meant by his mention of lives is not clear. ... We have had two dictatorships in the past, one operated by Abraham Lincoln and the other by Woodrow Wilson. Both were marked by gross blunders and injustices. At the end of each the courts were intimidated and palsied, the books bristled with oppressive and idiotic laws, thousands of men were in jail for their opinions, and great hordes of impudent scoundrels were rolling in money. The natural consequences of the Wilson dictatorship still afflict us ... Thus I hesitate to go with Dr. Roosevelt all the way. My property, it appears, is already in his hands, but for the present, at least, I prefer not to hand over my life.</i><br />
<br />
By May, 1933, Mencken felt the only recourse was to propose Roosevelt for King and let the people decide:<br />
<br />
<i>... the state of affairs thus confronting the country prompts me to make a simple suggestion. It is that a convention be called under Article V of the Constitution, and that it consider the desirability of making Dr. Roosevelt King in name as well as in fact. There is no constitutional impediment to such a change, and it would thus not amount to a revolution. The people of the United States are quite as free, under Article V. to establish a monarchy as they were to give the vote to women. Even if it be held, as some argue, that the bill of Rights is inviolable and cannot be changed by constitutional amendment, it may be answered that there is nothing in the Bill of Rights requiring that the national government shall be republican in form.
Indeed, a three years later, on the eve of an even greater disaster for the Republican Party than the defeat they had suffered in 1934, he would write in dispair
Soon or later, of course, [Evening Sun, October 26, 1936, quoted by Mayo DuBasky, Gist of Mencken, p. 470] a true conflict will have to be joined, but apparently the time is not yet. It may be, indeed, that the Rooseveltian or anti-Jeffersonian concept of the government as a milch cow with 125,000,000 teats still has many years to go. Challenging it today, in the full glory of its heyday, is certainly not an enterprise that promises much of a harvest. Later on, after the cow has begun to dry, it should be measurably easier, but there is not much chance that it will ever become anything properly describable as a cinch.</i><br />
<br />
There is no record of how Mencken felt about a being invited to speak to the Gridiron Club, although Marion Rodgers suggests [without documentation] that he was uncomfortable with giving speeches and practiced his address "before Sara, trying in vain to memorize it, until she advised him to read it instead."<br />
<br />
The two drafts and the final copy are brief, but vintage Mencken,and provide insight into the process by which the 54 year old sage of Baltimore honed what he hoped would be an appropriate gridiron roast of the President and all he stood for. The first draft, three and a quarter doubled spaced pages would end up as two and a half pages that might take as much as five minutes to deliver. Each successive draft was somewhat less colloquial and anything that seemed even slightly risque was edited out. Gone were the references to a New Deal which "tackles all its problems, whether soluble or insoluble, in the manner of a young fellow necking a new girl," or to good-humored Americans who "thanks to the public schools ... are more ignorant, and hence happier" than Europeans who "seem to be oppressed by a sense of tragic futility, like a blind man in a nudist camp."<br />
<br />
What Mencken did say was tastefully humorous, laced with a warning to the New Dealers not to take themselves too seriously. Like Lincoln at Gettysburg, he chose to be brief and to the point:<br />
<br />
<i>Mr. President, Mr. Wright, and Fellow Subjects of the Reich:-<br /><br />
Put up this evening to speak for the Rotten Rich, I find myself under considerable embarrassment, mainly of a pecuniary nature. The fact is that we millionaire newspapers reporters have gone downhill like the rest of you, and I question that the net liquid assets of the Gridiron Club at this minute would be enough to make a pint of alphabet soup. The only thing we have left is liberty to doubt what we are told, and that isn't worth much any more, for what we are told is often incomprehensible and hence unanswerable, and even when we can understand it we are told the exact contrary the next day.<br /><br />
But this is not the time to complain, and indeed there is nothing to complain of. For if the flow of ideas is somewhat confusing, it must still be admitted that the show that goes with it is a very good one. Here we come upon one of the really sound and salient merits of the American republic. It is the most amusing country ever heard of in history. Amusing and good-humored. It tackles all of its most horrible problems in the manner of a young fellow necking a new girl, and even its wars produce quite as many comedians as heroes.<br /><br />
When I sit down with a European, which is very often, I am always struck by his solemnity. And when I go to Europe, which is more seldom, I am depressed by the general gloom. The people over there take politics very seriously and indeed tragically, though even the World War seems to have left many of them more or less alive, and more or less able to eat, drink and curse the government. But in this country we take it more lightly. Every American is born with full confidence that it will probably get well, even if you pick it. No matter how wildly he kicks up, he knows that the judge is likely to be lenient in the morning. And if, by any mischance, he finds himself in the hoosegow or even the death house, he know that he has an inalienable constitutional right to bust out.<br /><br />
I often hear people speculating about how long the New Deal will last. As I go about the country preaching in the Sunday-schools and visiting what we Baltimorons calls the <i>kaifs</i>, I am asked the question constantly. I always answer by advising everyone who asks it trust in Providence, which has always fooled us in the past. Or in the Constitution, which is still to be found in the National Museum, stuffed with excelsior and waiting for the Judgment Day. No doubt the bankers are there too, but what they are waiting for I don't know. I could name some other inmates, but refrain on advice of counsel. Which recalls that a learned judge called me up the other day to say that he had found an article of the Bill of Rights that was still in working order. I put his wild talk down to insomnia, the old curse of the judiciary, but he actually read it to me. It was Article III, reading as follows: "No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner". Certainly this is something. Small oaks from little acorns grow. Some of these days the Constitution may stage a come-back.<br /><br />
But probably not yet. We are still on a honeymoon, and that honeymoon, for all I know, may last a geological epoch. There seems to be a high mortality in the Brain Trust, but its brains apparently renew themselves like the lost claws of a Chesapeake crab. Their functions, also, are not altogether dissimilar. Maybe we are in the darkness before the dawn. Maybe we are out on a limb. Maybe we are still going up. Maybe we have been up, and are now coming down. Maybe we don't know where we are, or how we got there, or how we are ever going to get back.<br /><br />
Some time ago, while Congress was in session, I had the pleasure of showing my pastor over Washington. I took him to the White House, and then down to the Capitol. He listened while both Houses jawed away, and he peeped into the dreadful refrigerator of the Supreme Court. Then he said to me: "My boy, you cherish a chimera if you ever hope to see the smart fellows who now run this great republic turned out. They are ace high at the White House, and they carry the two Houses of Congress in their two vest pockets. I wouldn't go so far as to say that they influence the courts, but nevertheless you may be sure that the judges have heard of them, and know that they pack a wallop. The overwhelming majority of the American people are with them. Rid your mind of any notion that you will ever see them on their way. They will stick until the last galoot's ashore, and then go on sticking until the shore itself sinks beneath the waves of the sea, and is resolved into its prime, hydrogen, ptomaines and manganese. When you lift on at such colossi you make yourself ridiculous. You'll be 10,000 years old before they let go their hold and fade away.<br /><br />
The pastor's words made a powerful impression on me, and for a couple of weeks I kept off politics and devoted myself to writing about moral science. To this day I often think of them. But maybe I should add something. There were uttered a little less than three years ago, in the forepart of the year 1932, and the chimera that the pastor referred to was not the Brain Trust but the Anti-Saloon League.<br /></i>
It's not what is said but what people think was said that too often is remembered, and even then time distorts meaning and perspective. Mencken was thought to have been demolished that night as the national spokesman for the Republican Party. Even he may have thought so at the time. But what of the substance of Mencken's tasteful criticism of the Administration. How accurate were they as tested by time? How well does the biting humor of what he said stand up to the test of time? In 1921 Mencken agreed that a proliferation of State Government was a waste. In 1933 he questioned the use of a zealous army of New Dealers, and at the Gridiron club he semi-seriously pointed to the third Amendment of the U. S. Constitution which protected the citizenry from the quartering of troops in their homes. That Mencken should point to that provision of the Constitution as the last vestige of rights not yet assailed by the New Deal suggests his profound concern about a Government that not only spent more than it could ever afford (thus milking the cow dry), but also about a government that would trample the rights of its citizens in violation of a principle at least as old as the Petition of Right of 1628. There is no evidence that Mencken had ever read the Petition of Right which was presented to King Charles I by Parliament in 1628, but the language of that Petition was worked into the very fabric of English and American Constitutional law, first as a humble plea that King not quarter soldiers in the homes of his people and then as explicit language in the constitutions written for the states and the nation between 1776 and 1790 that carefully set forth the rights Mencken felt were so forcefully challenged by the New Deal.<br />
<br />
The Nation may have thought that H.L.Mencken was on the wrong track in 1934, but was he? Franklin D. Roosevelt may have won the battle of wits late that evening in December 1934, but perhaps H.L. Mencken had the last word after all. Perhaps his concerns about government and the course of unrestrained Federal spending and intrusion to the fabric of American society were not so far off the mark. What solace he might have taken in clipping a 1993 article in the SUN about Presidential Candidate Bill Clinton, headlined "Clinton opens war on waste." What fun he might have had with such quotes as "this government is broke, and we intend to fix it," Mr. Clinton said," or "President [Bush], if you want to know why government doesn't work, look behind you." [Baltimore Sun, September 8, 1993.]<br />
<br />
Indeed perhaps it is time to look behind us to H. L. Mencken's speech of December 8, 1934, and to his other humorous attempts to focus the public's attention on the fundamentals of what makes for good government. Perhaps it was not an accident that the only humor in the Constitution that Mencken could find for his speech that night was the third amendment to the Constitution, a right so widely accepted that it has never been tested in the Courts, yet when it was first proposed by Sir Edward Coke in 1628 in the Petition of Right, reflected the reality of the King's troops quartered in private homes. Although perhaps it would be going too far to heap upon the Mencken the praise that that other great Maryland Iconoclast, Luther Martin lavished upon Sir Edward Coke for sacrificing "his vanity, his ambition and his avarice." Those characteristics were so much a part of Mencken's being that no manner of public recognition, improved sales of his publications, or government reform could have ever persuaded him to be otherwise.<br />
<br />ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-47000327019280112742015-06-01T16:40:00.002-04:002015-06-02T00:15:32.196-04:00Who 'owns' the waters of the Potomac River?<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body><div style="max-width:468pt;background-color:#ffffff;padding:72pt 72pt 72pt 72pt"><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">[The following is derived from a talk I gave to the Washington Map Society in 2009. Given the recent media attention concerning the depletion of the world’s water resources this essay, perhaps, has more relevance than I thought when it was originally presented.]</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold"></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">Maps, Water Rights and Regulation: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and the Battle over the Waters of the Potomac River</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia"">© Edward C. Papenfuse, Maryland State Archivist and Commissioner of Land Patents, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia"">emeritus</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">There is an ancient proverb made popular by Benjamin Franklin that runs:</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">For want of a nail the shoe was lost; </span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">for want of the shoe the horse was lost; </span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">and for want of a horse the rider was lost.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">-- Thoughts by Benjamin Franklin from Poor Richard's Almanac, or from his letters, on life and prosperity.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">1</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">A title for this essay might more appropriately be “For want of a Map the Case was Lost.”</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The U. S. Supreme Court case of Virginia vs. Maryland (</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Virginia v</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Maryland</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, 540 </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">U.S.</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> 56 (</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">2003</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">) over what governmental entity has the right to regulate the consumption of water from the Potomac cannot be resolved as simply as finding an accurate, reliable map of jurisdictional boundaries. There are complex issues of 'riparian rights' and 'reasonable use,' not to mention efforts to apply an old principal of </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">littoral rights</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, usually reserved for any body of water </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">except</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> a river, and the international law concept of Thalweg, which places nation state boundaries in the middle of shared rivers.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">2</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> Yet in writing about why Maryland lost the case in the Baltimore </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Daily Record</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, Andrew Baida, who argued the case for Maryland before the Supreme Court, contended that it was a single map that contributed mightily to his clients defeat.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">3</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In attempting to deal with the questions of water rights and their regulation, the lawyer and the historian are faced with a many headed hydra of differing opinions, legal and otherwise. For the layperson the overview of the problems of water regulation provided by the online </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Water Encyclopedia </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">is informative, if discouraging.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">4</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold"></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">Surface water</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> and </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">groundwater</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> are transboundary resources that often cross political boundaries. Generally, under the United States' federal system of government, no single governmental level has absolute </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">sovereign</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> authority over water. Effective implementation of water policies requires coordination among all levels of government, various administrative commissions, and regional independent agencies.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">A complex legal and administrative framework controls how federal, tribal, state, and local governments share legal authority over water quality and quantity, as well as over broader water development and management issues. This system is based on </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">common law</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, constitutional and statutory law, local custom, judicial decisions, and international treaties. Accordingly, different governmental levels have primary authority over certain water issues. The federal government has undisputed sovereignty to develop and manage navigation on </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">interstate</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> or international bodies of water used for commerce. Conversely, primarily state or local governments govern </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">intrastate</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> water quantity and quality issues. Between these extremes, each level of government vigorously guards its authority as the balance of power fluctuates to meet changing water priorities.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">5</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">One of the best studies of the complexities of dealing with the Potomac River, one of three principal rivers on the Western Shore wholly within the 1632 Charter boundaries of Maryland, was published in 1976. It was entitled </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Legal Rights in Potomac Waters. Proceedings of a Conference at Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, sponsored by the Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin and the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">edited by Professor Garrett Power. In his foreword, Professor Power outlined the principal questions posed by the conference, questions that in large measure today remain largely unanswered:</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Taken together, the papers pose the water supply issues facing the Potomac Basin, ranging from general to specific:</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Is there a need for an agency with overall water resource planning and management powers in the Potomac Basin? If so,how should it be organized and financed? How should water be priced in the Washington metropolitan area? Is the area in fact "water short"? If so, is the problem one of base flow, peak demand, or both?</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Should the dams and reservoirs proposed by the Army Corps of Engineers for Bloomington, Sixes Bridge and Verona be constructed? If so, when? Do the States of West Virginia and Pennsylvania have the power to divert Potomac waters into other basins? If so, are there any legal constraints on such authority and what are they?</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Under present law, must Virginia and the Corps of Engineers obtain permission from the State of Maryland before appropriating Potomac waters? If so, can Maryland prerogatives be diminished without its consent?</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Must specific statutes of the various states be changed in order to achieve an economically efficient allocation of water resources? If so, which laws need be modified? The papers which follow analyze these questions in some detail. A great deal more work may provide some answers. </span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">6</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_b.5" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit"></a></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In the intervening years insufficient resources have been allocated to water resource management generally, a matter addressed by the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">New York Times</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> series on America's toxic waters, and Maryland has had great difficulty in asserting regulatory authority over the waters of the Potomac, which forms its southern boundary.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">7</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> In the era of the American Revolution, no one was more of an expert on the latter issue than Thomas Jefferson of Virginia who spent time in Annapolis researching Maryland's Charter and laws on the topic and instigated the discussions that led to the 1785 Mount Vernon conference on the regulation of the Potomac.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">8</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">One of the trick questions that is fun to ask visitors to Annapolis is "who was the first president to live in the White House?" If the visitor had watched the Adams Family chronicles on HBO, or visited the White House web site, the answer would be quick and decisive: John Adams. Not so. The first future president to live in a dwelling in Annapolis called the "White House" was Thomas Jefferson. He lived there while attending Congress as a delegate in the Winter and Spring of 1783-1784, before being sent to France as our representative at the Court of Louis the XVI.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">9</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_b.8" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit"></a></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">While at the White House in Annapolis, Jefferson put the finishing touches on his </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Notes on Virginia</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, in addition to his official duties which included authoring the two ordinances governing the settlement of the Ohio country, writing the protocol by which George Washington made his bow to civil authority by resigning his commission as commander in chief, and composing the text of the Congressional proclamation announcing the ratification of the Treaty of Paris ending the Revolution. Jefferson had the official first word, and the official last word in the war for independence with his Declaration of 1776 and the Proclamation of Peace, of 1784, but he could find no one in Annapolis willing to publish his Notes. As he wrote Madison, "I could not get my notes printed here, & therefore refer it till I shall cross the waters where I will have a few signed struck off & send you one." </span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">10</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> That meant that he would attend to such details as a map to accompany the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Notes </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">when he got to Paris. The consequences for the debate over the ownership of the Potomac would be important. In citing Jefferson's </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Notes</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> on the question, reference would be made by both Virginia and Maryland to the text of the European edition, and not those published on Jefferson's return to the States. All would ignore the maps which were drawn to accompany each edition. To be sure, the Virginia Counsel in the 2003 Supreme Court case, Stuart A. Raphael, was aware of the American editions of the map, and reminded me of their existence, but neither side brought them into the argument before the court, nor had they been examined by any of the several preceding efforts to resolve the conflict. All of us would have done well to have read Coolie Verner on the subject to familiarize ourselves with the importance Jefferson placed on the accuracy of his maps to accompany his </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Notes</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, and the choices made for the American editions that followed the adoption of the Compact of 1785.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">11</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_b.10" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit"></a></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In the long struggle between Virginia and Maryland over the ownership and use of the Potomac, Jefferson did not have the first word, but perhaps he should have the last, despite a 2003 decision of the U. S. Supreme Court, as evidenced in the careful cartographic evidence he supplied as an integral part of the first American editions of his </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Notes on Virginia</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">While in Annapolis, James Madison asked him on March 16, 1784, to look into the question of Maryland's ownership of the Potomac:</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The Charter granted in 1732[1632] to Lord Baltimore makes, if I mistake not, the Southern Shore of the Potowmac, the boundary of Maryland on that side. The Constitution of Virginia cedes to that State "all the territories contained within its charter with all the rights of property, jurisdiction and Government and all other rights whatsoever</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">which might at any time have been claimed by Virginia, excepting only the free navigation and use of the Rivers Potowmac and Pokomoque etc." It is not to be apprehended that this language will be constructed into an entire relinquishment of the Jurisdiction of these rivers, and will not such a construction be fatal to our port regulations on that side and otherwise highly inconvenient? I was told on my journey along the Potowmac of several flagrant evasions which had been practiced with impunity and success, by foreign vessels which had loaded in Alexandria. The jurisdiction of half the rivers ought to have been expressly reserved. The terms of the surrender are the more extraordinary, as the patents of the N. Neck place the whole river potowmac within the Government of Virginia; so that we were armed with a title both of prior and posterior date, to that of Maryland. What will be the best course to repair the error? --to extend our laws upon the River, making Maryland the plaintiff if she chooses to contest their authority-- to state the case to her at once and propose a settlement by negociation-- or to propose a mutual appointment of commissioners for the general purpose of preserving a harmony and efficacy in the regulations on both sides. The last mode squares best with my present ideas. It can give no irritation to Maryld. It can weaken no plea of Virga. It will give Maryland an opportunity of stirring the question if she chooses, and will not be fruitless if Maryland should admit our jurisdiction. If I see the subject in its true light no time should be lost in fixing the interest of Virginia. The good humor into which the cession of the back lands must have put Maryland, forms an apt crisis for any negociation which may be necessary. You will be able probably to look into her charter and her laws, and to collect the leading sentiments relative to the matter</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> . </span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">12</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">On April 25, 1784, Jefferson replied, after discussing the matter with Thomas Stone, one of Maryland's signers of the Declaration of Independence, and the following year a negotiator on behalf of Maryland at the conference of the two states held at Mount Vernon that resulted in the Compact of 1785. He told Madison that he liked the method Madison proposed, and noted that “</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">to introduce this the more easily I have conversed with Mr. Stone (one of their delegates) on the subject and finding him of the same opinion have told him I would by letters bring the subject forward on our part. They will consider it therefore as originated by this conversation.”</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">13</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In other words, the Marylanders who would engage in negotiating with Virginia over the regulation of the Potomac, saw Jefferson as a principal spokesperson for the Virginia point of view, not knowing that the ideas being promulgated by Jefferson were actually Madison's.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">At the end of March, 1785, after cooling their heels in Alexandria waiting for the Virginia delegation to arrive, the Marylanders appointed to negotiate with Virginia over regulating the Potomac and the Chesapeake, were invited to Mount Vernon by George Washington, where finally both sides got to work. Over several days, George Mason and Alexander Henderson for Virginia, and Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Thomas Stone, and Samuel Chase for Maryland toiled over the text of a proposed agreement, enjoying the ample hospitality of their host. The result was the Compact of 1785, the 7</span><span style="vertical-align:super;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">th</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> article of which became the central point of controversy over which state should have the right to regulate the use of the waters of the Potomac above and below tidewater. That seventh article, the only article to survive the repeal of the compact in 1958, reads:</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The Citizens of each State respectively shall have full property in the Shores of Potomack River adjoining their Lands with all Emoluments and advantages thereunto belonging and the privilege of making and carrying out Wharfs and other Improvements so as not to obstruct or injure the Navigation of the River; But the Rights of fishing the River shall be common to and equally enjoyed by the Citizens of both States, provided that such common Rights be not exercised by the Citizens of one State to the Hinderance or Disturbance of the Fisheries on the Shores of the other State, and that the Citizens of neither State shall have a Right to fish with Nets or Seines on the Shores of the other. </span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">14</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The meaning of this article is central to every arbitration and court case to the present time concerning regulatory jurisdiction over the Potomac River. What did it mean as to the use and ownership of the waters of the River? Does ''other Improvements'' extend to water consumption? Did the provision encompass the whole of the River or only the portion that was navigable in 1785? Could it have been, as Justice Kennedy asserts in his dissent, in essence “a predictable and intelligent hedging agreement (protecting both from the danger that at some later point the other’s claim to full and clear title would be confirmed by a competent legal authority)”? </span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">15</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Madison believed that the provisions of the Compact of 1785 only applied to the navigable portion of the River . In January of 1785 he wrote Jefferson that </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">It now makes a part of the task alloted to the Commissrs. who are to settle with Maryd. the jurisdiction & navigation of Potowmac </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">below tide water [emphasis added</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">16</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Shortly after the Commissioners had met, Madison would write Jefferson, on April 27, 1785 :</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">I understand that Chase and Jennifer on the part of Maryland, Mason and Henderson on the part of Virginia have had a meeting </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">on the proposition of Virga. for settling the navigation and jurisdiction of Potowmac below the falls, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">and have agreed to report to the two assemblies, the establishment of a concurrent jurisdiction on that river and Chesapeak. The most amicable spirit is said to have governed the negociation. [emphasis added]</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">17</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Not only did Madison understand the intent and reach of the Compact of 1785, he was the floor manager who shepherded it through the approval process of the Virginia House of Delegates.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Perhaps the negotiations were somewhat too amicable on reflection, as far as the Virginia negotiators were concerned. George Mason particularly regretted the ambiguous language and apparent intent of the 7</span><span style="vertical-align:super;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">th</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> article to limit the use of fishing nets and seines off an owner's property on either side of the river.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The Fisherys upon the Potomack River are becoming a very important Object; & therefore I cou'd wish the above Clause [7] in the Compact properly amended: if the Amendment goes no further than I have mentioned [adding the words of the citizens to clarify that land owners could fish with nets and seines off their own shores], it will occasion no Objection from Maryland; and I wish the Article to be no[t] otherwise altered; for this was the most difficult Business we had to settle with the Maryland Commissioners. The idea of the Right of fishing on both Shores of the Potomack River is one the Marylanders are not fond of parting with; and I trust it will be found we have obtained every thing for Virginia, with Respect to the Potomac River, which she can desire. ..."</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">18</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In granting the right to 'full property in the Shores of Potomack River adjoining their Lands with all Emoluments and advantages thereunto belonging and the privilege of making and carrying out Wharfs and other Improvements so as not to obstruct or injure the Navigation of the River,' Maryland only gave up its right to regulate with regard to fishing off one's own land, and indeed retained the right to regulate (in existence since June 20, 1632) all other matters, including the licensing of the use of the river in every respect from fishing to slot machines on piers extending out from the Virginia side. . "Full Property in the shores adjoining their land" in particular means the full property and its regulation as determined by the sovereign authority and ultimate owner of the River. “Full Property in the shores adjoining their land” meant Maryland precedent and Maryland land granting procedures (including the right of the state to take land and water back for public purposes) over the whole of the Potomac, not Virginia law and precedent as none extended beyond the southern bank of the Potomac. George Mason knew that, and wanted to be certain that he would not be prohibited from using fishing nets and seines off his own land which bordered the Potomac on the South side. Mason did not get his wish. The language of the Compact of 1785 was not changed and despite the acknowledgment in the 7</span><span style="vertical-align:super;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">th</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> article of 'full property' the controversy over the meaning of the words of the compact would rage for another two hundred and eighteen years, possibly even longer.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Unfortunately for Maryland, the Supreme Court of the United States chose to disagree with Jefferson, Madison, and Mason, with regard to their view of the facts regarding Maryland's “full property” and regulatory powers over the waters of the Potomac. Instead the court decided in 2003 that Fairfax Virginia could withdraw as much water as she cared to (as long as it did not impair navigation), without regulation from Maryland.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">19</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">At dispute was the desire of Fairfax County Virginia to take water from the Potomac out of the middle of the river at a place above Great Falls. For a long time the County had been taking water through an intake on the south bank of the Potomac near the Trump golf course and wanted to move to the center of the river where the water was less silty.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:368.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/_KRXFUIO3eqa2o3ZomRrrrJ5tMFhkCRs02Po_8ztlGzfiJOXFhSekCvSZBcgBExeHaCTa7CQfDFKE4CDRatJlVjULsGCI1R5jeIS5g5wUl6CkqHTaIKCnNaru32hOip0Zih5aUQ" style="width:624.00px;height:368.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The blue ‘x’ marks the spot from which Fairfax sought to move its intake pipe to the center of the river without regulation by Maryland. Source: </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginiaplaces.org%2Fboundaries%2Fmdboundarymodern.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHNXpnHwOpHEnWmK5ny4ROruhVcWA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.virginiaplaces.<wbr>org/boundaries/<wbr>mdboundarymodern.html</a></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> Supreme Court </span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">decision to permit Fairfax to go unregulated by Maryland was based upon the recommendations of a special master, Ralph I. Lancaster from Maine, who had considerable international law experience dealing with boundary disputes between the United States and its neighbor, Canada, particularly those stemming from inaccurate maps of what might be referred to as 'his neck of the woods'.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">20</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> With that background, it might be expected that he would pay particular attention to the cartographic evidence in the Virginia vs. Maryland case, but apparently he was so intent on proving that the 7</span><span style="vertical-align:super;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">th</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> article of the Compact of 1785 applied to the whole of the Potomac River, which in turn meant that Fairfax Virginia could draw as much water as it cared to from the river near the Loudon County Virginia line, that he failed to do so. In fact, he accepted uncritically one map in particular as supporting the Virginia claim, making much of the importance of it as evidence against Maryland.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">When it comes to using cartographic evidence in court cases, care needs to be taken as to reliability and accuracy. In the border dispute with Maryland, for example, there is a long history of maps that were inaccurate or misleading out of ignorance or intent. The first map to accurately depict Maryland's claim to the southern boundary of the Potomac River was published by Lord Baltimore in 1635, [illus], but when he republished it in 1670, he deliberately pushed the boundary to the northward two rows of trees (something an earlier Equity Master discovered in the course of settling the boundary disagreement with William Penn) [illus]. About that same year Augustine Herrman accurately depicted the boundary on the South Shore of the Potomac, but both his map, and the two Calvert maps had no factual basis for what they depicted as the location of the origin of the Potomac, the first font of the River. That would take several mapping expeditions and several competing cartographers in the mid 18</span><span style="vertical-align:super;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">th</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> century, followed by a Supreme Court decision in the first decades of the 20</span><span style="vertical-align:super;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">th</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> century, to resolve. The resulting maps drawn by William Mayo, John Warner, and others by 1747, as filed with the British Government, [illus] do not draw a distinct boundary line between Maryland and Virginia, but they led to the British decision in Lord Fairfax's favor that it is the northern branch of the Potomac not the southern, that forms the boundary with Maryland. In the 1790s, Maryland tried to assert it also owned the southern branch. At the time, Jefferson was shepherding the American editions of his </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Notes on Virginia</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> through the press and found this expansion of the ownership argument intolerable, as he told Madison in a letter written in January, 1797:</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">I suppose you are informed of the proceedings commenced by the legislature of Maryland to claim the South branch of Patowmac as their boundary, and thus, of Albemarle now the central county of the state, to make a frontier. As it is impossible upon any consistent principles and after such a length of undisturbed possession that they can expect to establish their claim, it can be ascribed to no other than an intention to irritate and divide, and there can be no doubt from what bow the shaft is shot. However let us cultivate Pennsylvania and we need not fear the universe. The assembly have named me among those who are to manage this controversy. But I am so averse to motion and contest, and the other members are so fully equal to the business that I cannot undertake to act in it. I wish you were added to them....</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">21</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In the end, the Supreme Court in 1912 concurred with the decision of the British government in the 18</span><span style="vertical-align:super;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">th</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> century that the north Branch of the Potomac was the boundary of what was, by then West Virginia, and ruled that the whole of the river was owned by Maryland to the low water mark (by all rights it should have been the high water mark). The river, according to the court, began at the Fairfax stone, so identified by a Maryland surveyor in 1787, Francis Deakins, when he laid out lots to be given to Revolutionary War veterans in compensation for their service.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">22</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In his recommendation to the Supreme Court that Virginia had the right to withdraw water from the Potomac River without regulation from Maryland, Special Master Lancaster refused to acknowledge the fact</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> that the Compact of 1785 was exclusively related to the navigable waters below Great Falls, and he </span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> accepted the boundary between the two states as found on Dennis Griffith's map of Maryland published in 1794, the same year that Jefferson published his second American edition of the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Notes on Virginia</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. </span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Lancaster wrote:</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">A 1794 map of the State of Maryland, titled “Map of the State of Maryland Laid down from an actual Survey of all the principal Waters, public Roads, and Divisions of the Counties therein” and paid for in part by the Maryland</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">House of Delegates, shows the boundary between the two States as running down the middle of the Potomac.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">68</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> The delegates who reviewed the map while it was under development in 1792 found that it “appear[ed] to them to</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">be accurate” and would be “of great public utility.”</span><span style="vertical-align:super;font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">69</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> In 1799, legislators “attentively examined” the map and</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">thought it “a work of great merit, ornament, and utility.”</span><span style="vertical-align:super;font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">70 </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The map and the statements of Maryland legislators</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">constitute additional evidence to show that the negotiators of the 1785 Compact would not have understood that</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Maryland had exclusive control of the Potomac and that Maryland would regulate Virginia’s exercise of rights</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">under it.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">23</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_b.22" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit"></a></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Lancaster accepted this map as supplementary proof of his argument that Maryland acceded to and paid for the way Griffith depicted the boundary between the two states. In fact, Maryland did not endorse or accept the map as Griffith had hoped, possibly because of the deficiencies of the map, refusing to pay for it, casting poor Griffith into poverty and an early, now forgotten, grave. The details of Griffith's failed efforts to profit by making a large scale map of Maryland is detailed in a work available to both sides in the case, but went unnoticed by all, including the Special Master.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">24</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> While there is no record of an explicit complaint about how Griffith depicted the boundary between Maryland and Virginia, the map contains at least one other blatant error probably attributable to the ill-informed Philadelphia engraver, who also may have been responsible for depicting the boundary as shown. The map is dedicated to the Maryland House of Representatives instead of the Maryland House of Delegates, a fact that in no small measure may have contributed to Griffith's later difficulty in recouping his investment. As boundary evidence it is at least suspect and needs to be balanced with other more reliable examples such as the beautiful atlas plate by Mathew Carey published in 1814, and several other maps available for easy web review on David Ramsey's web site.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">25</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Use of the general atlas maps as evidence, however, cuts both ways. Fielding Lucas, of Baltimore, who published several lovely maps of Maryland in the first decade of the 19</span><span style="vertical-align:super;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">th</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> century follows Griffith and places the boundary squarely in the middle of the river to its source. Except for his Chesapeake Bay chart which he may have commissioned, Lucas 'borrowed” all of his maps from other map makers with little regard to their authorship or accuracy.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Instead it is important to seek out a map maker who is accurately informed by reliable authority on where state boundaries lie, being willing of course, to place the map maker and his sources into historical context. </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In the text of all the editions of the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Notes on Virginia</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, which he first </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">completed</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> in Annapolis in t</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">he Spring of </span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">1784, and edited in Paris for publication in London in 1787, Thomas Jefferson makes the same reference to the Potomac boundary. </span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">From the text it is clear that Jefferson knew that the boundary of Maryland followed the south or Virginia side of the river by the manner in which he crossed the Bay from Watkins Point to Cinquac, “near the mouth of the Patowmac, thence </span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">by </span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">the Patowmac,, which is common to Virginia and Maryland, to the first fountain of its northern branch...” [emphasis added]</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">26</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> But while the text is subject to interpretation, his maps accompanying his text are not.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">What changed over the editions of the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Notes </span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">was the map that Jefferson went to great trouble to have accompany the volume. With the first edition he was demonstrably unhappy with the map and chose to disclaim authorship of its contents. In 1786 he wrote the British spy</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Edward Bancroft that “I do not propose that my name shall appear on the map, because it will belong to its original authors, and because I do not wish to place myself at the bar of the public.”</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">27</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">By the time he returned to America and had some time to prepare an American edition, he had changed his mind and did place his conclusions with regard to the boundaries of Virginia before the 'bar of the public.” Through his publisher, Mathew Carey of Philadelphia, he secured the services of a surveyor and map maker, Samuel Lewis, who had trained under George Washington.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">28</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> As Coolie Verner points out “this map, drawn by Samuel Lewis in 1794, is of particular interest as the first map of Virginia to be made, engraved, and printed in America. It appeared in many of Carey's atlases and similar publications as well as in other editions of the Notes by other publishers.”</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">29</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> This is the map to which the Special Master and the Supreme Court should have paid particular attention as an effective </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">counterweight</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> to Dennis Griffith's map of Maryland.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:806.50px;height:531.20px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/t3o3f60XWurwVGVXLgtC_IAnsKwrxdN18kHvgkIU61qvwaj0kWtXlh9m0eBEQje6h75qRtQPhm8rI0fPbsDo4VbeXQjvN8foh9geq7F289bBwPcFqJJK_gVXmwXkZHZNc_KusvQ" style="width:806.50px;height:531.20px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">details from Samuel Lewis, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The State of Virginia from the Best Authorities</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, 1794</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">author’s image collection</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:624.00px;height:302.67px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/2aNKZ0DUeyPs0QeHJli5GR2GP2hJKKlamKQiJtgEuGj4mXAKIthAil67x0Atmxz7CzIg9Rut9Fx0KcL6rqICRa1gMW-yi6a0-1BWxGoK3ZP0DEvjA4_eQMrmOg_Gzh-m0d0Uilo" style="width:624.00px;height:302.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">note how the boundary deliberately crosses to the south bank of the Potomac at just above Great Falls</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The Lewis map accompanying Jefferson's first American editions of his </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Notes on Virginia</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> establishes beyond doubt that by 1794, Samuel Lewis, a Virginia trained surveyor, working under contract with a distinguished Philadelphia map publisher and the direction of an indisputable authority on Virginia constitutional law, deliberately depicted for his client the administrative boundary of Maryland above Great Falls on the Potomac as exclusively Maryland, and the boundary below Great Falls as a cooperative responsibility of the two States as defined by the compact of 1785.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">30</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In recent years (since 1978) the states with their local water authorities that consume water from the Potomac, and the District of Columbia, have worked together to share and monitor the water flow of the Potomac. They even signed an agreement in 1978 that tacitly acknowledged Maryland's right to issue permits with regard to who could withdraw Potomac water, and to what degree, especially in times of water scarcity.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">31</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> This was an agreement signed and ratified by Maryland, Virginia, the District of Columbia, and Congress, which apparently was not addressed by the Special Master in the 2003 Va. v. Maryland case.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">But the answer to the future of the Potomac does not lie in water management agreements, formal or informal that have no firm base in constitutional law. It lies in water allocation and water quality regulation rooted in constitutional amendments defining the sovereign authority established to make such regulations. The need for Fairfax to extend its pipe into the middle of the Potomac in the fresh waters above tidewater was governed by the sediment that was accumulating at its then location because of runoff and over development. While the amount of water Fairfax could withdraw was in principle still governed by the 1978 and subsequent water allocation agreements, in fact it would be the number of new consumers in communities withdrawing water up stream and elsewhere along the Potomac that would constitute the continuing threat to the future water supply from the river.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In looking to the future of water resources and the right to administer them, what does this map of Jefferson's and a closer reading of the historical evidence not available in 1877 or 1910 really address? Should a recent decision of the Supreme Court based upon a poor understanding of the historical context and the historical evidence be reversed? It is not very likely any time soon that that might happen, and in the end it probably would be a wasted, expensive effort, even if successful. The Court is weary of the dispute between the two states, even though I believe a fair evaluation of all the evidence supports the dissents of Justices Kennedy and Stevens. In my opinion, our time and resources could be better spent. If we are to have clean water to drink and a Potomac that remains a vital waterway for the Nation, there needs to be another Mt. Vernon conference sanctioned by all parties in which constitutional amendments are produced that alter the way we regulate suburban sprawl and water consumption throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed. In my opinion, we need to be addressing population growth and expansion with a watershed focus. [illus of Chesapeake Bay Watershed] Decisions as to growth and water regulation must be made in the context of the 64,000 or so square miles of the Chesapeake Bay watershed, not the provincial and expansionist views of individual states in the watershed, no matter what their current constitutional rights may be. To obtain that goal requires further constitutional changes at the Federal and State level, beyond the relatively powerless and advisory role of the Interstate Commission the Potomac River Basin (ICPRB).</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">32</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> We get there by putting teeth into regional compacts in which local sovereign powers are surrendered by constitutional amendment to regional authorities that cross state boundaries. That is what the process of writing constitutions is all about. Perhaps it is time to revisit Jefferson on this issue as well. In a letter to Madison written in 1789, Jefferson mused that Constitutions need to be re-visited every 19 years. Maryland has such a provision in its State Constitution.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">33</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> Perhaps it is time to return to the negotiating table, if not to the Supreme Court, for a reversal of V</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">irginia vs. Maryland</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> through constitutional amendment and not litigation</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, that simply limits the use of our most precious resource?</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-style:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">34</span></p><p style="line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#0000ee;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">1</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">See editions of </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Poor Richard's Almanac</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> on google for the text. According to one source: </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">For Want of a Nail: Changing Conceptions of Agency. The year 1640 marks the first appearance in print (in any language) of a well-known proverb: For want of a naile the shoe is lost for want of a shoe the horse is lost for want of a horse the rider is lost.1 The saying first surfaced in George Herberts </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">Outlandish Proverbs </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">published ten years after the authors death in 1630. A well-known poet Herbert may have authored the maxim. [sources:] Post August 17 1931 8 (Available from ProQuest: "Display Ad 8"). Moon Paul. "Blending Popular Culture and Religious Instruction: Herbert's Outlandish Proverbs." Early Modern Literary Studies 2 no. 1 (1996): 1-6. Saunders Allen. "Mary Worth's Family." Los Angeles Times March 19 1944 D11 (Available from ProQuest: "Comic 11"). Stich Herman J. "Two Minutes of Optimism: Little Things and Big Effects." Los Angeles Times August 11 1922 4 (Available from ProQuest). Tomes Nancy. The Gospel of Germs : Men Women</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">2</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Review of this essay by Profesor Garrett Power, retired professor of Law, University of Maryland School of Law, to the author. Professor Power agrees with the Court and discounts the importance of the cartographic evidence presented here. In part he writes “According to the English common law a private owner of land abutting a public waterway had riparian (AKA littoral) rights to make to make reasonable use of the waters. The VA/ Md dispute is distinctive in that it is the sovereign state of VA claiming a riparian right to consume Potomac waters (rather than the private owner of waterfront property). What constitutes “reasonable” use has been decided on a case by case basis in thousands of decisions in over hundreds of years. There are no reliable “bright line” rules. In </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Va. v. Md (2003) </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">the U.S Supreme Court is in essence deciding that the sovereign state of VA is </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">reasonable</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> exercising its riparian rights to Potomac waters when it withdraws freshwater for public water supply purposes. The adoption of this pragmatic “rule of reason” is not inconsistent with the history or maps from the region.” For riparian rights, littoral rights, and the Thalweg doctrine see helpful articles in Wikipedia: </span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRiparian_water_rights&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHq9EeSSRZS3G_pI4YTPhDJteG8pg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<wbr>Riparian_water_rights</a></span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRiparian_water_rightsm&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEOqbt-dw6XRdIdNADxqBOGb65XFA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">, </a></span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLittoral_rights&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG-UUduuvmbjisdNp74_QY1jQyXuQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<wbr>Littoral_rights</a></span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRiparian_water_rightsm&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEOqbt-dw6XRdIdNADxqBOGb65XFA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">, </a></span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThalweg_Doctrine&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGog_L4Errt29smEgnb1p5WKrALTQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<wbr>Thalweg_Doctrine</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. The problem with this argument is that Riparian rights cannot adversely affect other riparian owners and water ought not to be taken out of the watershed, which is exactly what Fairfax is doing with the water. The riparian owners of Virginia have the right to drink the water of the Potomac, but they must use the facilities or the woods in the watershed to return it to ground, and the sovereign state of Maryland has the right to regulate the use thereof as the river is wholly within the bounds of the State.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">3</span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc5700%2Fsc5796%2F000031%2F000000%2F000073%2Frestricted%2Frec8oct2004.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFVDXUnAsqY5VEAPYzihyeaH-Ndmg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Baida, Andrew H. "The Art of Appellate Advocacy: Virginia v. Maryland: The real reason why Virginia won." </a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc5700%2Fsc5796%2F000031%2F000000%2F000073%2Frestricted%2Frec8oct2004.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFVDXUnAsqY5VEAPYzihyeaH-Ndmg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">The Daily Record</a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc5700%2Fsc5796%2F000031%2F000000%2F000073%2Frestricted%2Frec8oct2004.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFVDXUnAsqY5VEAPYzihyeaH-Ndmg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">, 8 October 2004.</a></span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">4</span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterencyclopedia.com%2FLa-Mi%2FLegislation-State-and-Local-Water.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGLudjkqaFqaKopqNG-zVHDlIFYwg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.waterencyclopedia.<wbr>com/La-Mi/Legislation-State-<wbr>and-Local-Water.html</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">5</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">ibid.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">6</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">See: </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc5700%2Fsc5796%2F000009%2F000000%2F000012%2Funrestricted%2Fpower_potomac_ocr.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGXERgoQpNwI3obaUNGbWApGjhC-Q" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://msa.maryland.gov/<wbr>megafile/msa/speccol/sc5700/<wbr>sc5796/000009/000000/000012/<wbr>unrestricted/power_potomac_<wbr>ocr.pdf</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. Professor </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc5700%2Fsc5796%2F000009%2F000000%2F000012%2Funrestricted%2Flasson.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEaqwEW889R-OTlgHz24ySgn9beuQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Kenneth Lasson's historical analysis of the dispute over regulation of the Potomac</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> in the report is both exhaustive and compelling in its narrative of the jurisdictional disputes between Maryland and Virginia to 1976, but does not attempt to judge which State's interpretation is correct. What he does make clear is that neither side has given ground and that none of the legal and rhetorical maneuvering of either side over the years amounts to concession one way or the other in the evidence set before the Special Master in the recent Supreme Court case, although the Master interprets it otherwise in favor of Virginia.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">7h</span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.nytimes.com%2Ftoxic-waters&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGHPaJT0R7aOiJX-k9HLOU4IRtC9g" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">ttp://projects.nytimes.com/<wbr>toxic-waters</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. Note that the web site contains tabulated data from all states including Maryland. Close attention should be paid to this underlying data and what it actually means. In my zip code, 21210, the worst polluter by state records was our local swimming pool with 76 infractions. What does this mean? How helpful are the recording practices? What is being missed? Staffing levels at the Maryland Department of the Environment, as is true of all similar county agencies are faced with enormous budget pressures which may in fact make a mockery of investigation and enforcement.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">8</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">As George Mason, one of the negotiators at Mount Vernon for Virginia pointed out, the Virginia delegation's instructions, which they received only after they had concluded their deliberations, limited them to negotiating about the Potomac River only. When the broader agreement reached Richmond, James Madison,the floor leader, ignored the instructions and shepherded the agreement through passage unchanged by the Virginia legislature. See Robert A. Rutland, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The Papers of George Mason, 1725-1792</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, Vol. II, 1779-1786, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1970, pp. 812-838. The historical evidence, apart from maps is expertly reviewed by Ron Hoffman in 2001 in his affidavit filed on behalf of Maryland in the Virginia v. Maryland case. See:</span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc5700%2Fsc5796%2F000015%2F000000%2F000004%2Funrestricted%2Ffinaldraft.rtf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEUnM0GRoVHh2OR6bi3hVIdp7SvAQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://msa.maryland.gov/<wbr>megafile/msa/speccol/sc5700/<wbr>sc5796/000015/000000/000004/<wbr>unrestricted/finaldraft.rtf</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. Dr. Hoffman makes a strong case for the two spheres argument (above and below tidewater) presented here as it applies to the Compact of 1785, but does not examine the cartographic evidence.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">9</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The Annapolis 'White House” was on the site of the current annex to the Anne Arundel Court House and was owned by Daniel Dulany, Sr., a prominent Annapolis lawyer who did not support the Revolution, but remained in Maryland as a non-juror, protected by his many friends. The details of Jefferson's rental and use of the house while in Annapolis are documented in a forthcoming essay by the author.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">10</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, May 25, 1784, </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fammem%2Fcollections%2Fmadison_papers%2Findex.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHfs7hdHwQxFYla_viurMmdi8H_pQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/<wbr>collections/madison_papers/<wbr>index.html</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">11</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Coolie Verner, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Maps and Plates Appearing with the Several Editions of Mr. Jefferson's “Notes on the State of Virginia” </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">in the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 59, no. 1, January 1951, pp. 21-33.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">12</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Smith, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">Republic of Letters</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, </span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc5700%2Fsc5796%2F000011%2F000000%2F000002%2Funrestricted%2Fhtml%2Frepublic01.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE7GG-QSwY3qclOczGXCYPa1TsOCA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">I:302-303</a></span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">13</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> Smith, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">Republic of Letters</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">,</span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc5700%2Fsc5796%2F000011%2F000000%2F000002%2Funrestricted%2Fhtml%2Frepublic01.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE7GG-QSwY3qclOczGXCYPa1TsOCA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> I:310</a></span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">14</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Rutland, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The Papers of George Mason</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, vol II, p. 818.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">15h</span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2F129ORIG.ZD1.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHJ5ZFqbHw61G5okO7aMFDVUuJOAA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">ttp://www.law.cornell.edu/<wbr>supct/html/129ORIG.ZD1.html</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">: “Thus, in effect, they gave one another assurances of River access in exchange for the identical, reciprocal pledge. The mutual promise was sensible enough since at the time both parties claimed to own the whole River, and equally, therefore, neither accepted the other’s claim to have any right to gain access to the River. The Compact, in essence, was a predictable and intelligent hedging agreement (protecting both from the danger that at some later point the other’s claim to full and clear title would be confirmed by a competent legal authority).” Justice Kennedy believes that once sovereignty is established and accepted, it ought not to be compromised by judicial action.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">16</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Madison took a keen interest in the work of the Commissioners, and if a clerk had not failed to deliver his appointment in a timely fashion, probably would have attended the negotiations. On July 3, 1784, Madison wrote Jefferson that </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Col. Mason, the Attorney, Mr. Henderson and myself are to negociate with Maryland if she will appoint Commissioners to establish regulations for the Potowmac.</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> Smith, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">The Republic of Letters,</span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc5700%2Fsc5796%2F000011%2F000000%2F000002%2Funrestricted%2Fhtml%2Frepublic01.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE7GG-QSwY3qclOczGXCYPa1TsOCA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> I:323</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. As Robert Rutland points out in his edition of George Mason's papers, even Mason did not get official word of his appointment and the meeting. He and Henderson joined the deliberations because the Maryland delegation told him they were on their way. So ineptly did the Richmond government handle the appointments that Mason and Henderson negotiated in the dark without instructions, only to find that they had gone far beyond what the Virginia General Assembly instructed them to do. Rutland, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The Papers of George Mason</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, vol. II, pp. 812-814.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">17</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">Jefferson Papers,</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fspeccol.msa.maryland.gov%2Fpages%2Fspeccol%2Funit.aspx%3Fspeccol%3D5796%26serno%3D11%26item%3D2%26subitem%3D-1&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEK5jIA9ui3gYAoZHWIlz49LfuU9w" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">VIII:113</a></span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">18</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">George Mason to James Madison, December 7, 1785. (Mason Papers, vol. II, pp.837-838.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">19h</span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2F129ORIG.ZS.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEljYw9BJf32upTmNIpIvutEylFSA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">ttp://www.law.cornell.edu/<wbr>supct/html/129ORIG.ZS.html</a></span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">20h</span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pierceatwood.com%2Fshowbio.asp%3FShow%3D183&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNH10PQc7jIagsvs1mmubbZ1TMJDdA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">ttp://www.pierceatwood.com/<wbr>showbio.asp?Show=183</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">; Interestingly enough he reached an entirely different conclusion in </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law360.com%2Farticles%2F40989%2Fsupreme-court-hears-n-j-del-dispute-over-bp-site&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGedmcGRO0P6VcQ-zuKblcQaFdkIA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">a case involving New Jersey and Delaware</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. There he upheld the sovereignty of Delaware, but in this case chose to ignore the ignore the sovereign rights of Maryland over the waters of the Potomac, a point made in the dissents of Justices Kennedy and Stevens.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">21</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Smith, </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">Republic of Letters</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, I:960-61; </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dmtj1%26fileName%3Dmtj1page020.db%26recNum%3D1107%26itemLink%3D%2Fammem%2Fcollections%2Fjefferson_papers%2Fmtjser1.html%26linkText%3D7%26tempFile%3D.%2Ftemp%2F~ammem_3zSU%26filecode%3Dmtj%25E2%2589%25A0xt_filecode%3Dmtj%26prev_filecode%3Dmtj%26itemnum%3D11%26ndocs%3D18&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGKoCDwiRVS0iiN4BkuXJdwi8_ttg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/<wbr>ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=<wbr>mtj1page020.db&recNum=1107&<wbr>itemLink=/ammem/collections/<wbr>jefferson_papers/mtjser1.html&<wbr>linkText=7&tempFile=./temp/~<wbr>ammem_3zSU&filecode=mtj≠xt_<wbr>filecode=mtj&prev_filecode=<wbr>mtj&itemnum=11&ndocs=18</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">22</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">This is a complex case which deserved greater critical attention than it received from the Special Master. All of the relevant documents in the two related decisions of the Supreme Court (1910 and 1912) are to be found at: Maryland State Archives, 1891/10, U. S. Supreme Court, Original No. 1: State of Maryland vs State of West Virginia. Bill of Complaint and Answer (Old Accession No.: 18,011-1) MSA S 58-15</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc5700%2Fsc5796%2F000014%2F000000%2F000007%2Ftif%2Fs58-15.tif&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE6apeBrvXW04xim5thQj5RcJz1yQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> </a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc5700%2Fsc5796%2F000014%2F000000%2F000007%2Ftif%2Fs58-15.tif&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE6apeBrvXW04xim5thQj5RcJz1yQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">For multilayer tif images of MSA S 58-15 for whole document printing, click here. These tend to be very large images and will take some time to load</a></span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">23 Special Master's</span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc5700%2Fsc5796%2F000015%2F000000%2F000012%2Funrestricted%2F12416report.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFFzvL2uisaWmN8pa7JK2ZMZN5JQA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> </a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc5700%2Fsc5796%2F000015%2F000000%2F000012%2Funrestricted%2F12416report.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFFzvL2uisaWmN8pa7JK2ZMZN5JQA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">report</a></span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""> and</span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc5700%2Fsc5796%2F000015%2F000000%2F000012%2Funrestricted%2F12416appendix.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE4eWCgaMzabgN2DjVX7xoR0olcdA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> </a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc5700%2Fsc5796%2F000015%2F000000%2F000012%2Funrestricted%2F12416appendix.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE4eWCgaMzabgN2DjVX7xoR0olcdA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">appendix</a></span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">24</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Edward C. Papenfuse and Joseph M. Coale III, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The Hammond Harwood House Atlas of Historical Maps of Maryland, 1608-1908</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982, pp. 48-53, and notes 9-15, p. 125. A revised edition in 2002 takes the Special Master to task for ignoring the cartographic evidence of Virginia's acceding to Maryland's regulation of slots and fishing on piers off the Virginia shores below tidewater.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">25</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">See: </span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidrumsey.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFiJ8lxEzzoThx0nGrk0b-CYfJElw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.davidrumsey.com/</a></span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">26h</span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=-KlbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0lOTSB83XUvlXuTMsyKaNb#v=onepage&q=patowmac&f=false" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">ttp://books.google.com/<wbr>books?id=-KlbAAAAQAAJ&<wbr>printsec=frontcover&dq=<wbr>editions:<wbr>0lOTSB83XUvlXuTMsyKaNb#v=<wbr>onepage&q=patowmac&f=false</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">; see quote on page 1 of the first edition and in all subsequent editions in Jefferson's lifetime. Also note that none of the on-line editions scanned by Google contain the accompanying maps. The map for this study was obtained from the copy owned by the American Antiquarian Society, and has been generally available for a number of years through their microcard edition of works published in America prior to 1820. See Verner, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Maps and Plates,</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> for a full discussion of the maps accompanying the many editions of Jefferson's </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Notes on Virginia</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">27</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">As quoted in Verner, Maps and Plates, p. 27</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">28</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">See P. Lee Phillips</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, “</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Some Early Maps of Virginia and the Makers, Including Plates Relating to the First Settlement of Jamestown”, in the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</span><span style="font-style:normal;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, vol 15, pt. 1, 1907, pp. 71 ff. ...</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Washington, for example, was a surveyor and maker of maps, although none of his work is in printed form. The Library of Congress has several manuscript plans of his dating from 1750 to 1775. The most interesting is the large map (79 by 24 inches) made by him in '775. showing lands on the Great Kanawha river, in West Virginia, granted by the British Government in 1763 for his services in the Braddock Exposition. As stated on the map, it is "A copy of a survey made by Mr. Samuel Lewis, 1774, for G. Washington, for 2950 acres." That the question of the disposal of this land was receiving deep thought and consideration from Washington is shown in his correspondence of that time. The copy, entirely in Washington's handwriting, contains detailed notes, tables and explanatory plats, as would Ire expected from one so painstaking in all his affairs.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">29</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Verner, Maps and Plates, p. 28.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">30</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">While all his later maps of Virginia and their derivatives adhere to the depiction of the boundary as he presented it for Jefferson's </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Notes</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, there are later editions of his atlas maps of Maryland that do not carry the boundary of the state on the south bank as far as great falls (see his 1795 map of Maryland) and later maps that follow Lewis do not show an administrative boundary at all. Why Lewis failed to extend his boundary line on the south bank as far a Great Falls on his 1795 map of Maryland is a mystery, but it does not affect the argument that what he did for Jefferson accurately reflects Jefferson's perception of the administrative boundary between the two States. As with all evidence, the historical context of creation is key to evaluating importance and relevance. A good place to view Lewis's maps on line is David Rumsey's map collection, </span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidrumsey.com%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFiJ8lxEzzoThx0nGrk0b-CYfJElw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.davidrumsey.com/</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, although Rumsey does not have a copy of the map on line that Lewis drew for Jefferson and was included in the 1794 edition of Jefferson's </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Notes.</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">31</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">See Stuart S. Schwartz, “Multiobjective Management of Potomac River Consumptive Use”, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Journal of water Resource Planning and Management</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, September/October 2000, pp. 277-287.”</span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">32</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">For the interstate/DC agreements on the Potomac River Basin see: <a href="http://www.virginiaplaces.org/pdf/mdvaappf.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.virginiaplaces.org/<wbr>pdf/mdvaappf.pdf</a> Note that the problem of water from the Potomac directly is not the only issue between Virginia and Maryland over water use. Wells on the Maryland side of the river below tidewater are causing wells in the Northern Neck to dry up. See the Virginia complaints at: </span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napsva.org%2Fva_dry_wells.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHJbtQkJtdyKt9tFfGYDzZbY9OS_A" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.napsva.org/va_dry_<wbr>wells.html</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. See also: <a href="http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2009/world/peter-gleick-whose-water-is-it-water-rights-in-the-age-of-scarcity/" target="_blank">http://www.circleofblue.org/<wbr>waternews/2009/world/peter-<wbr>gleick-whose-water-is-it-<wbr>water-rights-in-the-age-of-<wbr>scarcity/</a></span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">33</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">SEC. 2.</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide by Law for taking, at the general election to be held in the year nineteen hundred and seventy, and every twenty years thereafter, the sense of the People in regard to calling a Convention for altering this Constitution; and if a majority of voters at such election or elections shall vote for a Convention, the General Assembly, at its next session, shall provide by Law for the assembling of such convention, and for the election of Delegates thereto. Each County, and Legislative District of the City of Baltimore, shall have in such Convention a number of Delegates equal to its representation in both Houses at the time at which the Convention is called. But any Constitution, or change, or amendment of the existing Constitution, which may be adopted by such Convention, shall be submitted to the voters of this State, and shall have no effect unless the same shall have been adopted by a majority of the voters voting thereon </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">(amended by Chapter 99, Acts of 1956, ratified Nov. 6, 1956)</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. </span><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msa.md.gov%2Fmsa%2Fmdmanual%2F43const%2Fhtml%2F14art14.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFbXhUDVkvmkxLvo0E6cDbobNTIFQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/<wbr>mdmanual/43const/html/14art14.<wbr>html</a></span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:0;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:14.4pt;line-height:1.15;color:#000000;font-size:11pt;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0"><span style="color:#0000ee;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia"">34</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">“</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">No society can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs always to the living generation…Every constitution, then, and every law, naturally expires at the end of 19 years. If it be enforced longer, it is an act of force and not of right.</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">” —Thomas Jefferson (in a letter to James Madison from Paris, September 6, 1789). </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.loc.gov%2Floc.mss%2Fmjm.04_0193_0198&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFB7u_0mBuENbzhf3o9FzS_YoLq1g" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/<wbr>mjm.04_0193_0198</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p></div></body></html>
ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-42673266328826825372015-05-17T22:35:00.000-04:002015-05-20T09:22:10.154-04:00Reflections on a year as President of the Baltimore City Historical Society<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-s_oJZwRddXo/VVlNg3-eEYI/AAAAAAAAQUc/nZ7c3xvThbE/s1600/ecp_poplar_grove.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-s_oJZwRddXo/VVlNg3-eEYI/AAAAAAAAQUc/nZ7c3xvThbE/s320/ecp_poplar_grove.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://marylandarchivist.blogspot.com/2008/11/reflections-on-salvaging-remains-of.html" target="_blank">A Treasure Salvaged from Poplar Grove</a></td></tr>
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As my term as president of the Baltimore City Historical Society comes to an end, I was asked by the editor of the <a href="http://www.historicbaltimore.org/program/newsletter.htm">newsletter</a> to reflect on the year past and offer suggestions on the future course of the Society. Having spent over 40 years salvaging and making accessible the surviving historical records of Maryland, including this original map of the first Eastern Shore railroad, I decided to offer suggestions on how to fill in the holes of what we know or would like to know about the history of Baltimore and the rest of the State by making best use of the virtual world. <br />
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While I am still unclear as to how I was selected for the position of President, it has been a pleasure to preside over a board of dedicated and enthusiastic volunteers. Baltimore is fortunate to have such a locus of interest in its history. The passion for making the past come alive and to reach out with the City’s history is impressive. The heightened public interest by the Society's efforts is well reflected in the attention paid to the Facebook page and the attendance at the numerous outreach programs.<br />
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As I pass the gavel (figuratively speaking--I am keeping my Agnew gavel from the wood of Government House) to Councilman Kraft, I have two suggestions with regard to strengthening the Society’s role as the promoter of the city’s history, suggestions that have evolved from my recommendations made at the beginning of my term. While I still think raising funding for intern staff for area repositories would be a sensible investment in preserving and making accessible the archives of Baltimore History, an even more productive use of money raised might be in the creation of a reference resource in cooperation with the Baltimore City Archives, the Baltimore County Historical Society, the Baltimore Bar library, the Maryland State Archives, and the Maryland Historical Society.<br />
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Both suggestions relate to my personal quest to learn more about Baltimore’s past. For example, when exploring the history of a house in Fell’s point for a talk I gave, I found that one of my subjects had a summer home and farm in what is today Waverly. By tracing the story of the farm in the private records of the Martenet company (on line for a fee through a marvelous atlas created by Joel Leininger), I was led to an obscure chancery case at the Maryland State Archives containing a plat that showed not only his investments, but also those of two other prominent ship captains/merchants in Fell’s Point. Their stories were not of immediate interest on my part, although inter-related, and I filed what I learned in my notes. How helpful might those notes might be to someone seeking information about my subject’s partners and associates, yet they are buried in my research binders. In the future, who would be able to find them, or even know that my notes exist. In all likelihood those binders will reach the dustbin on my passing, and the stories associated with my subject’s business partners will disappear with them. As the song popularized by the Kingston Trio in 1959 reminds us, their “fate is still unlearned.” How then might we learn and build on what I and many others more skilled than I have done, emerging richer for the experience? <br />
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There is a crying need for an an authoritative dynamically growing encyclopedia and virtual repository of Baltimore City History, similar to what the Maryland Humanities Council attempted for Maryland History, but more on the collaborative model of Wikipedia. Creating a mediawiki for Baltimore History is neither expensive nor difficult (the software is free and creating the necessary server environment does not have to be costly top of the line). It could be in the ‘cloud’ (that mysterious nirvana of all electronic information) shared out and participated in by all institutions concerned with Baltimore history, through used equipment based at, say, the renovated Peale, with a permanent address (static IP) provided gratis by Verizon as a public service. While this all may sound mysterious because IT and Web service professionals like to make it sound that way to protect their business interests, it need not be. The great advantage of the open source movement and non profit models like wikipedia is that there are a lot of young minds who are willing to help out at minimal cost to keep access to the virtual world of information as free and open as possible. Indeed the future of democracy rests on how widely and inexpensively verifiable knowledge can be accessed. The future of Baltimore history rests on how easily verified and verifiable information can be located and added to, whether it be the history of the Star Spangled Banner, a biography of James Biays, the owner of the now forgotten estate of Mt. Jefferson in Waverly, the oral histories of the women’s movement of Charles Village, the life of the Baltimore newspaper editor, actor, turned Baptist preacher, or the real story of a house on Ann Street in Fell’s Point. Give it a home that is linked to the cloud, a modest equipment and maintenance budget, and a staff of professionals and volunteers, and the virtual world of Baltimore History will not only be permanently maintained and secure, but kept vibrantly accessible.<br />
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There is also a market for an inexpensive virtual research and writing environment for Baltimore History, designed to entice anyone seriously working on some aspect of the City’s past. Family history, neighborhood history, topical blogs, biography, all could be researched and drafted within an on-line research and writing environment similar to that offered by Google. In fact it could be Google, as long as it was backed up and stored locally on servers linked to the Baltimore City History wiki. For example, all of the good research and drafting of what is now currently being presented on any number of excellent Baltimore history related blogs could have its origins and its backup in a research, note taking, and drafting account on servers dedicated to a sustainable virtual archive of Baltimore related history. It would be a virtual sandbox, so to speak, where writers and teachers of topics related to Baltimore History could safely store and work with their notes and writings, secure in the knowledge that at some point their research notes could be accessed and built upon by others. If Google based, there would be no charge for service of backing up, save for a membership in the Society, with the benefit being a part of a permanent virtual archive.<br />
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How much would it cost to launch such an ambitious undertaking in the cause of Baltimore History? I estimate that, given a safe and secure space to house the virtual environment, that an initial investment of $20, 000 and annual maintenance support of $30,000 a year would be sufficient to get both up and running. Local corporations should be willing to underwrite, especially if the wiki included brief corporate histories and suggestions for further study (just recently we were asked to supply a speaker for T Rowe Price for which they offered an honorarium). To make it work would also require a team of oversight editor/managers, one paid, the rest volunteers. At minimum with benefits that might cost the equivalent of Research Foundation of State University New York Editor III - Global Studies Media Content Specialist Salary, or $52,611 a year, , and that too could be funded by annual corporate giving targeted for that purpose. In all $102,611 to launch the first year (assuming space is provided), and $85,000 a year thereafter.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oxMMBdZ9nNw/VVlX0uQ1PuI/AAAAAAAAQUs/APTepyog6W8/s1600/Ecpclio2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oxMMBdZ9nNw/VVlX0uQ1PuI/AAAAAAAAQUs/APTepyog6W8/s320/Ecpclio2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">For the prototype of what is suggested here as a wiki <br />
for Baltimore City History see: <a href="http://virtualarchive.us/">http://virtualarchive.us</a></td></tr>
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At this point I can see the shaking heads and they are not all in agreement. Are these two related objectives, something the Baltimore City Historical Society should be doing? If not, who?<br />
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If nothing is done along the lines I have suggested, it is my opinion, perhaps, only mine, that so much of the good work that has been done, and is now underway on the history of our city will be lost to obscurity within a few years. The irony is that today we have available to us search engines that provide remarkable access to information on-line in helpful ways that we could not have imagined two decades ago when Yahoo, Bing, and especially Google, began taking over the world of what we know and how we know it. But if we don’t find a way to push what we do know and discover about Baltimore’s history into what Google, etc. mines and keep it there perpetually, we actually will know less about our city and ourselves in the decades to come than we do now. The books will have been sold to collectors, paper notes and valuable ephemera will have been tossed by our executors, and the virtual manifestations of our work on our hard drives, in our blogs, textings, telephone, and email communications will have evaporated into the ether leaving no trail and our history 'still unlearned.<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 1.38;">'</span>ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-46505623476987164992015-04-29T10:44:00.002-04:002015-05-06T22:34:49.274-04:00Is Baltimore Burning?<br />
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Several years ago a good friend and I put together a <a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/stagser/s1259/121/2395/html/0000.html" target="_blank">document packet for use in the schools on the 1967 riots in Cambridge, Maryland, and the 1968 riots in Baltimore</a>, which we later updated to include the work of a University of Baltimore conference on the topic. We called it "Is Baltimore Burning?" as an allusion to the cable Hitler sent to his commanding general in Paris as the Allies approached the city.<br />
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Perhaps the most telling document we provided was an unauthorized recording of a meeting Governor Agnew held with the black leadership of Baltimore which I found buried in the video archives of the University of Baltimore. <a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2200/sc2221/000012/000006/html/00000001.html" target="_blank">In it, Keiffer Mitchell's grandmother was not allowed to speak or ask questions of the Governor who proceeded to berate those present as not only not doing enough to quell the disturbances, but also pointed the finger of blame at them</a>.<br />
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A lot has changed for the better since that sad day in 1968 when a white governor displayed his racism and ignorance with such reckless abandon and to such ill effect. Juanita Jackson Mitchell's grandson, Keiffer is on Governor Hogan's staff, giving advice and helping the Hogan administration to realize that the problem of the recent riots are deep seated, extending back to the days of slavery when the predominant political and social structure perceived of blacks as inferior creatures, only capable of serving their white masters in perpetuity.<br />
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It serves no useful purpose to re-state the obvious here. President Obama has been most eloquent on the problems facing American society today and the only solutions: affordable education, employment that proves meaningful and remunerative, and strengthening community values that help our children realize that the principal aim in life should be a concern for the health and welfare of others, not self-gratification and a license to attack the defenseless, or stealing several pairs of Nike's. The real <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Purge" target="_blank">Purge</a> that needs to take place in our world today should not be a license for crime at any time, one day or many days. It should be a cleansing of our souls, perhaps not quite the way recommended by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_On_Ice" target="_blank">Eldridge Cleaver</a>, but instead rooted more in understanding the past and making the present better through informed discussion, negotiation, peaceful demonstrations, and legally binding action. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MNBwOgfn6Ps/VUDtKE074zI/AAAAAAAAP70/tyTdhBN-Abk/s1600/d011778h.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MNBwOgfn6Ps/VUDtKE074zI/AAAAAAAAP70/tyTdhBN-Abk/s1600/d011778h.gif" height="280" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Civil rights activist H. Rap Brown, center, is seen
in this April 1968 file photo with his lawyer, William M. Kunstler, left.
He is surrounded by police after his arraignment on charges of inciting
a riot.</i> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">(<i>Capital,</i> Annapolis, MD, July 24, 1992, p. A5.)</span></td></tr>
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We should confront the rhetoric of today's H Rap Browns with historical reflection and reasonable collective action. We should stamp out the pernicious influence of the Bloods and the Crips, <a href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-riots/bal-video-gangs-call-for-calm-in-baltimore-20150427-premiumvideo.html" target="_blank">regardless of their pleas for calm</a>, by collectively providing a viable alternative, beginning with a city wide movement in the schools, private, public, and religious, to confront the past through the surviving archives, understand it, and move beyond it without the violence and destructive presence of armed gangs.<br />
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Parts of Baltimore are burning, but in addition to putting out the fires and restoring order, it is essential that we constructively confront and overcome our past with our eye on the future. Fortunately the Governor is listening, unlike Governor Agnew, and the Mayor took time during her efforts to manage the crisis to use it as a teaching moment at a school to those who need it the most, our children. Would that the rest of the Schools, including the exclusive private schools of Baltimore, had done the same instead of closing yesterday in fear.<br />
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Let's bring 'civics' and history back to the schools with an emphasis on both the past and solutions for the future. Let's give the archives that we have a chance to assist in the teaching of what has happened and why, while providing insight and paths to do better through participation in the political process and community building. ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-33015808912769695012015-04-13T20:28:00.000-04:002015-04-15T16:56:13.249-04:00Happy Birthday Mr. Jefferson! Reflections on Remembering Time and Place-- Thomas Jefferson in Annapolis, Maryland, November 25, 1783-May 11, 1784<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">a little snow lying in some places. Martins appear. Mockingbird sing</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">s”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Reflections on Remembering Time and Place--</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Thomas Jefferson in Annapolis, Maryland, </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">November 25, 1783-May 11, 1784</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="582px;" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/0xYyMhEqGVvzrH7AA-fbzU7dyB1PoYAyCRZVB361cOM4-ggpmN7pla5uIQ_7Eyhz2Li0FLbzf_qtdBpFqcCvQeMSizpcN1PzUe2fPViLJLymAxWAVhj2kMlUpj2rceC99SdCEnk" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="437px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Thomas Jefferson / Charles Willson Peale, 1791/ Oil on canvas / Independence National Historical Park Collection, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">source:</span><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Thomas_Jefferson_Portrait.jpg" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"> http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Thomas_Jefferson_Portrait.jpg</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">After Thomas Jefferson returned from his diplomatic mission to France in 1790 to become Secretary of State in Washington’s administration, Charles Willson Peale painted this portrait (1791-1792) displaying it in his Philadelphia Museum. By then much had changed, both in the government of the United States, and in the town of Annapolis that Jefferson had left on May 11, 1784 for his post in Paris. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">One outstanding feature of the Annapolis landscape that was not there in 1783-84, when Jefferson lived in Annapolis, and attended Congress as a delegate from Virginia, was the magnificent wooden dome of the Maryland State House, said to be the largest of its kind in English speaking America. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">After Congress moved the seat of the national government to Trenton, N.J. in November of 1784, having fled to Annapolis in the fall of 1783 from the angry uncompensated veterans in Philadelphia, the Maryland government decided to remove the old, leaky roof and dome of the Annapolis State House and replace it with something more grand and permanent as proposed and executed by a self-taught architect, </span><a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/012300/012389/html/msa12389.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Joseph Clark</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Charles Willson Peale, who got his start as an artist in Annapolis, sketched the results of the State House renovations in 1788. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="246" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/hK3Z2oKwhjh7K3H395k2fIv14LeMNNzSsmk-czuAD6bUHNZXhTZJlXMg1-ZuvqD8IgQztI0b7UsUhJqA5qMOWOVmbs1IcrGI2qla5T30JqudBIjUNY2wARUaockp9LcCBb6oVtU" style="border: medium none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="400" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Source: </span><a href="http://marylandstatehouse.blogspot.com/2014/07/joseph-clarks-dome.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://marylandstatehouse.blogspot.com/2014/07/joseph-clarks-dome.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">From the vantage point of the walkway high up on the dome, in September 1790, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison would reflect with a friend on the stories that could be told of the town Jefferson had known so well in those nearly seven busy months in Annapolis. He lived first at Mrs. Ghiselin’s boarding house on West Street, and then in a house just off Church Circle, rented from the eminent non-juror and loyalist sympathizing lawyer </span><a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/000300/000372/html/msa00372.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Daniel Dulany</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. The foundation of the house is now under the Anne Arundel County Courthouse Annex.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">On the trek up the narrow wooden stairway to the walkway around the dome, Jefferson was accompanied by James Madison, Thomas Lee Shippen, and Shippen’s friend, Dr. Schaaf, who for three hours regaled them by “opening the roofs of the houses, telling us the history of each family who lived in them.” The next day they had a sumptuous dinner of turtle and expensive old Madeira at George Mann’s Inn off Church (now Main Street) and Conduit.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Given the extent and quantity of his writing during his stay in Annapolis, it is difficult to imagine that Jefferson slept much. He found time to complete his </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Notes on Virginia</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> which, because of the high cost of printing in America, he took with him to be published in Paris. He also composed position papers and recommendations on the currency, on the disposition of the lands in the Northwest Territory that had been won from Britain, on the finances of the struggling Confederation government, on the protocol for accepting George Washington’s resignation as Commander in Chief (which took place on December 23, 1783), and a remarkable series of notes and annotations on number of subjects given to a Dutch friend, G. K. von Hogendorp, who later published his memories of Jefferson’s habits in Annapolis:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mr. Jefferson, during my attendance at the session of Congress, was more busily engaged than anyone. Retired from fashionable society, he concerned himself only with affairs of public interest, his sole diversion being that offered by belles lettres. The poor state of his health, he told me occasionally, was the cause of this retirement; but it seemed rather that his mind, accustomed to the unalloyed pleasure of the society of a lovable wife, was impervious since her loss to the feeble attractions of a common society, and that his soul, fed on noble thoughts, was revolted by idle chatter. [Boyd, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Papers of Thomas Jefferson</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, 7:82]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">He even took time almost immediately on his arrival in Annapolis, to instruct his eleven year old daughter, Patsy, on how she should occupy her time in Philadelphia. On November 28, 1783, he wrote:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">...the following is what I should approve.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">from 8. to 10 o’clock practise music</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">from 10. to 1. dance one day and draw another</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">from 1. to 2. draw on the day you dance, and write a letter the next day.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">from 3. to 4. read French.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">from 4. to 5. exercise yourself in music</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">from 5. till bedtime read English, write &c.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I expect you will write to me by every post. Inform me what books you read, what tunes you learn, and inclose me your best copy of every lesson in drawing. [Boyd, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Papers of Thomas Jefferson</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, 7:360]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Jefferson also began to record the weather each day, beginning, perhaps as a new year's resolution, in January of 1784, a habit he continued with one interruption, through January of 1790, and his return from France to Monticello. [</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Jefferson’s Memorandum Books</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, 771 ff]. </span><br />
<span id="docs-internal-guid-965cb89e-b55e-c23c-d203-4865ea7c57da" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">He also </span><a href="http://mdhs.mdsa.net/mhm/dsp_viewer.cfm?id=588100010162&span=1940-1949" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">recorded his daily expenses</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> which provide the basic outline for what he was doing and purchasing while in Annapolis, including send his Hemings servant to Baltimore to become a hairdresser. It didn’t work out. Hemings refused to go to France, and returned with the horses to Monticello while Jefferson went on to France. Evidently from the Peale portrait, Jefferson ultimately chose to do little with his hair, unlike many of his contemporaries. [see: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Jefferson’s Memorandum Books, ff 540-548].</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">On his birthday on April 13, 1784, Jefferson found the day fair and the temperature ranging from 45 to 58 degrees fahrenheit accompanied by the note: “a little snow lying in some places. Martins appear. Mockingbird sings.” [</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Jefferson’s Memorandum Books</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, 773-774]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Nearly fifty years ago, I brashly set out to map and interpret the town of Jefferson and of Congress’s time in Annapolis. With the help of my mentor, Johns Hopkins history professor Jack Greene, who agreed to be nominal principal investigator because a lowly graduate student could never secure a research grant on such a scale, I wrote a successful grant proposal to the National Endowment for the Humanities. The research files and the product of that research project are to be found at the Maryland State Archives. I have placed the maps and the lot histories on line.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">My dream was to create a layer of space and time that would accurately explain who owned what and where people lived in Annapolis in 1783 and 1784. To do so, the project I directed pioneered in creating accurate base maps (derived from the Sanborn insurance maps) and plotted the history of every piece of property in town as we could document it for 1783-84, linking place to biographies of residents and visitors, particularly members of Congress and residents who appeared on the tax list of 1783. It was all done on paper without the aid of computers and Google Maps, inspired by the work on one street, Cornhill, undertaken by one of the most thoughtful, gifted, and dedicated Archivists I have had the privilege to know, Phebe Jacobsen and her husband Bryce Jacobsen, long time athletic director for St. Johns College. It would translate well into an on-going, dynamic research web site, if only a sponsor and funding could be found.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">While the project never became the model for the on-going history of Annapolis that I had hoped it would, especially with the promise of the virtual world, it did inspire one of my colleagues, Jane McWilliams, to become the historian of the city. </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Annapolis-City-Severn-A-History/dp/0801896592" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Her book on Annapoli</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">s is both definitive and a good read.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">From our study of Annapolis lot histories, you can discover the places today that have survived, and that Jefferson would recognize, as well as learn of the sites of places no longer visible, where Jefferson dwelled, patronized, and was entertained.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">To guide and to document Jefferson’s activities in Annapolis, Jefferson has left a detailed accounting record, as well as extensive correspondence which Julian Boyd has made so accessible and readable in book form, but not all of which is yet accessible on line.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">If I were to lead a walking tour of Annapolis of places most familiar to Jefferson during his stay in 1783-84, I would start at the State House, in the rotunda, at the exhibit case containing the single piece of paper on which George Washington hastily (for him) composed his remarks to Congress resigning his commission, remarks that were required by the protocol of the ceremony Jefferson and his committee set forth for noon on December 23, 1783. </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">See: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Maryland+State+House/@38.978828,-76.490974">https://www.google.com/maps/place/Maryland+State+House/@38.978828,-76.490974</a></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Elaine Bachmann, Director of Artistic Property, Exhibits and Public Outreach, discusses the George Washington resignation display on Thursday. The Maryland State Archives acquired the speech in 2007 and put it on display</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Source: </span><a href="http://www.capitalgazette.com/news/annapolis/ph-ac-cn-history-qa-20150224,0,1397067,full.story" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.capitalgazette.com/news/annapolis/ph-ac-cn-history-qa-20150224,0,1397067,full.story</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">When on public business, Jefferson spent a great deal of time in the Maryland State House, most likely in the committee room, just off the Old Senate Chamber which houses some of the new exhibits prepared by the Maryland State Archives for interpreting the State House. Missing is the panel designed for the first exhibits in that room in 1984 which documented the residences of the members of Congress in 1783-84, but in its place, the text of that exhibit can be found at: <a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5200/sc5287/000009/000000/000007/unrestricted/committee.pdf">http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5200/sc5287/000009/000000/000007/unrestricted/committee.pdf</a>. If you care to know where the rest of Congress lived while in Annapolis, you should start there.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">From the State House, exit to the northward, down the steps toward Lawyer’s Mall and left around the circle towards towards the Shaw House (8 State Circle). This was home and shop of the cabinet maker John Shaw where Jefferson would have stopped to order the cabinetry recorded in his accounts. Shaw was in charge of the furnishings and maintenance of the State House at the time and had commissioned the very large U. S. Flag that flew over the State House while Congress was resident.</span><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0FkwyeZijWw/VS7JLq3AckI/AAAAAAAAPx0/XwBGCIokDC8/s1600/shaw_house_8_state_circle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0FkwyeZijWw/VS7JLq3AckI/AAAAAAAAPx0/XwBGCIokDC8/s1600/shaw_house_8_state_circle.jpg" height="295" width="400" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">See: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8+State+Cir,+Annapolis,+MD+21401/@38.9784263,-76.4911445">https://www.google.com/maps/place/8+State+Cir,+Annapolis,+MD+21401/@38.9784263,-76.4911445</a></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The original of the watercolor depicting the flag over the State House when Jefferson resided in town, can be seen at one of the stops along the walk, the Hammond Harwood House. I discovered the watercolor by chance one day on a self-guided tour of the house. At the time it was not interpreted nor widely known. I was stunned to see that the flag we had reconstructed for the first version of the Shaw flag from the receipts for cloth used, was in error (since corrected) and was overwhelmed by the beauty of the detail of what it depicted of the town about the time of Jefferson’s return in 1790.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Source: </span><a href="http://marylandstatehouse.blogspot.com/2013/11/a-flag-for-state-house.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://marylandstatehouse.blogspot.com/2013/11/a-flag-for-state-house.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Jefferson so admired the architecture of the Hammond Harwood House on Maryland Avenue, that he sketched it in some detail:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Source: </span><a href="http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/doc?id=arch_N527&mode=lgImg&query=%22Annapolis%22&tag=text&archive=arch&numRecs=2&num=10&rec=2" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.masshist.org/thomasjeffersonpapers/doc?id=arch_N527&mode=lgImg&query=%22Annapolis%22&tag=text&archive=arch&numRecs=2&num=10&rec=2</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Proceed from the Shaw House around State Circle to Maryland Avenue and on to the Hammond Harwood House for one of the best house tours in the city. </span><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2kVUBZRD4A0/VS7JjZDe3II/AAAAAAAAPx8/WX8EdXSTyRE/s1600/hammond_harwood_house_google.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2kVUBZRD4A0/VS7JjZDe3II/AAAAAAAAPx8/WX8EdXSTyRE/s1600/hammond_harwood_house_google.jpg" height="323" width="400" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">See: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Hammond-Harwood+House/@38.9801688,-76.4872671">https://www.google.com/maps/place/Hammond-Harwood+House/@38.9801688,-76.4872671</a></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Afterwards return to the corner of Maryland Avenue and Prince George Street, walking southward towards the Harbor. On your left, just before East Street, stop at the Paca House to visit the house and the gardens.</span><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UML_Kn1zLgM/VS7KN3TGYnI/AAAAAAAAPyE/ZKeScygskOo/s1600/paca_house_google.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UML_Kn1zLgM/VS7KN3TGYnI/AAAAAAAAPyE/ZKeScygskOo/s1600/paca_house_google.jpg" height="326" width="400" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">See: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/William+Paca+House+%26+Garden/@38.979625,-76.487891">https://www.google.com/maps/place/William+Paca+House+%26+Garden/@38.979625,-76.487891</a></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Source: </span><a href="http://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/annapolis-us-md-an.htm" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/annapolis-us-md-an.htm</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">There is no indication that Jefferson ever visited the Paca House or the much larger Brice House around the corner on East Street, but it is doubtful that he would have missed a chance to visit the garden, and he may even have spent time in the two houses that enjoy the view of the garden. The Brice House, facing on East Street, is the largest of the colonial mansion built in Annapolis, and, if open, is well worth the visit. The interior woodwork that dates back to just before Jefferson’s time in Annapolis is especially charming, including the mantle carved by an indentured servant named Mickey Mantle.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41ZCqqTso6L._SX258_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" height="338px;" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/JBnap7Mopvcj6z5benm-0LC_jGiEDEjua3l9YCO2Z-iS0khMPWrwPFnpbKwRlPJFp5oqbYujCiCNE2pabbjgBcYTI7OSh9my_10H8pyXLhGz9c9sTOcjbxKPhnr4X803dwfGui4" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="260px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">source: </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Building-James-Brice-House-1767-1774/dp/0942370635" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.amazon.com/Building-James-Brice-House-1767-1774/dp/0942370635</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">After leaving the Paca Garden and the Paca and Brice townhouses, proceed next down Prince George Street, again towards the harbor, stopping in front of 142 Prince George Street, Dr. James Murray’s house. Apart from his government colleagues and those who stayed with him at the Dulany House on the west side of town, Jefferson probably spent more time here with Dr. Murray than any other resident. He may have even showered there from water collected from the roof in a lead lined cistern and funneled through a ‘shower head.’ Dr. Murray was a great believer in the medical advantages of a cold shower.</span><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zyVV86YtlIw/VS7KXc6vefI/AAAAAAAAPyM/_Uh_DvEUne4/s1600/murray_142_pg_street.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zyVV86YtlIw/VS7KXc6vefI/AAAAAAAAPyM/_Uh_DvEUne4/s1600/murray_142_pg_street.jpg" height="302" width="400" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">See: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/142+Prince+George+St,+Annapolis,+MD+21401/@38.9785575">https://www.google.com/maps/place/142+Prince+George+St,+Annapolis,+MD+21401/@38.9785575</a></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="History of the Annapolis Inn Murray House" height="248" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/VGz_onnb9rUJ9UL5_I2s7TUnidlO7dYrLsgBKsuwjHWGu25u0z98aEQIwxxACjLVrawgYpv_8W4lGoPYAJ3RgcDlHRh0qMGLf_7ZwjQXyFxNU-TC70higKzwf_QF0txkkN8rHts" style="border: medium none; transform: rotate(0rad);" title="Annapolis Inn History" width="400" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Source: </span><a href="http://annapolisinn.com/blog/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://annapolisinn.com/blog/</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Farther on, when you get to Randall Street, turn right, and proceed to Middleton’s Tavern on the right facing Market Space. In 1783/84 it would have been occupied by Gilbert Middleton, and after Jefferson left, by John Randall, a Revolutionary War veteran and supplier of uniforms, who, as customs officer appointed by Washington in the 1790s used the building as the first Annapolis customs house under the new Federal Constitution.</span><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HvFJBaYZS8I/VS7KjqDHySI/AAAAAAAAPyU/EMuRaBxUR4Q/s1600/middletons_tavern_google.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HvFJBaYZS8I/VS7KjqDHySI/AAAAAAAAPyU/EMuRaBxUR4Q/s1600/middletons_tavern_google.jpg" height="322" width="400" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">See: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Middleton+Tavern/@38.978177,-76.486914" target="_blank">https://www.google.com/maps/place/Middleton+Tavern/@38.978177,-76.486914</a></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">source: </span><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/army_arch/2168147783/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">https://www.flickr.com/photos/army_arch/2168147783/</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">There would have been a market there in Jefferson’s time, but closer to the traffic circle. To his right, on Market Space, Jefferson would have seen the impressive Wallace Davidson and Johnson building, only one portion of which still stands today on the corner of Fleet and Market Space (. On his first days in Annapolis, Jefferson would visit John Davidson’s store in this building and purchase several items, repeating himself on more than one occasion throughout his stay.</span><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UMK16StIuS0/VS7KvmJhxSI/AAAAAAAAPyc/ayMojs1lIU8/s1600/wdj_26_market_space_google.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UMK16StIuS0/VS7KvmJhxSI/AAAAAAAAPyc/ayMojs1lIU8/s1600/wdj_26_market_space_google.jpg" height="290" width="400" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WWfi0n23HYw/VS6iPob63GI/AAAAAAAAPwE/W-MFuLkklFM/s1600/coordinates_26_market_wdj.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WWfi0n23HYw/VS6iPob63GI/AAAAAAAAPwE/W-MFuLkklFM/s1600/coordinates_26_market_wdj.jpg" height="258" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">See: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/26+Market+Space,+Annapolis,+MD+21401/@38.9780022,-76.4876057">https://www.google.com/maps/place/26+Market+Space,+Annapolis,+MD+21401/@38.9780022,-76.4876057</a></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="321" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/VgX8_C78sPbi1KCc-VKdUp-Sao0bOEwVxV1i6xmOO485oou12AMtlEzByRMC3tV3liIAICYRLjpnbMzAMs0wH4Efj7diu2ePhZcdkzhcLfLR4fCBDTz2bZfx9HQWQi6bPTGS8m0" style="border: medium none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Source: </span><a href="http://mdhistory.net/msaref06/wdj_order_bks/html/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://mdhistory.net/msaref06/wdj_order_bks/html/</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The surviving quarter of the building on the corner of Fleet Street is just beyond the second large chimney</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">If you pause at the corner of Fleet and Market Space, and look back up towards the State House, 10 Cornhill was occupied by the silversmith John Chalmers from whom Jefferson purchased a silver cover for an ivory book, martingal rings & buckle for his horse.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Next follow Market Space to Main Street, turning right and walking up Main, proceed to Conduit. Turn left on to Conduit, passing a colonial style building on the left which is now a Masonic lodge (162 Conduit Street).</span><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uPDeVtcPceo/VS6sb4ypdrI/AAAAAAAAPxA/7i-oqom5_DI/s1600/162_conduit_street_annapolis_google.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uPDeVtcPceo/VS6sb4ypdrI/AAAAAAAAPxA/7i-oqom5_DI/s1600/162_conduit_street_annapolis_google.jpg" height="343" width="400" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">See: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/162+Conduit+St,+Annapolis,+MD+21401/@38.977195,-76.4900537">https://www.google.com/maps/place/162+Conduit+St,+Annapolis,+MD+21401/@38.977195,-76.4900537</a></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Neither it nor the row houses beyond would have been there in Jefferson’s time. Instead he would have seen the courtyard and Mann’s Tavern where he first stayed in Annapolis, and dined with his friends after his trip up the State House dome. Mann’s is also where George Washington slept during his brief stay in Annapolis in December 1783, and where he probably composed his remarks resigning his commission, now on display in the State House. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="http://www.annapolislodge.com/images/stories/manns_tavern_19th_century.jpg" height="441px;" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/zMptpCYZ86BKXI4L6W-ZPD5XXMk9ZWjbPTd2Ip3JTGrf0xfq3yCeXI5bZJZV-WPvSRvBv-QnMVe2eXqPsp_ECqfUo_lqoxyQ4_HqPRDgWN8XKPLXkfJQ8-ACZ17T94uv1MBm3AM" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="500px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Source: </span><a href="http://www.annapolislodge.com/no_javascript/index.aspx?target=building.php" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.annapolislodge.com/no_javascript/index.aspx?target=building.php</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">At the corner of Duke of Gloucester Street turn right and walk up the street towards Church Circle, turning left towards the 1820s Anne Arundel County Courthouse, the site of the house that Jefferson rented, and where he completed the draft of his <i>Notes on Virginia</i>. </span><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cBt_kLcIEHE/VS6sGpAZbgI/AAAAAAAAPw4/BkCDHu93wgE/s1600/dulany_house_site_google.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cBt_kLcIEHE/VS6sGpAZbgI/AAAAAAAAPw4/BkCDHu93wgE/s1600/dulany_house_site_google.jpg" height="307" width="400" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">See: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8+Church+Cir,+Annapolis,+MD+21401/@38.977864,-76.493167">https://www.google.com/maps/place/8+Church+Cir,+Annapolis,+MD+21401/@38.977864,-76.493167</a></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">When he left Annapolis for Paris, Jefferson sold his possessions and his library there to future president James Monroe for 21 pounds 12 shillings and 8 pence.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="640px;" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/wLez5z0BcUsyQG-PkRvIClccsPcml369AXNnHEOHRtXDN4l5WxnFnB_4-F9fn7eVknGKU6MAJPcW1N8HWuodwnwJb8ANCzkUvCeTazpUTKwqjeUDbTmLv1Oij1S4Fy-HIH5Wyg8" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="376px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[Boyd, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Papers of Thomas Jefferson</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, 6:240]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Undoubtedly the house was also supplied with some furniture belonging to Daniel Dulany, possibly including Dulany’s desk on which he wrote the best known attack on the Stamp Act of 1765, and the losing arguments in the </span><a href="http://marylandarchivist.blogspot.com/2015/04/first-citizen-and-antilon-charles.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">debate with Charles Carroll of Carrollton over the fee making powers</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> of the last colonial governor, Sir Robert Eden.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Continue around the outer rim of Church Circle past the Courthouse and by Reynold’s Tavern to West street, turning left. Pause at the site of Mrs. Ghesilin’s boarding house (30 West Street) where Jefferson first stayed on his arrival in Annapolis in November, 1783.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_gU-B2m208k/VS6ubtOY08I/AAAAAAAAPxU/aEcnAqof434/s1600/30_west_street_ghiselins_google.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_gU-B2m208k/VS6ubtOY08I/AAAAAAAAPxU/aEcnAqof434/s1600/30_west_street_ghiselins_google.jpg" height="298" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MSIctGlrwTk/VS6vLLRpHyI/AAAAAAAAPxc/1F69TpBbHRQ/s1600/coordinates_30_west_street_mrs_ghesilins.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MSIctGlrwTk/VS6vLLRpHyI/AAAAAAAAPxc/1F69TpBbHRQ/s1600/coordinates_30_west_street_mrs_ghesilins.jpg" height="237" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">See: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/30+West+St,+Annapolis,+MD+21401/@38.978379,-76.4944118">https://www.google.com/maps/place/30+West+St,+Annapolis,+MD+21401/@38.978379,-76.4944118</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
West Street was the approach by land to Annapolis in 1783. George Washington entered the city that way, as did Thomas Jefferson, although he would depart the city by the Rockhall Ferry in 1784. Turning back towards the Church on Church Circle, Jefferson would have seen a diminished pile of bricks for the new church (long since demolished and replaced by the current structure) from which an enterprising member of vestry (Thomas Hyde) ‘borrowed’ for his inn. The inn can still be seen at the tip of Main and Duke of Gloucester streets. Now known as the Maryland Inn, the first triangular shaped commercial building of its kind in America, it was still under construction in 1784. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="http://www.annapolis.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Things-to-do-in-Annapolis-February-4-10-Maryland-Inn-History1.jpg" height="294px;" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-ZeqWV5Ni_cNOsYQ5_JTrfTY97EfZ_ZK7ZX9AGyBiScTsu1LqlQ84Fvz2424MX2pYGbahfw5HFRqQBg7feqk7mFNKNbntgyTAFJlvAnFspNWn-hm1E2_xvZFnEhrUMxvYHTIjLE" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="413px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">source: </span><a href="http://www.annapolis.com/annapolis-february-4-10/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.annapolis.com/annapolis-february-4-10/</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">You might want to stop here for refreshment, or proceed back down Main Street to Middleton’s Tavern on Market Space. </span><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6qb8jImWzyg/VS6lPn68YkI/AAAAAAAAPwo/O9cWPBnbLfs/s1600/middletons_tavern_google.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6qb8jImWzyg/VS6lPn68YkI/AAAAAAAAPwo/O9cWPBnbLfs/s1600/middletons_tavern_google.jpg" height="322" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">It would have been here at Middleton’s Tavern that Jefferson would have purchased his passage on the Middleton ferry to Rock Hall when he left Annapolis on his way to Paris on May 11, 1784. His last entry for the weather in Annapolis was for the 10th of May when it was a pleasant 65 degrees. He would not resume his systematic recording of the weather until slightly over a year later in France, when on the afternoon of June 9, 1785, it was but a degree warmer.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">If Jefferson celebrated his birthday while in Annapolis, no record of it survives. Happy Birthday, Mr. President! We should observe the day as a tribute to your public service and unceasing intellectual curiosity, even if you did not.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">April 13, 2015</span></div>
ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-5035394632476520092015-04-11T18:08:00.004-04:002015-04-11T20:29:48.575-04:00Yesterday's email: John F. Kennedy, Max Freedman, and the history of Imperial China?<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-199048ef-aa6c-ace6-719e-9da7cd28e267" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Yesterday's email</i></span></span></span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><i>Are the private messages a public figure writes of importance to our understanding of the past? Should all correspondence, particularly emails, of public figures be subject to public scrutiny and permanent retention regardless of what server or storage device they may be on? These are serious questions that will not be answered easily and are so politically charged at the moment, that resolution is not imminent. Fifty-five years ago we were not confronted with the problems posed by public policy via email, and fairly reasonable guidelines for managing the paper files of government officials were in place, although presidential tape recordings in the White House would prove a thorny issue to resolve some years later, consuming one presidency in the process. Today Presidents probably fire off notes as instant messages from their phones or tablets, but apparently President Kennedy used small hand-written ones. </i> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Not too long ago our son acquired a book containing a hand-written note that intrigued him and our grandson Everett.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">It was from John F. Kennedy to “President Freedman” in which he sends the book, a biography of the Dowager Empress of China, along with the comment that the author “may have been a fraud, but he wrote a corking good story….good luck keeping the names straight…” and points to the page to read first. The handwriting on the note resembles one of President Kennedy’s secretaries, but the signature appears to be his (the Kennedy Library as a matter of policy declined to authenticate).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wGXWkXlxvPA/VSmVXKF1KxI/AAAAAAAAPrY/OtdYcRsU5Ow/s1600/jfk_freedman_01_reduced.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wGXWkXlxvPA/VSmVXKF1KxI/AAAAAAAAPrY/OtdYcRsU5Ow/s1600/jfk_freedman_01_reduced.jpg" height="308" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">To whom was it addressed? A reasonable guess is that it was a playful Hanukkah greeting to </span><a href="http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/freedman_m.shtml" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Max Freedman (1915-1980)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, the Manitoban who was the Washington Correspondent of the Manchester Guardian and Free Press, before and during the Kennedy Presidency, or to his brother </span><a href="http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/freedman_s.shtml" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Samuel</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, the Chancellor of the University of Manitoba. Max Freedman was a friend with whom John Kennedy spent a number of evenings discussing their love of books on a wide range of topics, but especially biography. The Kennedy library has transcribed an</span><a href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKOH-MAF-01.aspx" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"> oral history interview with Max Freedman</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> which can be found on their web site, and, in response to an inquiry about the President’s relationship with Max Freedman, alluded to the off-the-record dinners. According to Max Freedman:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">…</span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Now, one of the things I used to do for him – I would break his tension – quite often I would get a telephone call from him, and he‟d ask me about a book. And as abruptly as he had phoned, he would sign off. Sometimes he would talk to me for thirty seconds, sometimes for five or ten minutes. But I always knew that something had gone wrong, and he knew that if he got me on the phone that he could talk to me about books or the theater, and that would be it. It was helpful to him. I remember the last thing I ever did for him. We were there one night, and we were talking about biographies, and he asked to give him some. So I sent him thirteen, and he returned twelve with comments on them</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">…</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKOH-MAF-01.aspx" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Max Freedman Interview, Kennedy Library, p 66-67</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Is it genuine? To whom is it written? Is it in a book from the personal library of JFK? Ought it be preserved in a public archive somewhere? Suggestions (and evidence) are welcome, especially to Everett who, along with his grandfather, believes it provides further insight into the intellectual interests of JFK, and, who also, of course, is curious about its monetary worth.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">At one of his last news conferences on November 14, 1963, President Kennedy addressed relations with China:</span></span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">…</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">QUESTION:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Mr. President, what are the prerequisites or conditions for resumption of some sort of trade with Red China?</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">THE PRESIDENT:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">
We are not planning on trade with Red China in view of the policy that
Red China pursues. If the Red Chinese indicate a desire to live at peace
with the United States, with other countries surrounding it, then quite
obviously the United states would re-appraise its policies. We are not
wedded to a policy of hostility to Red China. It seems to me Red China's
policies are what create the tension between not only the United States
and Red China but between Red China and India, between Red China and
her immediate neighbors to the south, and even between Red China and
other Communist countries.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">…</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Source: </span><a href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/Press-Conferences/News-Conference-64.aspx" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/Press-Conferences/News-Conference-64.aspx</span></a></span></i></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-199048ef-aa8a-52b7-b67d-3b31badeb3a3" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-199048ef-aa8a-52b7-b67d-3b31badeb3a3" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The more things change, the more they remain the same, especially in the South China Sea. Perhaps if President Kennedy were in office today, he would call on someone like Max Freedman and discuss the biography of the next to last of the Manchus to relieve the tension, even if he did not record the call for us to listen in.</span> </span></span></div>
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ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-72086088572870743732015-04-08T14:54:00.000-04:002015-04-08T15:19:55.566-04:00First Citizen and Antilon: Charles Carroll of Carrollton and Daniel Dulany<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">First Citizen Awards: 2015</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="First Citizen Award Medal" height="200" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/kMo4imFzlDLetYB8Fpc2mIo095c2b-ztZ9efVBHTQzD8GoGqy9O41-71KD0RIHWfr5BVOlZui26Z9aWHdR1aoeC_9LhTxFJQe1SDdrnj4fvba9778vbo-mRU5Hv0FthFLFXQMSk" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0rad);" title="Old State House" width="196" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: start;"><a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/05sen/html/senmed.html" target="_blank">In commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence by Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Congress authorized the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States in 1976 to strike a bronze medal of the same size as the original commemorative medal and furnish it to the Baltimore Museum of Art (P.L. 94-257)</a></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">Remarks before the Senate of Maryland </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">by</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Edward C. Papenfuse, Maryland State Archivist, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 19px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Emeritus</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3/19/2015</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">President Miller, members of the Senate, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen: </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is my privilege to be here again today to present, on your behalf, the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/html/firstcitizen.html" target="_blank">First Citizen</a></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/html/firstcitizen.html" target="_blank"> Awards</a> of the Maryland Senate. <a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/html/firstcitizen.html" target="_blank">Since 1992</a>, I have had the honor, on behalf of the Senate and President Miller, of explaining the reasons for the award, and to prepare brief summaries of the many contributions the awardees have made in their lifetime of public service. The award is a boxed edition of the 1773 newspaper debate between </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>First Citizen</i></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i>Antilon</i></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> by a graduate school colleague of mine at Johns Hopkins, Peter Onuf, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #6a6a6a; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Thomas Jefferson</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;"> Memorial Foundation </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #6a6a6a; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;">Professor</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454; line-height: 18.2000007629395px;"> of History, Emeritus, at the University of Virginia.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The text of the award says best what it means to be a </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">First Citizen</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">First Citizen</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is the name that Charles Carroll of Carrollton chose to sign a series of articles published by Anne Catharine Green in the Annapolis </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maryland Gazette</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in 1773 in which he debated in print with a formidable opponent, Daniel Dulany, Jr., who, under the assumed name ‘Antilon,’ defended the Governor’s right to impose fees without legislative authority. Carroll’s articles form a strong defense of an independent legislature and were among the earliest arguments for a new concept of government based upon traditional community rights and liberties that protected its citizens from arbitrary rule. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-m_jyBpZT_rg/VSV3w2MX-QI/AAAAAAAAPps/UcmzWLtA_Uk/s1600/1773_01_07_first_citizen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-m_jyBpZT_rg/VSV3w2MX-QI/AAAAAAAAPps/UcmzWLtA_Uk/s1600/1773_01_07_first_citizen.jpg" height="196" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/001282/html/m1282-0265.html" target="_blank">Daniel Dulany's first article from the <i>Maryland Gazette</i>, 1773/01/07</a></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">At the time, Carroll, as a Roman Catholic, could neither vote nor hold public office because of his faith. With the publication of these articles, Carroll launched a career of public service that began with his active participation in the Revolution, gaining him a vote with the right to run for public office, and did not end until his death at the age of 95 in 1832, as the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence. In addition to helping draft Maryland's first Constitution and adding his signature to the Declaration of Independence in 1776, Carroll served as President of the Maryland Senate, of which he was a member from 1777 to 1800, and as one of the first United States Senators from Maryland (1789-1792). </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To be a First Citizen is to be a dedicated and effective participant in the process of making government work for the benefit of all.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img alt="Charles Carroll of Carrollton - Michael Laty.jpg" height="354px;" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/CbCB9TZ1s86Bk8IcHSCWC54noubsghVovOOv1LNUSVTaSP7vBrgWM4kPW__tRdGpLbq5iVrdGQpAn61_g0iM66D6vcLhYs_SDzz_Y16GFKXW7Z-HvCYQk-DeN7RQ9TsYdCRwF9k" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="292px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://ih.constantcontact.com/fs155/1108762609255/img/7835.jpg?a=1115528116926" target="_blank">Charles Carroll of Carrollton (1737-1832)</a></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Although not yet fully articulated in the First Citizen letters, Charles Carroll was challenging all citizens to think about much needed changes in government, changes that would allow people like him "freedom of speech and thought," changes that would separate the powers of the Executive and the Legislature, and that would ensure that taxation could not be imposed by anyone not subject to the laws passed by the Legislature. Carroll was among the first people in the colonies to advance a new concept of government based on the advice and consent of the people. This led to one of the most creative experiments in defining self-government that the world has ever witnessed.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To Carroll, and to others such as his distant cousin, Charles Carroll the Barrister, Samuel Chase, and William Paca, all of whom served in the Maryland Senate, making government work for the good of the whole meant a thoughtful reworking of the structure of government by writing it all down, debating the results, and crafting the final product in committees separately and of the whole. Carroll as </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">First Citizen</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, saw government much as every citizen should see it today, in constant need of attention and thoughtful, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">timely</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, legislative action.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="408px;" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/dQsu51-Wp0n4BSzZVv7MkGe9R1NFUSL0a70w433S82aITwTsm40RQDOEjlDwBLeNOjSjVWgmRFBbZIs-ZJE8NEgJgKv4iAqsU0yEjgMar-fqKt2Qyl7jX-9PFV0vu6PQc8e2_M8" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="318px;" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Catherine_Hoof_Green#/media/File:Charles_Willson_Peale_-_Anne_Catharine_Hoof_Green_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" target="_blank">Anne Catharine Green (c.1720-1775)</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Printer to the colony and convention of Marylan</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">d</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and publisher of the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Maryland Gazette</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Standing at the ready to assist in his first public debate over legislative rights with a seasoned politician who was widely known for his ability to win an argument, was the printer to the colony and publisher of the local newspaper, Anne Catharine Green. While women would not reach full citizenship until the 20th century, Maryland has been fortunate to have a number of women printers and editors like Anne Catharine Green who pushed the envelope of public debate through the printed word, and in doing so, advanced reasoned democracy.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2t2_WusYxuQ/VSV4xOqYRTI/AAAAAAAAPp0/ApIbUVXl2h4/s1600/1773_07_01_carroll_last_word.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-2t2_WusYxuQ/VSV4xOqYRTI/AAAAAAAAPp0/ApIbUVXl2h4/s1600/1773_07_01_carroll_last_word.jpg" height="295" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/001282/html/m1282-0392.html" target="_blank">Carroll: the last word, Maryland Gazette, 1773/07/01</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.38; white-space: pre-wrap;">Over seven months beginning in January of 1773 and ending with Carroll having the last published word on July 1, 1773, the debate between Charles Carroll and Daniel Dulany raged in print over whether or not the Governor had the right to set fees for government services without the consent of the legislature. In the end Carroll won the argument, but not until a new government was formed and George Washington had achieved a military victory over the King’s army.</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In giving this award in honor of Charles Carroll of Carrollton’s career as a First Citizen of Maryland, it is important not to overlook his worthy opponent in the newspaper exchange, Daniel Dulany, and the fact that Carroll and Dulany, like our democracy, were not perfect.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img src="http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/images/danie_dulany_jr.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/biographies/daniel-dulany/" target="_blank">Daniel Dulany (1722-1797</a>)</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Daniel Dulany was by far the best lawyer of his day, and even though he was opposed to independence, he had been the chief spokesperson who published the best known pamphlet against the notorious stamp act in 1765, and remained in Maryland to his death in 1797, where, deprived of his right to vote because he would not sign an oath of allegiance to the new government, he continued to give sound legal advice and was consulted by the government on a wide range of constitutional and legal matters. You could say that he proved to be the epitome of the loyal opposition, although his loyalty was to the old political world and not the new. He chose to write under the name “Antilon,” using it for the first time on Valentine’s Day, 1773. It was not much of a valentine as it was, what the word meant in spanish: a stinging, drawing plaster, which would draw the poison, or virus, from the arguments of First Citizen. Political writing in Dulany and Carroll’s day and ours often has sting to it, warranted or unwarranted. Fortunately for our Democracy, the attempt failed and Carroll’s arguments prevailed.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Charles Carroll’s vision of the future was clouded as well. He was a strong supporter of slavery, and could not envision a world without it, yet the government that he helped create, and the principles upon which it was founded, left the door open to slavery’s demise and a new definition of citizenship, even though it would take a bloody civil war in order to have it written into law and practice. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What is important to remember about Charles Carroll as </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">First Citizen</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and Daniel Dulany as </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Antilon</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, is that they preferred the arena of written and oral debate with timely legislative action to actual dueling and armed combat to settle political differences and forging public policies. Carroll ultimately won the argument in favor of reasoned and timely actions of a duly-elected representative body including the Maryland Senate, in which Carroll would serve as its president, and resign his place in the U. S. Senate to return to its chamber. </span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Today the Maryland Senate recognizes three individuals whose public careers have a common thread, coping with the manifold budget challenges facing the State of Maryland. All three have served on the Senate Budget and Taxation Committee, and are actively engaged in a wide range of budgetary matters. One was a member of the loyal opposition, and is now faced with crafting and implementing the new governor’s budget.</span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Today the Maryland Senate pays tribute to the public careers of </span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Ulysses Currie:</b></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-d308d6d0-9a3d-cd2d-cfb0-3817719d0532"><span style="font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Defining and separating the line between public responsibilities and private work for a citizen legislator with a part-time salary can prove to be a bumpy highway. Senator Currie has had to confront a Federal jury, a hostile press, and his senate peers because of his private work as a consultant, and his own inadequate record keeping. He faced up to the challenges and was acquitted of all criminal charges, but he also refused to make excuses. He characterized himself as a person with flaws and weaknesses, and vowed to do better, which in the eyes of his colleagues and his constituents who re-elected him last fall by over a 92% majority, he has continued to do. Today the Senate of Maryland pays tribute to his devotion to this institution, and to the unceasing attention he gives to the causes to which he assigns high priority, especially funding education and finding equal employment opportunities for those who need it most. From sharecropper’s son and the tobacco fields of North Carolina to being a school principal and a long serving member of the Maryland Legislature, the Maryland Senate presents Ulysses S. Currie its First Citizen Award for 2015.</span></span></span></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Edward J. Kasemeyer:</b></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-d308d6d0-9a3e-442c-e595-48cacfc1f51a"></span><br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span id="docs-internal-guid-d308d6d0-9a3e-442c-e595-48cacfc1f51a"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Having appeared before Senator Kasemeyer to defend the Archives budget, I have personal knowledge of his attention to budget details and the wisdom with which he approaches the difficult task of balancing a budget in which projected income seems to always falls short of reality. As the </span><span style="font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Howard County Times</span><span style="font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> put it, he is a ‘powerful’ senator who prefers to work largely out of the spotlight. One county council member described him as “a thoughtful, pragmatic official and one of the most adept politicians at balancing competing interests.” First elected to the House of Delegates in 1982, he was elected to the state senate in 1986, lost the next election, but was returned in 1994 where he has served ever since, rising to the critically important position of chairman of Budget and Taxation. As President Miller has said on at least one occasion, Senator Kasemeyer never raises his voice, but when he rises to speak, people listen. As one of his Republican colleagues points out, “he’s somebody who’s willing to listen to all sides. He’s approachable and he’s fair.” In many ways that is the essence of a First Citizen, especially when it is combined, as it is in Senator Kasemeyer, with a work ethic that produces results on behalf of his constituents and all the people of Maryland. To Senator Edward J. Kasemeyer, the Maryland Senate presents its First Citizen Award for 2015.</span></span></span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-d308d6d0-9a3e-442c-e595-48cacfc1f51a">
</span>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and </span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>David R. Brinkley:</b></span><br />
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">To be a member of the loyal opposition in hammering out fiscal policy and then to join the executive branch in an effort to both implement and shepherd that policy in new directions takes courage and considerable fortitude, especially when your party is not in the majority. David Brinkley has the reputation of both a large capacity for detailed budget related work and a willingness to seek solutions based upon compromise and political reality, as long, of course, as the budget is balanced and the overall costs of government are restrained, and where possible, reduced. In many respects his political mantra might be the wisdom of Benjamin Franklin at the 1787 Constitutional Convention who in his final speech to the delegates praised their willingness to accept the outcome of compromise, even though it might not have approached the perfection that had been sought by the individual members. </span></span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-d308d6d0-9a4b-8676-a023-60ad3e0464f1" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Perhaps Secretary Brinkley and all honorees today would agree with Franklin’s personal observation that </span></span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">…[ the older he grew, the more apt he was to doubt his own judgment, and to pay more respect to the judgment of others]. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Most men indeed as well as most sects in Religion, think themselves in possession of all truth </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[said Franklin, but]... </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">few express it so naturally as a certain french lady, who in a dispute with her sister, said "I don't know how it happens, Sister but I meet with no body but myself, that's always in the right — Il n'y a que moi qui a toujours raison."</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-N_4ZZkZ88KQ/VSV9KNKRGLI/AAAAAAAAPqA/naZX6zk8JMg/s1600/franklin_speech_1787_ratification.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-N_4ZZkZ88KQ/VSV9KNKRGLI/AAAAAAAAPqA/naZX6zk8JMg/s1600/franklin_speech_1787_ratification.jpg" height="264" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In any event, it is with respect and appreciation for his devotion to the public interest and his determination to master the complexities of proposing budgetary policies as well as working through the inevitable results of compromise, that the Maryland Senate presents David R. Brinkley with the 2015 First Citizen Award.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-36232818719399488312015-04-08T01:07:00.003-04:002016-10-01T14:01:29.237-04:00Recreating Lost Neighborhoods: The House on Ann Street, Fells Point, Baltimore City, Maryland<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><b>Stories
of life in a seafaring community in the first decades of the
Republic, from the perspective of an owner of the Robert Long House
(812 Ann Street, Fell's Point, Baltimore, Maryland), her family, and
a few of her neighbors</b></i></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 0.49in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>Romaine
Somervile, the indefatigable former director of the Maryland
Historical Society, and a leading Fell's Point preservationist, asked
me to contribute a talk and tour for the Preservation Society of
Fell's Point and Baltimore Heritage in celebration of the 250<sup>th</sup>
anniversary of the Robert Long House (812 Ann Street, Fell's Point).
What follows is an exploration of the first 60 or so years of
Fell's Point's history, focusing on the development of the community
and neighborhoods now largely lost from memory. It is not meant to
be complete, but rather suggestive of what can be known and how it
may alter or enhance our perceptions of what life was like on the
seafaring frontier of the United States. </i></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>The
use of the term “seafaring frontier” is intentional. Too often
the concept of the frontier in U. S. history is thought of as a
free-wheeling place ever moving westward where the essence of the
American character was forged and Democracy was born amidst
communities dominated by risk takers and speculators bent on
acquiring personal fortune. Such was true of the East Coast
seafaring community of Fell's Point, which was created by land
speculators, built by risk taking developers, and populated by men
and women who were not afraid to push beyond the predominant
boundaries of class and the law in their search for wealth and
personal freedom.</i></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>From
one perspective, the essay that follows is a belated valentine to
Jane Biays Travers and the occupants of Ann, Argyle Alley, and
Fountain Streets, Fell's Point, during the most prosperous days of
shipbuilding and sail. It focuses on what we can learn about the
history of the community from a wide range of sources, from maps to
tax lists and court cases, pointing to the need for a more
coordinated and sustainable approach to telling the stories of Fell's
Point and maintaining their sources in the virtual world of on-line
access. </i></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>In
addition to the story of the long time resident of the Robert Long
House and her brothers, prominent mercantile and political figures of
Fell's Point, it briefly touches on the lives of some of the ship
captain and ship building neighbors, John Smith, John Cock, Thomas
Kemp,, and George Gardner, along with that of the notorious slave
dealer, Austin Woolfolk and his noted partner, Henry Thompson of
Clifton Mansion fame. </i></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>It
also probes the mystery surrounding the location of the first safe
drinking water supply for the Point and the naming of Fountain
Street, as well as a brief glimpse into the hopes and aspirations of
a neighbor who lived on Argyle Alley, less than a block away from the
Robert Long house on Ann Street.</i></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="2" name="graphics1" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/fg24Yjw27UH7FC8LJzJL8hziK3Gml8u_bVKvoDsIL_OrmDyW5xa162_FKeOKye4UTZQEX3D95-i_NSSbbX81rQlb1N4v4Ed9KfEgG1b7-Qe4ysti5yNk9Wrl-67kaBF7QKItmto" width="2" /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">History
is best told in stories that resonate with the listener whether it is
through the written word or the virtual world of interactive web
sites and digital productions of sound and images. </span></span></span>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">While
how well history is presented is the key to good history, mastering
the sources with sufficient imagination to fill in the gaps of what
can or can’t be known is also critical to even a modicum of success
in creating and keeping an audience on-line, or awake in the lecture
hall. That also means that the stories of lost neighborhoods and
their residents are subject to change as new evidence is uncovered
and the interpretation of known sources is challenged. No historical
narrative in whatever form is definitive. That is the true
excitement and value of history, as long as the evidence cited is
sustained in supported archives, both physical and virtual.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Recently
the British Museum teamed up with the virtual construction software
company called “Minecraft” , now owned by Microsoft, to encourage
people to build their own imaginary museums of history
(</span></span></span><a href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/whats_on/museumcraft.aspx"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">http://www.britishmuseum.org/whats_on/museumcraft.aspx</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">).
There you are enticed to create rooms full of museum exhibits,
explaining to your viewers what there is to see and why it is
important, whether it be the Rosetta Stone or simple wooden device
created by a white slave owner on Maryland’s Eastern Shore for
making Maryland Beaten Biscuits which his slaves sold for him for
cash in Baltimore. Perhaps the occupants of 812 Ann Street owned
one?</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="250" name="graphics2" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/EjrIsnEdlyI4QFC1UPaglJjVK-pk7XH7NuiZCBnqoGzIrTOM8rq_gXbxIYxx3_mF2TQ6Kibdr3Rl5tAq35z_Z1HUSO3Aqt5UQTDsvaSOgqQ1jTxuV-7BKE6ZdX8VmvDmY8Xebxc" width="400" /></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Hopefully
some day this concept of personal museum building will be extended to
the creation of sustainable electronic archives in which not only
will the sources of history be accessible on line, but also it will
contain a perpetual, dynamic and growing library of scholarship
written within those virtual museum walls that can be mined for
new stories and the re-telling of old. For example, a number of
years ago, I was asked to tell the story of a house in Annapolis
which had a remarkable history attached to it, most of which, with
careful digging in a wide variety of fragmentary sources, was proven
wrong (</span></span></span><a href="http://www.mdcathcon.org/10francis"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">http://www.mdcathcon.org/10francis</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">and
forthcoming essay) and replaced by an even more remarkable story.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Fortunately,
when asked to interpret the early history of one house in Fell’s
Point, 812 Ann Street, the sources did not undermine the existing
interpretation, but rather proved a sparse yet enticing beginning for
a study of its occupants and their neighbors. It is a history that
abounds in aggressive entrepreneurial activity by every level of
society in search of fortune and personal freedom. It is a history
of opportunity on the seafaring frontier of the United States where
ship joiners could become merchants, bankers, and political bosses, a
place where fortunes could be made and lost in the space of a few
years, depending upon the course of international conflicts and the
the degree of risk taken. It is a history in which a thirst for
knowledge and the skills to achieve it are paramount as is the desire
to display the newly acquired wealth in conspicuous consumption and
the ownership of property, both real and personal, which in a slave
based economy like Maryland, would prove to have dire consequences
for the society as a whole. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">After
the first major bubble of economic expansion in Baltimore burst in
the banking scandal of 1819, Betsy Patterson Bonaparte, the daughter
of one of the wealthiest merchants in Baltimore and the rejected
bride of Napoleon’s brother, wrote her own brother her view of why
the high fliers of commerce and banking were ruined.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="342" name="graphics3" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/vbzfMTVkBIwD3xsnnVnVbULDftAitq_bjuH5Lt3rtGaJEzej2QNqSvefP7TFvQk0v3v3e3Jim91kh0qX2DS9IdOm-kSuoJr9co2q-CBxURbA-lwOLoY8csyDfGlhASY2LjBOJTA" width="326" /></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">source:
</span></span></span><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Elizabeth-Patterson-Bonaparte_Gilbert-Stuart_1804.jpg"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Elizabeth-Patterson-Bonaparte_Gilbert-Stuart_1804.jpg</span></span></span></span></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">To
quote Betsy, one merchant</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]
by this tragical event, [has] been severely punished for the folly
which led him to build and furnish with regal magnificence a palace.
I am sorry to express my conviction that General Smith’s fine
house, and the extravagant mode of living he introduced into
Baltimore caused the ruin of half the people in the place, who,
without this example, would have been contented to live in
habitations better suited to their fortunes; and certainly they only
made themselves ridiculous by aping expenses little suited to a
community of people of business. It is to be hoped that in [the]
future there will be no palaces constructed, as there appears to be a
fatality attending their owners, beginning with Robert Morris and
ending with Lem. Taylor. I do not recall a single instance, except
that of [William] Bingham, of any one who built one in America, not
dying a bankrupt.[</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Elizabeth
Patterson to William Patterson, May 22, 1823, as published in Eugene
L. Dider, The Life and Letters of Madame Bonaparte (New York: Charles
Scribner’s Sons, 1879), 142, courtesy of Lance Humphries</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">]</span></i></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">When
attempting to piece together the stories of a neighborhood such as
that of Ann or of Fountain Street, and the wharves where the ships of
Fell's Point entered and cleared their cargoes of wheat, flour,
coffee, sugar, slaves, immigrants, and merchandise from around the
world, it is helpful to have a series of good maps and surveys that
graphically (and accurately) depict the lay of the land, and the
buildings on the streets and in the alley-ways, to accompany the
mining of contemporary knowledge of the activities of the Port as
reported in such local publications as Joseph Escaville's
Price-Current (1803-1830) and as advertisements in the local
newspapers.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-e7ShwStVs8k/VSSu4B43f-I/AAAAAAAAPlo/dlW5RnYDPFs/s1600/1803_escaville.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="342" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-e7ShwStVs8k/VSSu4B43f-I/AAAAAAAAPlo/dlW5RnYDPFs/s1600/1803_escaville.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6pjn1HA7zI0/VSSvZnGgbwI/AAAAAAAAPlw/TPMiVw0k4yA/s1600/1803_biays_germans.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6pjn1HA7zI0/VSSvZnGgbwI/AAAAAAAAPlw/TPMiVw0k4yA/s1600/1803_biays_germans.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Baltimore
is fortunate in that it had a succession of civil engineers and
surveyors who tried to accurately map the city as it developed and
persistently re-shaped its urban landscape. The first were two
Frenchmen, refugees from the slave revolts in the French West Indies
and the revolution in France, A. J. Folie and </span></span></span><a href="http://1814baltimore.blogspot.com/2014/07/1814-plea-for-better-privys-and-cleaner.html"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Peter
Charles Varlé</span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">
. They were followed by Thomas Poppleton, an Englishman, and
Fielding Lucas, a native of Fredericsburg, Virginia, whose work was
mostly derivative from Poppleton’s map, although Lucas’s maps
prove to be more accurate as to the waterfront as it was in the 1820s
than Poppleton whose remarkable survey of 1822 was intended to show
the configuration of blocks not yet staked out or developed,
including depicting fill land along the waterfront that as yet did
not exist. An example of Poppleton's projected development on his
1822 wall map, is the shipyard basin into which Alice Anna street
ended before it was filled in and the street extended. What
Poppleton shows as fast land did not materialize there until the
1830s. It was in this basin that some of the most famous of the
Baltimore privateers were built by Thomas Kemp who came to Baltimore
in 1804/5 from the Eastern Shore. George Gardner, Kemp's erstwhile
partner, continued to build ships at the same place on the basin well
after Poppleton’s map was published in 1822, moving down towards
the point as the land was eventually filled in.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Still
Poppleton’s map is so well executed that it can be overlaid on
Google Earth with remarkable accuracy. In 1855 Poppleton’s map was
re-issued with corrections and the addition of the lots created from
fill land beyond those that had been called for on the original
edition. It too overlays well on Google Earth.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-erxwd0W42jI/VSSvpwXU-1I/AAAAAAAAPl4/C99AoRg2HDo/s1600/1851_poppleton_google_overlay.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-erxwd0W42jI/VSSvpwXU-1I/AAAAAAAAPl4/C99AoRg2HDo/s1600/1851_poppleton_google_overlay.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">For
the purposes of this story, the focus is on residents of two streets
during the first sixty years of the history of Fells Point, that of
Ann and Fountain Streets, as well as brief reference to six of the
many wharves that populated the waterfront of Fells Point, Jackson's
wharf, Biays's old and new wharves, Water's wharf, and Craig &
Barron's wharf. In the stories of those wharves is encompassed the
growth of the domestic slave trade, the perils of nature enhanced by
the municipal grading of new streets, and the export of Point built
ships to populate the navies of South America.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">For
orientation without access to Google Earth on-line, Fielding Lucas’s
map of 1822, works best, an annotated detail of which follows here
keyed to the places touched upon in this story.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zQrq8VecK14/VSSv78qgFcI/AAAAAAAAPmA/Ifwew57jLUM/s1600/1822_lucas_annotated_detail.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="325" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zQrq8VecK14/VSSv78qgFcI/AAAAAAAAPmA/Ifwew57jLUM/s1600/1822_lucas_annotated_detail.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
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<br />
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="400" name="graphics5" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/0prtyhP2sS34VhZdH1o3fssNGdSteGbwSglvnjheeHXNzSznhOkpxUnt3HQ9rvXb9tHJJNja_q4E2d8feLW0BTpwVI0jehp_Xp_h4DL5ZxMvlEDhFFr9nDinOYr0UW_q9fMXiNQ" width="292" /></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In
the last quarter of the 20th Century, Robert Eney with the able
assistance of a large number of people, including the late
Bryden Hyde and Michael Trostel, both distinguished architects and
architectural historians, reversed the late nineteenth century
addition of a third story to 812 Ann Street, seen here in this 1930s
publication celebrating the history of Fells point), and revealed the
wonderful small two story brick structure visible on Google
Earth.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="217" name="graphics6" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/mwLMZ_aAiR-6RPpME54N8fPnhhPQvdCg3_7yHl4e3lW8QqB4D5-9a2htGe7i5adxDqHL2FR0THI_wSdJ1Ntcb9PUk1i-I9GzK-46YYXHZ_unYVlimnXGDpToWiaf-EXkR66Mc98" width="400" /></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The
story of the first owner of the Robert Long House has long been
known as far as the records known to date reveal him, although
describing him as a merchant at the time in 1781 that he sold the
house to William Travers, might not suit him as well as ‘builder,’
the 18th century equivalent of a modern day developer whose success
by 1781, permitted him to refer to himself as a “gentleman.” [BA
Land Records, WG G, 428] He says as much about his builder career in
his own words in 1782, when he deposes that “sometime in the year
seventeen hundred and Sixty three” he “came to Fells Point
with a view to settle and Purchase some lotts --That the Streets were
staked out at the corners by having two stakes at each corner and one
stake between every lott.” He goes on to explain that he assisted
in laying out the foundation of at least two houses between 1763 and
1781, not including his own. [Coyle, Records of Baltimore Town, pp.
44-45]. It is likely that Robert Long never lived in this house for
long if at all, but built it for rental or for sale. When he married
a rich widow, Mary Norwood, he placed the house, the lot (145) its
content, and its slaves in trust for his bride as part of the
marriage contract, in case they had a falling out and the marriage
failed. The marriage lasted and she may have lived in the house,
with the furniture and slaves, but only for at best seven years
years during the American Revolution until her husband sold it and
the lot to William Travers (probably a merchant/planter originally
from Maryland’s Dorchester county on the Eastern Shore) in 1781
(see the title to the Robert Long House on file at the Preservation
Society).</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The
house was situated on lot number 145 as originally laid out by the
original developers of Fell's Point, the Fell family. The story of
the Fell family is complicated, but much of the early promoting of
the sale of the lots can be attributed to the widow Ann Fell for whom
Ann street is named, and who re-married a Bond, after whom Bond
Street is named. </span></span></span>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0QrhSjOW4V4/VSSwT5kTMuI/AAAAAAAAPmI/dBgjUpzXe9U/s1600/1766_ann_fell_executrix.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0QrhSjOW4V4/VSSwT5kTMuI/AAAAAAAAPmI/dBgjUpzXe9U/s1600/1766_ann_fell_executrix.png" width="386" /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">There
is a plat of the original layout of the lots at the Baltimore City
Archives which can be easily related to Google Earth and is annotated
here to show the locations of Lot 145 on which the Robert Long House
was built, and Fountain Street where Thomas Kemp sub-leased his
shipyard from the Biays's in 1805.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-U1fgVcd_wKg/VSSwqemlx8I/AAAAAAAAPmQ/adYxkr0FEek/s1600/1799_east_cove_fell_lots.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-U1fgVcd_wKg/VSSwqemlx8I/AAAAAAAAPmQ/adYxkr0FEek/s1600/1799_east_cove_fell_lots.png" width="386" /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">While
the Point had begun to grow as a center of wheat and flour exports by
the time of the Declaration of Independence, most of the activity of
the Port during the war was focused on the privateering exploits of
its merchants and ship captains. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">It
is with the Revolution that Baltimore, and especially the residents
of Fells Point, begin to earn their reputation as government
sanctioned privateers on the high seas, raiding British shipping and
engaging in clandestine trade with the West Indies. In 1906 Charles
Henry Lincoln compiled his list of the <i>Naval Records of the
American Revolution</i>, a list that Pratt librarian Bernard
Christian Steiner drew on for his Maryland Historical magazine
article on the <i>Maryland Privateers during the American Revolution</i>
[MHM, June, 1908, volume III, issue no. 2, ff.99]. The image of the
American privateer successfully eluding a British warship, while
probably of a later period, well-illustrates the tactics of the fast
sailing Baltimore built privateers that brought fame and fortune to
the Point. It depicts the raising of the American colors on the
privateer, as the privateer departs, having attacked what it thought
was a merchant ship while flying false colors. The merchant ship
turned out to be a British warship and the unsuccessful chase ensued,
with the privateer flying a pennant “Catch Me Who Can,” and free
to find another, hopefully unarmed, prey.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img align="BOTTOM" alt="http://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/nathaniel-bowditch-privateer.jpg" border="0" height="314" name="graphics7" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/nu81CL12MGdWgqNydtjdmZXIDk7dgju6eKJVEd06-wG-bzZ6BL79XliYs1pV7ApV2yfetzKinurecr0sebEmLYDIxcK7j9y52VIW-FkYCj9dGC320uy7Gz04p4U_iuzfGzDa938" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image courtesy of the National Maritime Museum:<a href="http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/110542.html" target="_blank"> http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/110542.html</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: black;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Beginning
with registration in 1778, the first 41 letters of marque empowering
Maryland ships to act as American government sanctioned armed
privateers were issued to Baltimore owners, masters, and charterers
of ships. The port also became a depot for supplying the American
army with flour, an activity that led to charges, possibly true, that
a leading lawyer and member of Congress from Maryland (Samuel Chase)
used insider information to corner and profit from the market in
wheat. Baltimore and the Point from its earliest beginnings had
a reputation for speculation and pushing the envelope of permissible
trade that would stay with it well into the 19th century, especially
in relationship to dealing with rebels in South America in their
fight against Spanish rule after the war of 1812. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The
most dramatic and prolonged expansion of the mercantile and
shipbuilding activities of the Point witnessed by the occupants of 812 Ann Street would take place after the
defeat of the British in 1781 at Yorktown. </span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 138%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 138%;">It
is to the Travers family and in particular Jane Biays Travers
(1758-1845) that credit should go for living in the house at 182 Ann
Street for the longest of any single occupant, possibly beginning as
early as her marriage to Matthew Travers in September 1784. That was
about the time William Travers apparently failed to sell the house
and lot to anyone else, and instead deeded the house to his two sons,
Henry and Matthew, both of whom were ship captains in the employ of
Jane's two brothers, Joseph (1752-1820) and James Biays (?-1822).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nCPetdF-0CY/VSSxFtTdSOI/AAAAAAAAPmY/ng09LrGV76A/s1600/1784_travers_lot_145_ad.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nCPetdF-0CY/VSSxFtTdSOI/AAAAAAAAPmY/ng09LrGV76A/s1600/1784_travers_lot_145_ad.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Although
there is no direct proof that Jane was their sister, the
circumstantial evidence that she was is very strong, including the
care with which Joseph protected her interest in the house prior to
her husband disappearing. Initially Captain Matthew Travers’
earliest address (1796) is given in the directories as being on
George (now Thames) Street, and he did own outright a portion of a
lot on the street, but it is not clear that there was anything built
on it until after he sold it, and it is quite possible that the garden of 812 Ann Street (then numbered 3 Ann Street) ran down to
George Street, misleading the compiler of the directory as to what
address to specify. In any event, by 1803, Matthew and Jane
Biays Travers were definitely living in the house at what is now 812
Ann Street. Matthew disappeared around 1811, probably at Sea.
Jane remained in the house until she died 34 years later, in
1845, raising at least four daughters in the meantime.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Jane
was literate and a respected member of the community, so much so that
while Matthew was away she was the only woman resident in 1797 to
sign a petition to the Mayor and City Council to do something about
the “stagnated water” on George Street “that in the hot season
renders it unhealthy in that neighborhood.” Her brother James
Biays signed it as well.</span></span></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="400" name="graphics8" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-IgNfQJ-lmpMd2_BKfhedUsEcT4hPrNNrh_pSE0r-GiJIi58G2DAcQy-mXWXVcSyq4wFgut18kmjC8fC3tnX2dpZHBS076EYtpy8a6EWPBVNXIjjG3p6Ag5bX0rZdnQ6uqWIwkY" width="286" /></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">The
summers in Fells Point could be brutal and deadly, as evidenced by
the Yellow Fever epidemic of 1800 (see </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Death
and class in Baltimore: the yellow fever epidemic of 1800</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
by</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">D.
F. Stickle,</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Md
Hist Mag</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">.
1979;74(3):282-99). It is possible that Jane escaped to James
Biays’s estate in what is now the Waverly section of Baltimore, but
then was in Baltimore County which he named Mount Jefferson,
reflective of his deep attachment to the President and his party. </span></span></span></span>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;">If
you prospered in Baltimore, the pattern was to invest in a farm or
estate in Baltimore County, although some, such as the Ship builder
Thomas Kemp and the Winder family, found their respites on the
Eastern Shore. Indeed there is a remarkable coincidence if not irony,
in the fact that the Talbot County slave Frederick Douglass,
would begin acquiring the means to escape to freedom by working in
the shipyard of Baltimore’s Kemp’s erstwhile partner, George
Gardner, when he returned to Baltimore in 1836, after having suffered
his worst treatment as a slave just over the fence from Kemp’s
Talbot County estate [<a href="https://librivox.org/narrative-of-the-life-of-frederick-douglass-by-frederick-douglass/">a
free recording of Douglass's narrative is available from Libravox</a>].
</span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">If
Jane did retreat at times to her brother's estate, Mount Jefferson,
in what is today Waverly, she would have had as neighbors, other
Fell's Point investors, ship captain John Smith (employed by her
brothers and a resident of Philpot Street), and William Jackson whose
Fell's point wharf was made infamous by slave dealer Austin Woolfolk.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T4BOE_FikjY/VSSyOE9wmZI/AAAAAAAAPmg/zvOeH7jeAJk/s1600/biays_smith_jackson_york_road_property.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T4BOE_FikjY/VSSyOE9wmZI/AAAAAAAAPmg/zvOeH7jeAJk/s1600/biays_smith_jackson_york_road_property.png" width="251" /></a></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Maryland
State Archives, msa_c2843_15_1</span></span></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">James
Biays's estate in Baltimore County off of the York turnpike</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
James and Joseph Biays even manage to secure an act of the
legislature passed in 1805, permitting them to build a road from Bond
street to York road (now Greenmount) in order to facilitate getting
county produce to market and reaching James's country estate. The
road was wiped out by the development of the city eastward of the
Jones Falls and to the north of the Point, but it appears to be
clearly marked in orange on Poppleton's 1822 map of the city.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TTqH5E4vkMw/VSSyimxioVI/AAAAAAAAPmo/QiQA6NLDwV8/s1600/1822_biays_road_bond_to_york.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TTqH5E4vkMw/VSSyimxioVI/AAAAAAAAPmo/QiQA6NLDwV8/s1600/1822_biays_road_bond_to_york.png" width="363" /></a></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Joseph
and James Biays's road from Bond Street to the York turnpike?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">How
literate Jane Travers was, is not known, and the whole question of
how women of her generation became educated, especially in Baltimore,
has yet to be studied in any depth. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><img align="MIDDLE" border="0" height="94" name="graphics9" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Mo9YQQIGgjus_T2sEuKHpr5esB9vivwqHq3wuZV_GxNIFbwzw18NW8_xkCN9fwK2ZrOSUAMvTzOxJuC05RB9s49zdEVSLmLyjxJbAhhP-oICorW3wm5rpQJBlkN0rWGKirISJLA" width="400" /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Jane's
sister-in-law, Susanna (1767-1845), the widow of her husband’s
brother, Captain Henry Travers, was identified as a school teacher in
the city directories until she died the same year as Jane, 1845, at
the age of 78, nine years Jane’s junior. The newspapers reveal
that in the early years of the 19th century there were a number of
schools for women and the Bias brothers received permission from the
General Assembly to run a lottery to establish an academy for women.
Whether or not it succeeded is presently not known. That white boys
who populated the streets of Fells Point were able to read the
newspapers is clear from Frederick Douglass’s narrative of his life
on Aliceanna (Alice Ann) and Philpot streets in the 1820s and 30s,
and that his white mistress, wife of the Ships Carpenter/builder Hugh
Auld, could read, but for the majority of the women who lived
in Fells Point there is no clear indication of how literate they
were. A good guess is that more women than men could read and write
in those seafaring times, when a majority of those who signed
seamen’s articles prior to a voyage could only sign with an ‘x’.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="400" name="graphics10" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/JIcLM6NSGcFMVGeD2_5L7qTzfBk3GaolLfV4C7Vu3694VGBDMmNhNC3WhU2-vBlruI0CVLiNVxgQHY0Yg716XQjf3RDYPPFbMMwhu3-wK0wrmr-KjIlfG0M2FW4K2JM00vnKQtE" width="323" /></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">source:
British Admiralty papers relating to a Baltimore prize ship
captured during the War of 1812, British National Archives</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">It
is also not known whether Jane attended church, but the Biays’s
were active Presbyterians. Joseph had a pew in the First Presbyterian
Church in the 1780s. When later, James left with a portion of the
Congregation to form the Second Presbyterian Church because of a
dispute over who should succeed the previous minister, brother Joseph
followed. </span></span></span>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="400" name="graphics11" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/Y5CoI0UtYkGQ1JpDJyrzgAkvUARCr6dJzuOOS1RWCSowxUXWOgBHwI44zjyby-TgmN7IF2YTAcWxN8LxbFvhijMoGtuEw9EGWtXZ3QNL8pGN7MFUllDXom2mvUkVjEiyTsQaxpY" width="370" /></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The
pastor James Biays and others chose for the new Second Presbyterian
church came highly recommended by Thomas Jefferson, for whom
the Biays’s were aggressive political supporters. Both Joseph and
James served on the city council as Jeffersonian Democrats, and were
paid by the City for a multitude of civic works including the grading
and paving of streets, the silt from which may have led in part to
their financial undoing.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The
Second Presbyterian church was a congregation composed of some of the
most active seamen/entrepreneurs of their day, as well as one of the
most distinguished jurists ever to serve on the Maryland bench,
Theodrick Bland. In his role as a circuit court judge, diplomat to
the rebellions in South America (scene of some of the more dubious
trading ventures from Fell's Point and the inner harbor), and as the
erudite Chancellor of Maryland, Bland was accused (but never
convicted) of aiding and abetting those Baltimore merchants and ship
captains who supplied the Revolutions in the Caribbean and South
America. </span></span></span>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In
the careers of Captains Henry and Matthew Travers, who do not appear
to have been members of the 2<sup>nd</sup> Presbyterian church, it is
possible to catch a glimpse of the successes and failures of the men
who sailed the ships from Baltimore. Both worked with the Biays
brothers, although Henry ultimately deserted the Point for Virginia,
selling out his interest in number 812 Ann Street (then numbered 3
Ann) to his brother and sister-in-law Jane Biays Travers. When
he did so, Joseph Biays placed the house in a trust for Jane to
protect it from Matthew’s creditors, and to ensure her ability to
claim the house in the event of Matthew’s death or desertion. When
Matthew did disappear about 1811, possibly at sea, Joseph turned the
house over to Jane and the property remained in her possession until
her death, although she did sell off portions of it over time until
it measured only the width of the house and she had to share a
chimney with a neighbor.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Matthew
and Henry, along with other captains that worked for James and Joseph
Biays, had colorful careers that are documented in the newspapers of
which by the time of the War of 1812, there were several dailies and
a price current that documented the fluctuating prices of goods and
the entrances and clearances of ships to and from the port of
Baltimore. </span></span></span>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">In
many ways the masthead of Joseph Escavaille ‘s Baltimore
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Price-Current
</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">which
graced his first issue on Valentine’s day 1803, could very will be
an artistic rendition of Jane and Susanna Travers, contemplating the
fate and fortunes of their ship captain husbands. </span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="104" name="graphics12" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/nk2vjOpaI7LE_323HM50kgW1K7yuM0LK3WKVVXI-wSUWV2rpkhtZoJrqFvus4s183mf0jnjwwk8ruMcfZ6XlbGIKY9S7VRHpDK-meID4_pWb9Bhsq72b0YxrQGfHkQHi2POR9IE" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: microfilm, Maryland Historical Society</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: black;"></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Sadly,
not all the issues of the newspapers of Jane’s day have survived,
and while a large number of those that have survived are on line, a
significant number of those that were probably read in Fells Point
have not been, and are widely scattered in the inaccessible stacks of
a number libraries out of state. An example is the radical newspaper
the </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Whig</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">which
may contain advertisements and announcements related to Fells Point
that were not carried by its competitors. </span></span></span></span>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">What
the surviving newspapers do tell us about politics in Jane’s day is
the devotion of the Point to the party of Jefferson and U. S. Senator
Samuel Smith, the organizer of Baltimore’s successful defense
against the British in 1814, and the last Mayor of Baltimore known to
ride horseback to face down one of the crowds that gave Baltimore the
national reputation of being Mob Town.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The
editor of the <i>Federal Republican</i> newspaper, Alexander Contee
Hanson would blame James Biays for the attack on, and destruction of,
his printing press in the summer of 1812. The vitriol that
Hanson spewed across the pages of his newspaper in attacking the
administration’s path to war with Britain was too much for the
residents of Fell’s Point and elsewhere in the city. He was not
the first person in town to suggest that mob was more an organized,
politically motivated expression of democracy than ill-educated
drunks on a rampage.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">One
of the first organized protests against the British impressing
American seamen for the British Navy and to serve in disrupting
American trade was in Fells Point in 1810. Three years before
an American Ship, the schooner <i>Nimrod</i> of Baltimore registry,
was in port, returned from a voyage to the West Indies with a cargo
of sugar, cocoa, coffee, sarsaparilla and hides.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">When
it went to sea again it carried a Spanish certificate that was
intended (illegal from the standpoint of American Maritime law) to
provide it with some protection against capture by the British as it
may have been carrying a cargo of flour intended to feed Wellington’s
army. The ruse did not work and the </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Nimrod</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
was captured, condemned in an Admiralty court, and sold as a prize
to the British Navy, which in turn converted it to one of its cutter
class sending it in 1810 to Baltimore for supplies and possibly
dispatches. The story of what happened when the </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Netley</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">,
formerly the Baltimore schooner, the </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Nimrod,</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">arrived
in port went viral, making newspapers all over the country from
Savannah to Boston.</span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Isaac
Munroe, who in 1812, would come to Baltimore as a Republican editor
and founder/owner of the Baltimore Patriot, was , in 1810, editor
of the </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Boston
Patriot</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">newspaper.
Recently a volume of issues of his Boston Paper was sold at auction
for $1150 which included this editorial:</span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">“<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>British
Arrogance...</i></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>It
is probable that the British cutter Netley was sent to Baltimore to
insult us; because, we are told, she was once a Baltimore schooner
[the Nimrod], taken by the British and since cut and medelled into
her present hermaphrodite shape; because, she came here ostensibly
for Copenhagen Jackson, who was known not to be here: and because she
brought some impressed American with her, and had the audacity to
tantalize them with a view of their own native shores!</i></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>This
latter circumstance being made known to the patriotic sea-boys at the
Point, a deputation waited on the Lieutenant of the Netley, and
demanded the release of a Marylander detained on board – he
demurred, and but one hour was allowed him to decide. This bold
summons was obeyed; the poor sailor was released, after being sixteen
years in slavery! His friends are said to reside on the East Shore;
he had made seven unsuccessful attempts to escape, and was as often
lacerated for his pains.</i></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>Could
it be ascertained, as it is suspected, that this is the same vessel
on board of which captain Rider was taken and flogged, there is
spirit enough among our seamen to blow her up; but, the proof not
being clear, they practise their usual moderation.”</i></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>(Francis
James “Copenhagen” Jackson was a British minister to the United
States. He had negotiated with the neutral Danes to join the British.
The British then led a surprise attack on Copenhagen (and burned it)
in 1807 after the Denmark tried to maintain their neutrality.) [source: </i></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"><a href="http://www.sequiturbooks.com/index.php/featured/single/1211190132" target="_blank">Large Folio. 20 inches. 96 issues bound together. Almost complete run of 1810. Lacking 7 issues: (#38, 51 of V. 2; #33, 35 of V.3; and #8,10,15 of V.4)</a>]</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">With
James Bias at its head, an organized posse of residents of Fells
Point visited the </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Netley</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">and
freed the sailor. James Bias claimed that it was all done
properly without violence, but the Anti-Jefferson editor of the
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Maryland
Republican</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">was
far from convinced.</span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Alexander
Contee Hanson, jr wrote a flaming editorial about Biays’s own
published account of the </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Netley</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">incident
in the September 19, 1810 issue of the Federal Republican</span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">James
Biays, of Fell’s Point, a notorious coward, and unprincipled bully,
has issued one of the most false, insolent and seditious publications
witnessed since the days of Robespierre and the revolutionary
histories of the Parisian suburbs. In conclusion, he threatens
us with the sanguinary vengeance of the Point. We wish this
wrteched patron and leader of mobs to understand, once and for all,
that we should despise ourselves, if we did not [defy him and] all
his adhere</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nts.</span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Three
days later in another editorial, Hanson excoriates the “Fells Point
rabble” and again denies that the reception of the </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Netley</span></i></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">was
anything but peaceful</span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">It
is no wonder that as a leader of the local militia (referred to as
Major, and then later as Colonel when he is active in the defense of
the city in 1814) that James Biays was involved in the thick of the
attack on Hanson’s printing press in the summer of 1812, clearly an
organized riot that soon escalated into the assault on the jail, the
severe beating of Hanson, and the death of a Revolutionary War hero
who happened also to be a staunch Federalist.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">There
is no question that for nearly a quarter of a century the Biays
brothers played an instrumental role in the politics of Fells Point.
As early as 1798, they were actively engaged in advocating active
political participation of the ‘mechanics and manufacturers of the
city and precincts of Baltimore.’ At a mass meeting in September
1798, with James Biays in the chair, those assembled vowed to resist
“the unwarrantable and degrading means” that “have been
adopted and resorted to by some persons, to influence” the
upcoming Congressional Elections.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The
Biays brothers, who began their careers as ship joiners, made their
fortunes in the commodity export and import trade that was centered
at Fell's Point and was the major factor in the growth of the city
following the American Revolution. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZDPFDJ7N9fc/VSU8aq7nB_I/AAAAAAAAPow/JVD36Nejgfk/s1600/1796_biays_ships.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZDPFDJ7N9fc/VSU8aq7nB_I/AAAAAAAAPow/JVD36Nejgfk/s1600/1796_biays_ships.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The single most important exports
were wheat and flour. The demand for housing at the point
accounts for why the Pennsylvania builder, Robert Long, came to
Fells Point and invested in the lots laid out under the auspices of
Ann Fell, wife of the owner of the point. He and other Pennsylvania
imports such as Dr. Henry Stevenson, along with local investors like
the catholic and protestant Carrolls, recognized that the wheat
produced in Western and Central Pennsylvania and the conversion to
wheat of the tobacco plantations of Maryland’s Eastern Shore could
make Baltimore and surrounding mills into a major factor in the
export to the West Indies and to Southern Europe of American Wheat
and Flour, drawing to it a large urban population in need of housing.
In return the commodities and finished goods purchased with the
proceeds of the export trade would accelerate the import
trade for consumption by the local population and distribution to the
interior of the country, first by the waterways and the national
road, and then by canals and the railroads financed in part by
investors from the City. The results in the growth of the city and
personal fortunes were phenomenal, especially when combined in the
years leading up to the war of 1812 with a re-export trade as a
neutral power acting as carrier and supplier for all sides during the
Napoleonic Wars.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In
population and export figures alone, the growth of Baltimore City
with the bulk of trade and shipbuilding focused on Fells Point, was
dramatic. It grew from a few houses and a couple of ships in
1765, to a population city wide of 50,000 by the time of the British
blockades of 1813-1814, and hundreds of ships, many of which were
locally built. Most of the larger ships were tied up at Fell's Point
wharves.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Jane’s
husband, Matthew Travers, and his brother Henry are typical examples
of entrepreneurial ship captains. They commanded ships that traded
for cargoes of wine at Bordeaux, sugar, coffee, and hides from the
West Indies and from the cost of Central America. They had
considerable independence and often carried cargoes of their own for
sale on their own account. Sometimes they disobeyed orders and
it got them into trouble.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Henry
Travers was sued by his employers for not following their
instructions. Sometimes they had a bit of good luck such as the time
on his way to Savannah Georgia, Matthew came upon a ship abandoned at
sea and brought her into port as a salvage prize which the Admiralty
Court awarded to him and he sold to his personal profit.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="400" name="graphics13" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/2AlSiBF98w-ZTkKbobT0bHEQNznm4h-FFzGY9yK_tPusjEgYn7ktiZCBgkQTHvq0kvwU9H4A9yCRplK1I5lblrmGWq0IueB7iMv3NAH5GI7I4eQlKhio356joYVJ0psYCoalX6M" width="372" /></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Sometimes
the captains felt they did not get the compensation they deserved.
Consider the case of Captain John Smith who lived on Philpot
Street, owned land adjacent to James Biays's in Baltimore County,
and sailed in partnership with James Biays. He became quite
disillusioned with Biays, suing him in the Chancery Court for about
$70,000 in back pay for services rendered the Biays firm. The
case deserves a story of its own and contains a well documented
history of the voyages of several ships under Smith’s command
including an audited account of the profits attributed to each
outgoing and incoming voyage. It will never be known how the
case was settled, but it was out of court and the papers submitted by
both sides lay in a folded case file unrecorded until rediscovered by
the Maryland Archives staff in the 1970s. The details can be found
on-line at: </span></span></span><a href="http://virtualarchive.us/mdsa_s512/html/index.html"><span style="color: #1155cc;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>http://virtualarchive.us/mdsa_s512/html/index.html</i></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
</span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Among
the letters introduced as evidence is one addressed to Mrs. Smith on
Philpot Street which demonstrates the literacy and the affection of
both, as well as his concern for the health and welfare of his
recovering daughter. Smith wrote from the port of Philadelphia to
his loving wife. The letter is well worth reading in its entirety.
It is in a nicely formed, well spelled, and largely grammatically
correct hand. It illuminates the ways in which the Captain handled
commissions and receipts of sales and it makes clear the ways in
which ship captains of the Point looked out for each other, sending
news about them to their families. He even gives instructions on
what he expected his wife to oversee at the “country seat”
including putting it in good order, planting good trees, for them
that is broke, and that she should “try to rent the old house for
any sum …”</span></span></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="400" name="graphics14" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/uA6R8oX428PxEGOIa9hS9h34VvY2oLnNVgfoDTKV1OCS4nWa-u4jNrjCvGtZvAt_vez_P9dnokV4tWRfHKYZBDvRMLe0mhP1pXoOmyv0z6ol2YlcCttoz1MwAILRTbtkFXcLJMY" width="327" /><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="400" name="graphics15" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Ltwb_LfPqzsY9NeBh2f3ylWo-_xKGsj_Ix-t2uQpde54EwNzESmvGzn-VaXY-oe5ClAwEVHEEkvk4CGcBBPZOxqITr0r3PdHksNjVJh4fUwbcrAP0L94pzZ77XIqJcg8BRe1d48" width="323" /></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">When
Jane Travers left the house on Ann Street and walked north to Fleet
street , over the course of her nearly fifty years as a resident she
would have seen little change in the composition of the neighborhood
until near the very end of her life. The names would change, but
the occupations remained virtually the same. From the city
directories which are now all searchable on line it is possible to
reconstruct who lived where and their occupation with a reasonable
degree of accuracy subject to the vagaries of the directories
themselves which are often riddled with phonetic spellings and
some years more complete than others. Only in 1804 did the compiler
of the city directory organize the entries by street and street
address, all other directories were alphabetical by last name.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><img align="BOTTOM" border="0" height="400" name="graphics16" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/7Qkgz3u9SAmq8hvR-MkrL1zIbAJkiipSZ0Utb8vrE0cPP0GHCVi6mKtl2ssij9qEaH6p1gqGmRd4eLvuo8Nlna3AFTibJwxzzO8YVBmCe_ozSz6-U3u1Eby2j75ru-qMAFJFAPI" width="232" /></span></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">source:
1804 Baltimore City Directory</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In
walking up Ann Street towards Aliceanna (Alice Ann) and Fleet Streets
she would pass boarding houses for sailors, corner stores and
taverns, and the homes of ship captains, ship carpenters, rope
makers, scriveners, butchers, customs officers, and a school
mistress. In 1819 she might stop at the house north of
Aliceanna on the east side that was occupied by ship captain Richard
Johns’s family, and may also have been the home a few years
before of a relative, Captain John Cock. Captain John Cock
disappears from sight, perhaps at sea, after the death of his son in
1818, leaving to his relatives water colors of his ship the <i>Canada</i>
depicted on a voyage to Bordeaux in 1817, as well as a painting by
the black portrait artist Joshua Johnston of Cock’s is deceased
son, Richard Johns Cock, that could well have been hanging on the
walls of Captain Richard Johns’s house on Ann Street.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3XR9A_FP2cs/VSSzVRhOi4I/AAAAAAAAPmw/67aeAqI8GSU/s1600/1817_canada_cock.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="315" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3XR9A_FP2cs/VSSzVRhOi4I/AAAAAAAAPmw/67aeAqI8GSU/s1600/1817_canada_cock.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HEvAgMgS6Tc/VSSzjMqI8yI/AAAAAAAAPm4/vilT3mE-j1k/s1600/1818_cock_richard_johns.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HEvAgMgS6Tc/VSSzjMqI8yI/AAAAAAAAPm4/vilT3mE-j1k/s1600/1818_cock_richard_johns.png" width="241" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">courtesy of Edith Johns</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 138%;">Further
on Jane might turn the corner on Fleet Street, walking east toward
the water of one of the busiest ship building basins in the
city. Looking closely at Folie’s 1792 map of the point there
is a bluff or hill near the intersection of Fleet and Washington
streets.</span><br />
<i><br /></i>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fjpz-ZZ8-d4/VSSz4wY7iSI/AAAAAAAAPnA/90AZ7Ri4hhY/s1600/1792_detail_folie.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fjpz-ZZ8-d4/VSSz4wY7iSI/AAAAAAAAPnA/90AZ7Ri4hhY/s1600/1792_detail_folie.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">detail from Folie, 1792</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Slightly
below this bluff or hill, James and Joseph Biays leased the rights
to the land on the basin , subleasing in turn in 1805 to one of the
best known and most prolific ship builders of the day, Thomas Kemp
(1779-1824). There Kemp and his partners built some of the fastest
and best known privateers of the the War of 1812 (for example, the
<i>Chasseur, </i>better known as the <i>Pride of Baltimore</i>).
According to Toni Ahrens careful study between 1805 and 1817 when he
semi-retired to the shores of Talbot County, Kemp filed the required
carpenters certificates for 64 vessels.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The
property leased to Kemp lay 360’ to the East of Washington Street
between Fleet and Fountain Streets. The shipyard was to the south of
his property on the water of the cove or basin as it was called
occupying fill land that probably became annexed to his lease hold
property by adverse possession. The configuration of the properties
off Fountain Street by 1826 can be seen in this overlay of Google
Earth with a plat submitted in at court case that reached the Supreme
Court. Kemp's lease hold was to the north of Fountain Street at its
very Eastern end. The Shipyard was in all likelihood to the south
shown with the wharf on the plat. All that land was fill land as the
edge of basin was moved forward towards the Patapsco river.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cITJCyYK4gw/VSS0QBrjJBI/AAAAAAAAPnI/_XsKh5BZKlc/s1600/1822_detail_craig_barron_google_overlay.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="373" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cITJCyYK4gw/VSS0QBrjJBI/AAAAAAAAPnI/_XsKh5BZKlc/s1600/1822_detail_craig_barron_google_overlay.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plat from Barron v Baltimore overlaid on Google Earth showing the damage of the 1817 freshet</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Kemp
employed free blacks, slaves and white laborers at his shipyard.
Initially the neighborhood of Fountain street was an integrated
neighborhood of free blacks and whites all associated with ship
building, except the keeper of the fountain who first appears in the
1804 city directory as B. Davis, doubling as a keeper of a wharf.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">It
is at the Kemp shipyard that Frederick Douglass first began to learn
the shipbuilding trade, although he did not become a skilled caulker
of ships until he moved to Price’s shipyard further south on the
Basin after a bruising encounter with white apprentices at
Kemp's.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5u2CMtJko1U/VSU9dk4yWOI/AAAAAAAAPo4/6QnnA27SHSs/s1600/1822_poppleton_detail_price_wharf_shipyard.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5u2CMtJko1U/VSU9dk4yWOI/AAAAAAAAPo4/6QnnA27SHSs/s1600/1822_poppleton_detail_price_wharf_shipyard.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1822 Poppleton overlaid on Google Earth showing wharves of Craig & Barron and Price</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Jane
Biays Travers’s house on Ann Street was in the 8th Ward for most of
the time of her residency. Thomas Kemp’s shipyard was in the
Seventh. Both wards had slaves according to the 1813 tax list, with
243 in the 8th Ward and 472 in the Seventh. Jane owned no slaves
according to the tax list. She may have seen, possibly even
recognized, Frederick Douglass who had vivid memories of the slaves
marched in the dead of night to the Savannah and New Orleans packets
tied up at Jackson’s wharf off of Thames street, which lay next to
James and Joseph Biays’s old wharf. Their ‘new’ wharf
was built at the end of Alice Anna street, south of the land they
leased to Thomas Kemp. The packets to Savannah from Jackson's wharf,
were run by the partnership of Henry Thompson of Clifton Mansion
fame, and Austin Woolfolk, whose ads soliciting slaves for export to
Georgia and New Orleans begin as early as 1815.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zSPUF6C3CGc/VSS0fwAFQpI/AAAAAAAAPnQ/YQ70aBgIhH8/s1600/1815_woolfolk_cash_for_negroes.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="153" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zSPUF6C3CGc/VSS0fwAFQpI/AAAAAAAAPnQ/YQ70aBgIhH8/s1600/1815_woolfolk_cash_for_negroes.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">When
Douglass lived on Philpot street and worked at the Kemp and Price
Shipyards he wrote that</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.49in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>In
the deep, still darkness of midnight, I have been often aroused by
the dead, heavy footsteps and the piteous cries of the chained gangs
that passed our door</i>…</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">on
their way to Jackson’s wharf. In fact Jackson’s wharf may
have been the site of the most famous of the Abolitionist exposes of
the slave trade that William Lloyd Garrison published in Baltimore
featuring one of Thompson and Woolfolk’s cargoes on board the
Francis (a Rhode Island ship) destined for New Orleans. Garrison was
sued for libel in the Baltimore County Court and fled to Boston to
establish his newspaper the Liberator and continue his crusade,
leaving his mother behind to whom he sent an allowance she deposited
in the Bank of Baltimore. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A
typical example of the slave cargoes exported from Jackson’s wharf
by Henry Thompson and Austin Woolfolk were the 187 slaves sent to New
Orleans aboard the <i>Intelligence</i> between 1821 and 1827 of these
only 18 were identified by surnames. The rest by their given
names. They included a number of infants and children, and one
voyage in 1823 stopped at Sotterly plantation on the Patuxent river
to pick up 29 slaves sent south for sale by John R. Plater. [For the
names of slaves and their shippers/owners see Ralph Clayton's <i>Cash
for Blood, </i>and his account of the fountain on p. 48.]</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JVXOQRNCrh0/VSS0tiH1ZII/AAAAAAAAPnY/TXlaa1FYJAQ/s1600/1823_thompson_intelligence_slaves.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="167" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JVXOQRNCrh0/VSS0tiH1ZII/AAAAAAAAPnY/TXlaa1FYJAQ/s1600/1823_thompson_intelligence_slaves.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Back
on Fountain Street, prior to 1817, the Biays brothers expanded their
wharf at the end of Aliceanna Street and received permission from
the city for a monopoly on delivering water from their Spring to the
residents of the Point. In the Niles <i>Register</i> for 1813, the
most highly regard weekly journal of its day, Hezekiah Niles not only
defends the city against those who would call it mob town, he also
waxes eloquent about the Fountain and the Biays’s efforts to supply
the Point with pure water:</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Z5T8tpzezQ4/VSS05h1_w0I/AAAAAAAAPng/-SwcGSjO2E8/s1600/1812_niles_water_biays_fountain.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="366" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Z5T8tpzezQ4/VSS05h1_w0I/AAAAAAAAPng/-SwcGSjO2E8/s1600/1812_niles_water_biays_fountain.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Just
where the Fountain was actually located near Fountain street is not
known for certain. The reason is probably the torrential rainstorm of 1817
which produced a freshet of sediment so powerful and so full of mud
and debris that it resulted in the destruction of the Biays’s wharf
at the end of Aliceanna street, and the silting up of a number of
wharves on the west side of the Basin. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--wRE4erYQO0/VSS1oiQWl5I/AAAAAAAAPnw/K9f3ZUcZl5o/s1600/1817_freshet.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--wRE4erYQO0/VSS1oiQWl5I/AAAAAAAAPnw/K9f3ZUcZl5o/s1600/1817_freshet.png" width="360" /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LiW8j5-5HVo/VSS1JXIaOdI/AAAAAAAAPno/1Nugcx8kB-U/s1600/1826_bouldin_biays_new_wharf.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="205" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LiW8j5-5HVo/VSS1JXIaOdI/AAAAAAAAPno/1Nugcx8kB-U/s1600/1826_bouldin_biays_new_wharf.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22.0799999237061px; text-align: start;">Jehu Bouldin Plat of 1826 showing the loss of Biays's new wharf and the extension of Aliceanna street over fill land below where the Kemp shipyard had been</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 138%;">One
such Wharf was that of Craig and Barron. Eventually that wharf was
dug out, and as late as 1826, thousands of residents and slaves of
the city including Frederick Douglass, would witness the launching of
a Brazilian funded warship initially called the </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 138%;">Baltimore</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 138%;">, It
was so large that a sand bar of silt in front of the wharf had to be
dug out before it could sail down the bay, captained by none other
than Navy Captain Franklin Buchanan of U.S. and Confederate Navy fame
who kept a journal of his voyage to Rio now in the Archives of the
Naval Academy in Annapolis.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3203h1MP53A/VSS18d9u8GI/AAAAAAAAPn4/JO17WoXw7XY/s1600/1822_barron_v_baltimore_detail.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="340" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3203h1MP53A/VSS18d9u8GI/AAAAAAAAPn4/JO17WoXw7XY/s1600/1822_barron_v_baltimore_detail.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">That
Craig and Barron were displeased by the mud that clogged their wharf
is an understatement. They instituted a suit for damages in the
Baltimore county Court against the city arguing that the grading of
the streets by the city provided the dirt that was washed into the
basin. A jury awarded them damages. the city appealed and the
Court of Appeals reversed the lower court in favor of the City. The
lawyers for Craig and Barron then appealed to the Supreme Court under
the provisions of the fifth amendment that required that no property
can be taken without due process and just compensation. It was the
last major case heard by Supreme Court Justice John Marshall. He
refused to hear the case and the arguments the City was prepared to
make through its lawyer, Roger Brooke Taney, who would succeed
Marshall on the Court as Chief Justice.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">In
1831, another Supreme Court case ended involving seamen's wages which
dated back to 1806 and the ill-fated voyage of the Warren from Waters
Wharf at the very tip of the point that gave Fell's Point its name. </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IckjfxttnH4/VSU-ceegxoI/AAAAAAAAPpA/r7so3Mk_0kU/s1600/1805_warren_sterrett.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="315" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IckjfxttnH4/VSU-ceegxoI/AAAAAAAAPpA/r7so3Mk_0kU/s1600/1805_warren_sterrett.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Cleared for the West Indies, the voyage of the Warren proved to be a
compelling story with which Jane Travers and the residents of Fell's
Point would have been most familiar. It probably was the talk of
every tavern and table where seamen were lined up to sign the
articles that detailed their wages for a voyage. The owners of the
<i>Warren</i> promised the seamen and their captain, Andrew Sterett
of Baltimore, a Navy officer on leave, that it would be a trading
voyage to the pacific northwest with an ultimate destination of a
profitable sale of the cargo in China, probably Canton. It turned
out to be a smuggling venture to Chili, where the seamen, once they
were informed of the real instructions, refused to go further. They
were thrown into jail, many for a total of three years, before they
were released. Their captain, son of a prominent Baltimore family,
committed suicide rather than participate in the clandestine
operation any further. Eventually the seamen sued for their wages
which by Admiralty law continued until they returned to their home
port of Fell's Point. Finally, after a quarter of a century
without pay, the Supreme Court decided in favor of the seamen. By
that time all the principal owners were bankrupt, many sailors were
dead or not to be found, and the Federal Court had no enforcement
powers. It proved to be Pyrrhic victory, especially for the
surviving seamen, although, as usual in such cases, the lawyers for
both sides probably profited. The story is documented in full at the
digital commons of the University of Maryland School of Law at<a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlh_pubs/47/">
</a><a href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlh_pubs/47/">http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlh_pubs/47/</a>.
It is a classic example of the degree of risk and the manner of
taking it that was commonly practiced by the first two or three
generations of the shipbuilding merchants of Fell's Point, if the
voluminous records of the Admiralty side of the Federal Courts are to
be believed. One of the principal owners of the Warren was Lemuel
Taylor who Betsy Patterson claimed <span style="font-size: 11pt;">“</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i>caused
the ruin of half the people” </i></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">in
Baltimore.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">As
far as shipbuilding was concerned, for an undetermined amount of
time, George Gardner continued to build ships at what had been the
Kemp shipyard just south of the eastern end of Fountain Street.
Apparently it had not been adversely affected by the freshet of 1817,
but the Biays fountain as described by Niles completely disappeared
by 1822, and had been replaced in 1819 by the fountain at Pratt and
Eden street at a cost to the City of $34,000.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Over
time, and by about 1833, the year Barron vs. Baltimore was dismissed
by the Supreme Court, the marshy land to the south of Fountain street
was filled in and Fountain street itself extend to the length it is
today. By the time Jane Travers died in 1845 the whole character of
the Point was changing. While ships continued to be repaired and
built in its shipyards, the adventuresome nature of its trade and the
entrepreneurial activities of its ship captain/merchants were on a
steep decline. If the summers had been bad on the health and senses
of the community before 1845, by the time of her death guano as
fertilizer had begun to appear piled high on its wharves. While good
for the depleted fields of rural Maryland and Virginia, it gave a
new and not very welcome dimension to the smells of summertime.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">There
are hundreds of thousands of history-less people who live, die, or
pass through a city like Baltimore and its subdivisions such as
Fell's Point. At times it is only by accident that a glimpse of
their lives and their personal histories emerge. Take for example
Margaret Temple, a close neighbor of Jane Biays Travers who lived in
Argyle Alley just to the north and slightly west of the rear of
Jane's property. Somebody found the record of her marriage in
England in 1809 and several letters to her in Fell's Point beginning
with one dated 1833, and ending with a letter from an English nephew
written in 1854. They are mostly about property in England from
which she apparently did not derive the benefit she expected, and
letters from her son, a carpenter, who ventures out in search of his
fortune in Florida, but eventually settles back at the Point. Where
they came from, no one knows. They might have been found when her
Argyle alley house was renovated. They were deposited anonymously at
the Maryland State Archives by an employee who died without
retrieving them for their rightful owner. Their value lies in
making them available virtually with links to the fragmentary
documentation of Margret's and her son's lives that may be found in
city directories, tax records, probate, and census records. This
can be done quite simply and inexpensively through the virtual world,
but as in the case of the history of the house on Ann Street and the
wharves of the point, their must be sustainable virtual archives
somewhere that will contain both the stories and the documentation of
those stories for the enlightenment and enjoyment of the public now
and in the future.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">As
to the history of the lost neighborhoods and forgotten residents of
Fells point, the advent of the virtual world and the viability of a
permanent electronic archives mated with inexpensive space within
which a collaboration of researchers and writers can work is at hand,
if only those who need it are willing to make it so. With good base
maps, continued assistance from Google, and whatever comes after
Google, for cloud storage, open source software, and virtual mapping
linked to a research and writing wiki, it will be possible to tell
more and better stories about the community of Fells Point, past,
present, and beyond.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">History
is best told in stories that resonate with the listener whether it is
through the written word or the virtual world of interactive web
sites and digital productions of sound and images. </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">May
we work together in both a sustainable physical and virtual world to
make it so through insisting on, and paying for, a permanent virtual
archive to hold our memories and the surviving documentation. We owe
it to ourselves and to those who come after us.</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b>Note:</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6666669845581px;">An earlier version of this lecture is available on line at: </span></span><a href="https://youtu.be/k2avYb43Gcg" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: normal;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/k2avYb43Gcg</a></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/k2avYb43Gcg/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/k2avYb43Gcg?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 138%;">The
walking tour on Sunday, March 29, began at the Robert Long House,
then down Fell Street to the Harbor, and around the perimeter of the
original lay out of Ann Fell Bond's lots, stopping to reflect on the
Waters, Barron & Craig, and Biays's new wharves; the site of
Kemp's ship yard, Fountain Street, the oldest wooden houses on the
point, the first Jewish synagogue across from Ann Fell's lot no. 1 on
the corner of Bond and fleet, and then down Bond street (following
the first Fell lots) to the park at the end of Bond street on the
water to reflect on the sites of the Jackson and Biays Old wharves,
as well as the view of what was once Philpot street where Frederick
Douglass lived as a teenager. A map of the walk was provided:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-d3sGwqcRa1Y/VSU-5CwJ2NI/AAAAAAAAPpI/yltphXSdtpg/s1600/walking_tour_map.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-d3sGwqcRa1Y/VSU-5CwJ2NI/AAAAAAAAPpI/yltphXSdtpg/s1600/walking_tour_map.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Along
with handouts of a few of the images from the talk on the 26<sup>th:</sup></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 138%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><sup><br /></sup></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sLDUK9NPFh4/VSU_tzU4kdI/AAAAAAAAPpU/mK4oNpQ1t3A/s1600/walking_tour_handout01.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sLDUK9NPFh4/VSU_tzU4kdI/AAAAAAAAPpU/mK4oNpQ1t3A/s1600/walking_tour_handout01.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0MeSj6TRSic/VSVABBBVPDI/AAAAAAAAPpc/p4qWNkxbXpU/s1600/walking_tour_handout02.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0MeSj6TRSic/VSVABBBVPDI/AAAAAAAAPpc/p4qWNkxbXpU/s1600/walking_tour_handout02.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><sup><br /></sup></span></span></span></span></div>
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ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-55009000219422446702015-03-09T11:37:00.005-04:002015-03-09T12:09:13.378-04:00Dedication of the document case for George Washington's resignation speech<div style="background-color: white; max-width: 468pt; padding: 72pt 72pt 72pt 72pt;">
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<a href="http://marylandarchivist.blogspot.com/2012/11/annapolis-capital-of-united-states-in.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">Washington's Birthday: Opening Remarks on the dedication of the Washington Document Case, February 16, 2015</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Good Evening.</span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">It is a pleasure to be back with you once again to mark this historic occasion.</span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Today
is the official Federal holiday for Washington’s Birthday. While it is
not either day on which he actually celebrated his birthday (February
11 old style, according to the then-used Julian calendar, and February
22, new style, Gregorian Calendar adopted in 1752- Washington personally
celebrated on both days), it is the now designated day we are meant to
pay tribute to our First President.</span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">In
1842, a young lawyer from Illinois was asked to give remarks on
Washington’s Birthday (February 22, new style). In those days speeches
were exceptionally long and his was no exception. His closing was
especially grand eloquent, given it was a Temperance Society Audience in
his home town of Springfield:</span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;">“And
when the victory shall be complete --when there shall be neither a
slave nor a drunkard on the earth-- how proud the title of that Land,
which may truly claim to be the birthplace and the cradle of [political
freedom] … how nobly distinguished that people who shall have planted,
and nurtured to maturity, both the political and moral freedom of their
species.</span></span></div>
<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-size: 11pt; height: 11pt; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></div>
<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-style: italic;">This
is [Abraham Lincoln continued] the … anniversary of the birthday of
Washington. We are met to celebrate this day. Washington is the
mightiest name of earth --long since mightiest in the cause of civil
liberty, still mightiest in moral reformation. On that name, an eulogy
is expected. It cannot be. To add brightness to the sun, or glory to
the name of Washington, is alike impossible. Let none attempt it. In
solemn awe pronounce his name, and it its naked deathless splendor,
leave it shining on.”</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Our
future 16th President may have gotten carried away in his tribute to
Washington. Washington did have his shortcomings, as the <i>New York
Times </i>pointed out this morning, in reference to Washington’s
relationship with his slaves, but what he accomplished on behalf of the
Republic is without question and of lasting value. He was a man of
action and few words, both spoken and written, such as the remarkable
document we pay tribute to tonight. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></div>
<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Tonight
we unveil the permanent home of one of the most important documents in
American History, George Washington’s draft in his own hand of the
speech he gave resigning his commission as Commander in Chief on
December 23, 1783. Washington arrived at the appointed time before the
door to the Old Senate Chamber. He was announced by Robert Patton, the
messenger and doorkeeper to Congress. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Following a protocol prepared by
a committee that included Thomas Jefferson and Washington’s former
aide, James McHenry, Washington proceeded to a chair near the dais
reserved for the President of Congress, where he sat flanked by two
aides who remained standing. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">After a proper time for the arrangement
of spectators, silence was ordered by the secretary of Congress at which
time the President of Congress addressed General Washington with “Sir
the United States in Congress assembled are prepared to received your
communications”. Washington then rose and gave his brief address with
such emotion that he had to steady the hand holding his remarks with his
other hand. He
congratulated Congress on ‘the opportunity afforded the United States,
of becoming a respectable nation,” satisfied that the arduous task
assigned him had produced a successful termination of the war and
verified the most sanguine expectations.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">He
considered it his indispensable duty to close his last official act by
commending the interests of the country to Congress, as well as the
care of the men who had served so well on Congress’s and the nation’s
behalf.</span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">He concluded with</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">“Having
now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the great theatre of
action --and bidding an affectionate farewell to this August body, under
whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my commission, and take
my leave of all the employments of public life.”</span></div>
<div style="color: black; direction: ltr; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Note the importance of the copy of those remarks you will see in the original tonight.</span><br />
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Not
only did he specifically, and according to protocol, make his bow to
Congress’s authority, thus reinforcing the concept of Civilian Rule in
the new Republic he helped create, but on the copy you will see, he
also deleted</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>‘final’</b> from before “affectionate farewell”</span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">and </span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">the word <b>‘ultimate’</b> from before “leave of all the employments of public life.”</span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">That
we have such a significant document to place on display tonight in a
specially designed case is due to the contributions and efforts of many
people and institutions. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">I particularly want to thank Kendall Ehrlich
who first suggested and helped us organize a Friends group to acquire
the Washington Document. At her’s and Joe Coale’s behest, Henry
Rosenberg provided half the private funds raised for the acquisition.
At Governor, then Comptroller Schaefer’s recommendation, the late
Williard Hackerman contributed the other half. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The board of public
works, Treasurer Kopp, Governor Ehrlich, and Comptroller Schaefer
provided the public match, while the owner of the document gifted a
considerable portion of the appraised value of the document. </span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">We
then raised the money privately to build the special case you will see
to night. Governor Hogan honored them with a special presentation of framed facsimiles of the the magnificent White painting which you can see as you ascend the staircase to the second floor of the State House. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7VC5Mqt81hc/VP283xPzPlI/AAAAAAAAPUE/Y2yDDuqwdwA/s1600/governor_ecp_reduced.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7VC5Mqt81hc/VP283xPzPlI/AAAAAAAAPUE/Y2yDDuqwdwA/s1600/governor_ecp_reduced.jpg" height="320" width="256" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The names of the organizations and donors who contributed to the funding of the case are to be found on the case. To all who helped us acquire
and exhibit the document, we deserve a round of applause.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_x7S_1dJX-s/VP29M0rN4XI/AAAAAAAAPUM/XlCuymCo1ZI/s1600/16545524366_ec6e3e5a98_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_x7S_1dJX-s/VP29M0rN4XI/AAAAAAAAPUM/XlCuymCo1ZI/s1600/16545524366_ec6e3e5a98_o.jpg" height="211" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Finally, I
would also be remiss if I did not say a special word of thanks to
Mimi Calver and Elaine Bachmann (second and third from the left in the image above), who with the strong support of Tim
Baker, the acting State<span id="docs-internal-guid-8f86f500-ff2c-cc36-c947-8c7935c663e6" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Archivist, have worked long and hard to make this and the other exhibits in the State House a reality</span>. They deserve
our applause and appreciation for creating what will be one of the
premier learning experiences of a visit to our historic state house.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">[For inspiring observations on the importance of the document, see the remarks of Dr. Alan Taylor, third from the left in the image above, who was the featured speaker of the evening].</span></div>
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ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-45240789220925683042014-11-23T23:46:00.001-05:002014-11-24T00:17:28.271-05:00Remembering Two Saints and A Knight: St. Cecilia, St. Clement, and Sir Richard Lechford<html><head><title>Remembering Two Saints and A Knight: St. Cecilia, St. Clement, and Sir Richard Lechford (illustrated)</title><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="content-type"></head><body style="max-width:612pt;background-color:#ffffff;padding:72pt 0pt 72pt 0pt"><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 423.63px; height: 666.50px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/4nfhNQ4rZ0uCi_jRAiLlBKzsQ-HcDG8KIwfqL-4-0m2UR1Z7GxvwkNPnfRt3IQpu4E698fVYqlCJqhE7F548b1GFsTFrtFBD8Sic-lFs_ry1VheqS81KOIirkOlGzwp-zQ" style="width: 423.63px; height: 666.50px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The first time I had the privilege of speaking to the Society of the Ark and the Dove was 35 years ago almost to the day when I was asked to speak again on St. Clement’s Day, 2014. I had forgotten all about that talk 35 years ago until the week before I was scheduled to speak again, when, in looking for something else, I came across a typescript of my remarks. I thought about returning to the topic as my theme that afternoon. It had to do with a wonderful manuscript copy of Maryland’s Charter that at the time was owned by Arthur Houghton and is now among the special collections of the Maryland State Archives. </span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 454.50px; height: 341.60px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/Va87m8CUDJDDwMSDjvj-hp3YRmp-Wh9zOSm6T4bbmhFqnTIuKrAvELMVAfuf8-fR04OjMDTElHhEiqyGAdMP2wd-CqcoGyZnLj6_zgt5aUN9E2ME9QZKL1-oJXQ3RT8lkg" style="width: 454.50px; height: 341.60px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">35 years ago, I was convinced that at least part of the Houghton manuscript of the Charter was contemporary with the landing of the Ark and the Dove at St. Clements Island in March of 1634, and I explained why in what must have been a rather long speech. Since then I have tried to master the TED approach to public speaking (18 minutes max). </span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">As to the talk I gave 35 years ago, the good news is that as a result of that talk, Arthur Houghton financed a research trip to England which led me to the attics of some of the most impressive cathedrals in England. The bad news, apart from the fact that my talk was far too long, was that my research in watermarks proved me wrong. While the manuscript was an important 17th century copy of the Charter, the watermarks in the paper proved the paper to have been made in the late 1660s or early 1670s and not before. I found the proof in the archives of Worcester and Gloucester cathedrals, and on my return to Maryland, actually found the same paper from the 1670s with the same watermarks among the surviving probate records of an Eastern Shore county in my own archives. I had not thought to look in the records of the 1660s, having been convinced that the manuscript of the charter was from a generation earlier.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">It was hard lesson to learn, and even harder to explain to Arthur who had hoped, along with me, that the manuscript was indeed the earliest english version of the Maryland Charter (the original being in Latin). The research trip was worth it, of course, because it made me acutely conscious that to be a good archivist and historian you must understand the records, not only in terms of what they purport to say, but also that their provenance, their dating, may lie in the paper and the watermarks of the paper. The search for the truth, often leads in unexpected directions. In the case of the manuscript of the Maryland Charter, it led me to uncover what I now theorize was a wide network of Jesuit priests in England and Maryland who earned their livelihood by masquerading as scribes and clerks, writing on paper they imported from jesuit paper mills in what today is Belgium. That of course, is still a theory, and needs further testing.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 453.50px; height: 308.15px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/3Hcx_tMDAuH3a5HhWIHUF5MSu1DYWH0qjtiTaEciMJS678BeoWLxohXSWcWoRkofGE557CXXjyqzw9KEFGb0tGcTGu7FnpuEmrrPmZvwCV2yG6aW3HdcBxomfv3RWG5kGg" style="width: 453.50px; height: 308.15px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">While in Gloucester I had the good fortune to meet the County Archivist, Brian Smith, later Secretary the British Historical Records Commission. Brian introduced me to the only known monument of an Archivist, John Jones who died in 1630, having been Sheriff and a member of Parliament, but who wanted to be remembered as a keeper of the Records. As you can see from his monument, he was proud of the care with which he organized and preserved the records. I was taken by his bemused smile, but also the encircling quotation:</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">“And I heard a voice from heaven saying unto me write”</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">A challenge I have tried to meet ever since as an Archivist and Historian.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Rather than repeat an update of my rather long performance of 35 years ago, I decided instead to return to the very first records of the adventure to Maryland, for therein lies a tale of stolen documents and a conscientious effort to both preserve them, and make them accessible for our enlightenment and enjoyment.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In May of 1894, out the blue, the Maryland Historical Society received a letter from a Jonathan R. Phillips who lived in Lincoln Nebraska. He offered the Society some “old and rare documents relative to the earliest colonization and settlement of Maryland.” He said that they belonged to his late father, a scholar of the English Civil Wars, who had died in London in 1887. When Mendes Cohen, the Chairman of the Library Committee saw them, he immediately offered $200 for them. Phillips balked, asking $225, and the Cohen readily agreed.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 386.50px; height: 545.06px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/zLygsuqRD5CSPjU1okuJzyxR_-9hpgMQDuYnHL7OEqCBgQdEv8lstu0VdTwC07iE0vfsCenPjwCSoRjKjdBWaA_yX-xPuPdGQdxN58UzN66SYAbOO-f0QsCN5AZP5aUbzw" style="width: 386.50px; height: 545.06px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The documents are truly remarkable. They are the earliest reports of the voyage of the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Ark</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> and the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Dove</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, reports that have not gotten the attention they deserve. Most of them were sent on the return voyage to England of the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Ark</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> addressed to a Sir Richard Lechford, one of the adventurers who financed the founding of Maryland and who was a good friend and business partner of Leonard Calvert, Lord Baltimore’s brother and Maryland’s first Governor. Sir Richard was a strong advocate of the new Colony and a confirmed Catholic who suffered as a result of his allegiance to both. In one of the letters he details the pain and suffering he and his family had were experiencing by holding fast to his Catholicism. He remained true to his faith, as did Cecil Calvert, the Second Lord Baltimore, surviving the Civil Wars, and dying in the same year as Calvert, 1671, much reduced in circumstances, although his widow would marry well into the family of the Duke of Norfolk, to whom would be entrusted the Lechford papers.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">At the time the Maryland Historical Society acquired the items from the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Ark</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">’s mailbag, no one questioned where they might have come from. It is just as well, as they had been stolen from Norfolk House, the London home of the Dukes of Norfolk, owners also of Arundel Castle.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The documents are priceless and all but two, gone missing decades ago, are currently well cared for and protected by the Maryland Historical Society. </span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 355.50px; height: 266.63px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/d6fIvly0QCld6lMOkkvWuFXiSL4Jw8tvAbtKO0Utnn98ysujQKBozZODpotb4LHZC--HftFPwWqcPA9tZlGMlacUYBSMnNPRY5PX92enuuEpfoqFQS2389C238oeZVl1Tw" style="width: 355.50px; height: 266.63px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 390.50px; height: 520.67px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/juuG0XIzLJMm-ZqRo2Rx__9t31n2vnctohdyd7XjNgHsnoQl-FHtSFy7Y5ogjGA3dNAJZYQMayr6OVrWTFqXoRwy7ptvi68sDzZ9ClSI60CVo3rNHDmlxDY0JM7l_Hl2fw" style="width: 390.50px; height: 520.67px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In 1955 The Society of the Ark and the Dove, added to the collection by purchasing and placing on deposit an original agreement between Leonard Calvert and Sir Richard Lechford. It is an exquisite document that is sealed with Leonard Calvert’s personal seal. At the time no questions were raised as to where it came from, but it is in a safe home and well looked after.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 377.72px; height: 557.50px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/_iO_xrjrhy6VrYPtTnwOjtb-hxnaAM2i7hyPGg0_PnJJxMOvtKmmE30rEOsUpioyzfHh1Vto7w6WsWPoarmRouzBu20RIaLDtz5IH3-Q5dWvSvfyyZKOrr2zGKevsfgOJw" style="width: 377.72px; height: 557.50px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Among the original documents acquired in 1894 is the very first account of the voyage of the Ark by Father Andrew White. A later latin version of his had already been found in the Vatican Archives, and Father White had prepared a much shortened version for publication that appeared in a now very rare printing .in 1634 entitled </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">A Relation of the Successful beginnings of the Lord Baltemore’s Plantation in Mary-land</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. But both lacked the completeness and the spontaneity of Father White’s narrative that Leonard Calvert enclosed in his letter to his partner, Sir Richard Lechford.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 401.50px; height: 323.27px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/GNVyfQKwCtqdBuV-85Tt2NMDZONdv5JxiFf9P1vCbfd5dObSoqssnIr-Q4DeYZp4kaqvsBNV2EWZH2umxzMFZ1Yz7QcGIWQi32JEjAT1h7NWANrbboMk3N_fySIiKQFskA" style="width: 401.50px; height: 323.27px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">How many know that November 23rd is St. Clement’s Day and that November 22nd is Saint Cecilia’s Day? Both Leonard Calvert and Sir Richard Lechford were very much aware of both. Leonard Calvert’s parents, George Calvert and Anne Mynne were married on St. Cecilia’s Day in 1604, and his elder brother, Lord Baltimore, was named after the Saint as well, although it was politic to claim he was named after his father’s protestant patron, Sir Robert Cecil.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 464.50px; height: 303.71px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/c5mNWN2pIaIALor_ZraV5YFn0vhheHFEXjBTUd4rrCsgZX3xBcpZu7tY6GrhThcZ8KSEp-UGT88rjVl_av0ZjoM3hMUg2pij9zBN8ecnrYzu9-603eY_CKsliGd7F0kVmQ" style="width: 464.50px; height: 303.71px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">I can’t stress enough what a treasure the 1894 acquisitions are, and how significant the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Briefe Relation</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> is that Leonard Calvert sent to Sir Richard Lechford in June of 1634. </span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 434.72px; height: 328.50px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/wqaRSf_Asj43bCjPBGq91TLRohxkHHhHpXaj2CS8_CvMc4idVOP7PNzCYCvTnDZ3pIvcLGhqvJOiF1NFibjSfOUzu1cGMT_jS7XvaiQyb4g5qqwho4P5NVQg4njE38LNmg" style="width: 434.72px; height: 328.50px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Permit me to quote just a few opening lines from the Briefe Relation:</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">On St. Cecilias day, the 22 of November 1633 with a gentle Northerne gale we set saile from the Cowes about 10 in the morninge toward the needles, beinge rockes at the south end of the Ile of Wight, till by default of winde we were forced to anchor at Yarmouth, wch very kindly suited us be it we were not out of feare, for the seamen secretly reported that they expected the post with letters from the Council at London: but God would tende the matter and sent the night so strong a faire winde as forded a french barke from her ankor hold, driving he foule upon our pinnace, forced her to set saile with losse of an anchor and take to Sea, that being a dangerous place to float in, whereby we were necessarily to follow, least we should part company, and thus God frustrated the plot of our Seamen. This was the 23 of November on St. Clements day who wonne his Crowne by being cast into the Sea fastened to an ankor.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 447.22px; height: 332.50px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/IA1eZ-6mOIaDO3NyDMZLOZv6Izf5_nVdPg2Cf5frxHdCs7sd4q_e1QbiSKZs3GL0SpYX8Izf6rYBlJ6BFSY1e3pclHsUwecbHKrhwfIqomteMESCaUgjniv9QDVk2269pw" style="width: 447.22px; height: 332.50px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Sir Richard Lechford’s partnership with Leonard Calvert was further illuminated in 1910 when an anonymous transcription of Documents from Norfolk House appeared in the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Maryland Historical Magazine</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. They included a book of accounts between the two prepared in September 1634, and a list of goods to be shipped to Maryland that year on their account including L400 pounds sterling worth of dark blue cloth “according to the patterne sent herewith the breadth between 7 quarters and two yards, but the broadest if it can be had as well as L50 worth of knives with broad yellow handles after the French Fashion wrapped in Straw. ..”</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 469.50px; height: 280.65px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/ta2TkqJxhP7Hqv2Dg1W_EePYQRl7c9VxWoVujRnfIZM7FV8P0R1bj7MVpv3pb9Wc31mIrQSpU6NxtaKpQ_YgaRGOd5SXzjYorl2yIMgBBG75DewBEidF--ISkA-IguAFIQ" style="width: 469.50px; height: 280.65px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In the late 1930s Norfolk house, see here on the right in this old print, was torn down, replaced by a Office building that during the Second World War became General Eisenhower’s headquarters, and the contents moved to Arundel Castle. Somewhere along the way the Lechford manuscripts went missing, missing that is until 1987 when they showed up at a United States Postal History auction in Danbury Connecticut.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 426.50px; height: 478.45px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/QZvdmoXR-CPP_CFKXcdhwCH_y2WH76cuEWdFY7PVzqP5vR0znFa-RStvgnkBitNLigcIiwpePG8DookTO5C0XZM7L9lL6Oaf2AP_dClUwItU-bSARyRXO35uYiH2VBqBHw" style="width: 426.50px; height: 478.45px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">I suspect that it helped that my secretary at the time was the wife of a well known FBI Documents examiner. The late Karen Stuart of the Maryland Historical Society had seen the catalog for the sale and had tried to arouse the interest of the FBI, suspecting that the documents were stolen. The FBI had the items withdrawn from the sale, but had done nothing further. I still have my Secretary’s note of September 24, 1987, which reads:</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">“Karen Stuart called. She called John Connaughton of the FBI in Bridgeport. He had forgotten about [the documents]. Bill [my secretary’s husband, Bill Bodziak] is going to call him tomorrow. John told Karen that since Bill is with the FBI., he will just send the documents to him and then you can al</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">l get together here or in Washington and look at the documents instead of going to Bridgeport.”</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Bill Bodziak in turn asked me to authenticate the documents and the grounds for their return to the Duke of Norfolk and Arundel Castle. On St. Cecilia’s day, 1987, I filed my report, combining the research undertaken by Karen Stuart and my own , that established beyond a shadow of a doubt that the Lechford papers offered for sale in the Danbury Postal History Auction had indeed been purloined from the collections of the Duke of Norfolk and they were returned, but before a complete set of photographs of both the documents and the watermarks they contained were deposited with the Maryland State Archives and the the Maryland Historical Society.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 432.34px; height: 388.50px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/1rRzUbUvorCEEiQIvhoiXNIRCaYKbrRAWmJEEoCBxHmlIK-lyUva1RQmHudup-FPwz6UMGLUn7_PRxsHghgjHlWpxG4D_C2jrQKBvTD6rVJwfmf5zeq8a1xB4mmCujD93w" style="width: 432.34px; height: 388.50px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Sadly, that is not the end of the story. Two letters that were in the Ark’s mailbag that were a part of the collection sold to the Maryland Historical Society in 1894 have gone missing, probably at least 50 years ago. They surfaced briefly at another Postal Auction in 2006. A responsible dealer wrote me an email to ask about them, but when I called to ask to see them they had been withdrawn and had disappeared. While there are transcripts published by the Maryland Historical Society, and they are quoted in Harry Wright Newman’s </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The Flowering of the Maryland Palatinate</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, the whereabouts of the letter of Richard Edwards, the Surgeon on the Ark to Sir Richard Lechford remains unknown.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">It has been great fun and most satisfying to have been the Keeper of the Records for Maryland for nearly 40 years. Few Archivists have been as lucky as I have been. I got to play an active role in the design of a new facility after which archives in the United States and abroad have been modeled. I was able to move the Archives into the virtual world in a way that provided a steady income in support of caring for, and making accessible the historical record both on line and at the Hall of Records building. With the help of two benefactors, Senate President Mike Miller, and Governor Ehrlich, I was even able to acquire one of the most important documents in American history which goes on display in the Maryland State House next year. </span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 414.17px; height: 642.50px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/YZMzTbzuVto6Ll-_JWyYuaYu5MU1I8OBjZ2ESV1zHk9n1Dx021ZfNjG2M9jpYeSvKfim7Ss1vRMfuf5wqkNc89t4sd3VD6IJ4oIk_pFpd-dbtxn-HUceyeynKVIOfMJLaw" style="width: 414.17px; height: 642.50px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">My greatest pleasure, however, has been working with those organizations like the Society of the Ark and the Dove that care about Maryland’s History and the support they give to keeping it alive. Take for example the way the Society aided the work of Dr. Lois Carr when it came time to place her extensive notes on the early settlers on line. Our knowledge of your ancestors is far richer by the research she did and you not only helped preserve it, you made it accessible in the virtual world for all to use. To paraphrase the familiar saying of my youth, continue to </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Support your Local Archives</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. Now more than ever institutions entrusted with our archival heritage need material help.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">In 1955, the year in which the Society of the Ark and the Dove deposited one of the fugitive Lechford manuscripts with the Maryland Historical Society, the father-in-law of one of the past </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">governors emeritii</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, was inaugurated governor of Maryland for a second term. The bible he chose for his swearing in was opened to a verse in the Epistle of St. James which begins:</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">But be ye doers of the Word and not, bearers only</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, </span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 438.50px; height: 297.96px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/KOd6kPnk4K8KGB-Y3_kDSB8NHAgoQ0WeEy498kNmGUUF9OwbobLw63hmXiC2zWn3d433au70BEw8iAWPAp2rRqkuRuWuc6lTlqjnEfycJmg8KtRePfahVyO6MML-HYcWUw" style="width: 438.50px; height: 297.96px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Leonard Calvert and Sir Richard Lechford were doers. Archivists can be doers also, not only neatly arranging and filing the precious documents of the past, but also explaining their value and seeking the resources to keep the meaning of those documents alive in the minds of succeeding generations.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Thirty five years ago when I first spoke to the Society of the Ark and the Dove, I closed with the last line of the Houghton Manuscript of the Maryland Charter:</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Finiis bonus Coranat opus,</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""> A good end crowns the work.</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia"">But the work to my mind, is not yet over. In many ways it has only begun. </span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow: hidden; display: inline-block; margin: 0.00px 0.00px; border: 0.00px solid #000000; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); width: 413.37px; height: 322.50px;"><img alt="" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/4Bj1flMvgCs1pXRTTGuMMeVENLZ0n3TdFFD6bhLtb2EZVl20bgjNtWu7960cul8OhqSQF85vkr6mDbJ8ds7qWYUNiLadgVfNtLN5ftiXRBgKh5bm3tbZUapp5BagWYqIxA" style="width: 413.37px; height: 322.50px; margin-left: 0.00px; margin-top: 0.00px; transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px); -webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad) translateZ(0px);" title=""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:12pt"></span></p><div><p style="height:11pt;text-align:right;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span></span></p></div></body></html>ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-51392159690731865582014-11-05T11:01:00.000-05:002014-11-05T23:54:25.930-05:00Maryland the 'Free' State: November 1, 1864<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body><div style="max-width:594pt;background-color:#ffffff;padding:72pt 9pt 72pt 9pt"><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">Emancipation?</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">Maryland The 'Free' State: November 1, 1864,</span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">Why Then?, and Why is it Worth Remembering?</span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">Reflections on a Celebratory Evening </span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">at the Maryland Historical Society</span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">by</span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">Ed Papenfuse, Maryland State Archivist, retired</span></p><p style="height:11pt;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:230.67px;height:200.00px"><img alt="Sparrow seal" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ThkWK8opZjH3N1AJyvkK4IIEcq93et2i9nEGNo7I5bfcLOSIiYPln81wQPSfvxdEjGha3NAVXPWOPagte_lW-2W75XHOkwOrdmr5uyIv54_73lzQGock-xDvjRBCQXcP8Q" style="width:230.67px;height:200.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Sparrow Seal.</a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> This seal first appeared in 1765 on the title page of the </a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Reverend Thomas Bacon's</a></span><span style="font-size:8pt"> </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">compilation</a></span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> of the Laws of Maryland,</a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> </a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">and until 1793 it ornamented printed editions of the </a></span><span style="font-size:8pt"> </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">session laws of the Assembly. Carved on a wood block by Thomas Sparrow, ward and employee </a></span><span style="font-size:8pt"> </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">of the Annapolis printer, Jonas Green, the Sparrow seal bears</a></span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:8pt"> </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> the Latin motto</a></span><span style="font-size:8pt"> </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> "Crescite et Multiplicamini," </a></span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">which means </a></span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">"Increase and Multiply." To the general assembly and the advocates</a></span><span style="font-size:8pt"> </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> of a written constitution for Maryland, that meant articulating </a></span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">in Declaration of Rights and </a></span><span style="font-size:8pt"> </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Constitutional provision form what that government should be and what individual freedoms</a></span><span style="font-size:8pt"> </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">that government </a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:8pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2200%2Fsc2221%2F000031%2Fhtml%2F0000.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGDDuZXM6R55EhW0AmqbKIw0Dj_og" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">ought to be protecting.</a></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">On November 4, 2014, Maryland experienced a gubernatorial race that some election result divines thought was too close to call. Instead it proved a victory against incumbency at a time when a majority of voters were apparently alienated from government at the state level and by political gridlock in Congress. Another election night 150 years ago last October 12, was too close to call. On that day voters went to the polls to vote on a proposed constitution which provided for the emancipation of the slaves in Maryland. It would take from October 12, when the polls opened, until the Governor completed his review of the soldier vote on October 29th, that the new Constitution was proclaimed in effect as of November 1, 1864.</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Two important anniversaries occurred in 2014 that deserve close attention as written reminders to each successive generation of Americans that even in the most contentious times, if we focus on the fundamentals of what we expect of our government there is the promise of progress. The first anniversary marks the adoption of the Maryland Constitution of 1864 that became effective on November 1 that year. The second honors the publication in 1964 of a seminal study of the political fight that led to emancipation.entitled </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">The Mighty Revolution, Negro Emancipation in Maryland, 1862-1864</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">, by Charles Wagandt (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964).</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">As a border state that remained in the Union, Maryland’s constitution prior to November 1, 1864, and the black code that enforced it, condoned slavery. Slaves were considered nothing more than a permanent labor force, the property of the slave owner to do with much as he or she pleased. They were included in the inventory of personal property at the slave holder’s death, along with cows, sheep, horses, and household furniture. Maryland did permit property owners to free their slaves within the context of increasingly restrictive laws. As a result the ‘free’ population of former slaves and their offspring was nearly equal to the enslaved in Maryland on the eve of the civil war, but without a semblance of citizenship.</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">There were a considerable number of citizens of Maryland who were opposed to slavery. There will always be the academic argument how many and whether or not they were a majority of Marylanders, but the history of the struggle to abolish slavery in Maryland legally through a revision to the Constitution is an excellent way to probe the attitudes and mindsets of all Marylanders in 1864 as they confronted the bloody consequences of a civil war that seemed far from ending.</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Anyone wanting to understand the politics of emancipation in Maryland must begin by reading Charles L. Wagandt’s </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">The Mighty Revolution</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">. He mined the sources available to him with great effect, assessing the political process and the results with great skill, but his book is not the end of the story, but merely an excellent beginning with which to reflect and move forward in the quest to better understand what happened, and what that means in terms of reinforcing the legal framework of American Democracy.</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Maryland, after much debate, and a very close vote of adoption (263 votes out of over 60,000 votes cast) and rebuilt its fundamental written law to exclude slavery. Slaves were emancipated, but what that meant was far from decided and would require innumerable battles at the polls and in the courts, even, sadly the streets, extending to 1964, the year of Wagandt’s seminal work, and beyond.</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><h4 style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:12pt;text-align:left;direction:ltr;padding-bottom:2pt;line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#666666;font-size:11pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";margin:0"><a name="0.1_h.h8ufjy1njvpf"></a></h4><hr><h4 style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:12pt;text-align:left;direction:ltr;padding-bottom:2pt;line-height:1.15;height:11pt;color:#666666;font-size:11pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";margin:0"><a name="0.1_h.wepqhhd4th2p"></a></h4><h4 style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:12pt;text-align:left;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:2pt;line-height:1.15;margin-right:0;color:#666666;font-size:11pt;margin-left:72pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";margin-top:0"><a name="0.1_h.gx2lsgszoo8z"></a><span style="color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Faomol.msa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2900%2Fsc2908%2F000001%2F000667%2Fhtml%2Findex.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG1cGknXJxoYi4aDBsyLQd6yP5Hsg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Election Returns, Maryland Constitution of 1864, Vol.667, pg.97</a></span></h4><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:72pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Faomol.msa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2900%2Fsc2908%2F000001%2F000667%2Fhtml%2Findex.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG1cGknXJxoYi4aDBsyLQd6yP5Hsg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">William Starr Meyers. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical </a></span><span><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Faomol.msa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2900%2Fsc2908%2F000001%2F000667%2Fhtml%2Findex.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG1cGknXJxoYi4aDBsyLQd6yP5Hsg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> </a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Faomol.msa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2900%2Fsc2908%2F000001%2F000667%2Fhtml%2Findex.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG1cGknXJxoYi4aDBsyLQd6yP5Hsg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">and </a></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:72pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Faomol.msa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2900%2Fsc2908%2F000001%2F000667%2Fhtml%2Findex.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG1cGknXJxoYi4aDBsyLQd6yP5Hsg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Political Science</a></span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Faomol.msa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2900%2Fsc2908%2F000001%2F000667%2Fhtml%2Findex.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG1cGknXJxoYi4aDBsyLQd6yP5Hsg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> </a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Faomol.msa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2900%2Fsc2908%2F000001%2F000667%2Fhtml%2Findex.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG1cGknXJxoYi4aDBsyLQd6yP5Hsg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">MARYLAND STATE ARCHIVES (Archives of Maryland Online)</a></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:72pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:430.67px;height:534.67px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/TQvwRnaLrItjim8nSrivacuHDQ8gkM8FxGVTS5oyuVu2CgyVPWyHJxatwL3d5IBXQft5LxPaw2366JRocn3d_0h63lteKhF_N5EcOU50bRvQDyzY8GUE1dEJwBYNGI6F-Q" style="width:430.67px;height:534.67px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;text-align:justify;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:72pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">This return includes the tally of Union soldiers whose 2,633 votes for the Constitution was the deciding factor in abolishing slavery in Maryland. Governor Bradford reviewed all of the soldiers votes (the Maryland State Archives still has many of the ballots) and threw out some, leaving a majority of 263 for the constitution of 1864.</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:372.50px;height:299.98px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/UqVVC38zb67-oGxjAShdscCSTv-H6HDkqQL5zZYGkcM2uxXcSkuYIVe4nPwJ24hIh4BBZpqzyFbyhjLFkU4AKt9GQuX5cIoXYTDzPGor6BEvap1WwQgb1Z0PSQgcSKXd-g" style="width:372.50px;height:299.98px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">Series Information: </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">GOVERNOR (Election Returns) 1838-1895 MSA S108 </span></p><hr><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia""> Images from tallies of ballots cast. Items in the series include total votes for each candidate. Records grouped by office (e.g., sheriff, U.S. Representative, and Presidential Electors). Also contains Constitutional Convention referendum results (1851, 1864, and 1867) as well as ballots cast by soldiers while on duty during the Civil War. Arranged chronologically and by county and office. These are samples of the paper ballots cast in the ratification of the proposed constitution (October 12) and the general election for President in November, 1864.</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">That the soldiers on the battlefields were key to the Constitution’s adoption as well as the Presidential election that followed, is without question. Without those votes, the citizens at home would have defeated the Constitution, leaving it to the Federal government to compel the emancipation of the slaves which it would do for the conquered slave states and the other border states the following year. </span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Maryland would be one of the earliest states to ratify the 13th Amendment to the Constitution. In fact it was deliberating on ratification on that day in early February 1865 when </span><span style="color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fhomepage%2Fhtml%2Flincolninannap.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFAspgek4uBzoOvnvcAbA4SKao0Ag" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Lincoln passed through Annapolis, unannounced and barely heralded on his way to meet with the Confederate Commissioners</a></span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">.</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:425.25px;height:283.50px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/vdwyBdc6Fp7VdvADluK2NFVXsMCAN22SFs3LuTc8QSRJJaDkd8QY1OpJ-rR1t1wQMLJlF3RxVLPUWOX8LvTw_PugqLZtP2GpELNAE3K6u46ImIDqALSg-CPc_fl9mu6UyQ" style="width:425.25px;height:283.50px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">What is significant about the political struggle for a constitutional emancipation in Maryland is that it occurred </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">at all</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> at the state level. The process was a tumultuous one chronicled by Charles Wagandt, in which military interference, political chicanery, and the usual dirt of American politics all played a part. In 1864 whether or not slavery should continue or be abolished was seen by both sides as a matter to be resolved constitutionally locally and not by military, presidential, or Federal legislative decree. In terms of the evolving concept of what constituted American Democracy, Maryland did it right, following those states to the north and northwest that had already done so. Maryland followed </span><span style="color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmarylandarchivist.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F10%2Fare-constitutional-conventions.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEpYNlnMRGZ520qlPJ_xaGPhWnAWA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Thomas Jefferson’s dictum that every generation should examine its legal foundations</a></span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> to see if they were indeed sound or need of repair or rebuilding.</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt1" name="0.1_ftnt_ref1">[1]</a></sup><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">For the most part, the opponents to emancipation fought their battle in the convention, the election, and in the courts, always believing that even if they lost, at least they would be compensated for the property they surrendered to freedom. When President Lincoln heard the news of Maryland’s constitutional emancipation, he told a crowd at the White House that he congratulated Maryland, but regretted the failure to adopt emancipation two years earlier, for then it “would have saved to the nation more money than would have met all the private loss incident to the measure.” </span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt2" name="0.1_ftnt_ref2">[2]</a></sup><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> In defeat the opposition, as did Lincoln, expected compensation to be paid for property lost, and with the loss of Lincoln that April as an ally, sought to re-enslave the healthy former slaves through a prolonged ‘apprenticeship,’ that was to be administered by the Maryland Orphan’s Court. That too was resolved constitutionally, but required appeals to the Supreme Court and an opinion by Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, successor to Maryland’s Roger Brooke Taney who, coincidentally, died on the day that Marylanders went to the polls to vote on the new Constitution (October 12, 1864).</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt3" name="0.1_ftnt_ref3">[3]</a></sup></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Slaveholders in Maryland had looked with some envy as well as apprehension when, by act of Congress, slavery was abolished in the District of Columbia in 1862.</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">To quote the National Archives web site:</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Ffeatured_documents%2Fdc_emancipation_act%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHaxxlGrK9ieDtlzXvoNWbLfR7eZA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">On April 16, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed a bill ending slavery in the District of Columbia. Passage of this law came 8 1/2 months before President Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation. The act brought to a conclusion decades of agitation aimed at ending what antislavery advocates called "the national shame" of slavery in the nation's capital. It provided for immediate emancipation, compensation to former owners who were loyal to the Union of up to $300 for each freed slave, voluntary colonization of former slaves to locations outside the United States, and payments of up to $100 for each person choosing emigration. Over the next 9 months, the Board of Commissioners appointed to administer the act approved 930 petitions, completely or in part, from former owners for the freedom of 2,989 former slaves.</a></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">:</span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">According to the census of 1860, there were 3,185 slaves resident in the District of Columbia. Clearly no slaveholder there ‘lost’ any of his property without the ‘just compensation’ owed him or her under the 5th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution.</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt4" name="0.1_ftnt_ref4">[4]</a></sup></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The ambivalence of Marylanders to the consequences of emancipation if extended to Maryland, is clearly evident in a Frederick County newspaper editorial “The Negro Problem” which was published on the eve of emancipation in the District of Columbia. Emancipation is a noble goal, but the unforeseen consequences of abolition were a cautionary tale for Marylanders, slave and non-slaveholders alike.</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:312.24px;height:542.50px"><img alt="" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/Acm1XvWyxil2rT5E3nLS5fOdl4wV9KV-5EjFm2rpd_E_-pMUwhwobYhSAXkdI-_jDy9skASm7bopP_TuaEI_2KMxcAutxAfOVo8mWvQ57yz_-pkTfZQ3soUHt5cDtDe--w" style="width:312.24px;height:542.50px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">from the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold">Republican Citizen,</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> a Frederick County newspaper, April 11, 1862, </span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Maryland State Archives, scm 10418-03</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">It has long been assumed that the nickname for Maryland as the “Free State” was first given tongue in cheek by the Baltimore </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">Sun</span><sup style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt5" name="0.1_ftnt_ref5">[5]</a></sup><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> when Maryland failed to enforce prohibition in the 1930s. That was not the case. The first time Maryland was called the “Free State” was by a Boston newspaper announcing the adoption of the 1864 Constitution and emancipation of the slaves:</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:374.48px;height:245.50px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/TUdPEXUJpWsABuxXBhsuJbxtJeZ13y2L8m8tFGgnmPyRmj01LAvIraj0P-VS78mRM4U3C97Ap9smyRXgLTspbmX5F06t5dCkJuMehYHVxEt2QrdF7tSjHthIeldQmmWssA" style="width:374.48px;height:245.50px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Boston (AN2.M4B62817)</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia""> Commonwealth</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> published weekly </span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Sep 6, 1862-Dec 28, 1895, November 5, 1864 issue</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">An Eastern Shore newspaper echoed the praise of the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">Philadelphia Inquirer</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> :</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:442.67px;height:568.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/xrcYluDfwtEb-RuCDJs5tYPcsM6H95UA4n_XIKEn28H8-irVG1B9vegX3-Nbe1ZM0ZwpdcVNRnUvuQqziJfI2OZXUgL1PEblHqNCwUXvqYHuRVXGsw0GsrGtep5CBzxqCQ" style="width:442.67px;height:568.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><h3 style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;line-height:1.15;padding-top:14pt;color:#666666;text-align:center;direction:ltr;font-size:12pt;margin:0;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:4pt"><a name="0.1_h.6fvxeuwxvbhk"></a><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccolm%2Fsc2900%2Fsc2940%2Fm11034%2Fhtml%2Fm11034-0583.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGJqqnECST7toF4HDdt06CzQQ7QVw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Special Collections (Easton Gazette) "Free Mayland", November 5, 1864, p.</a></span><span style="color:#000000;font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">3</span></h3><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia";font-weight:bold"></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">The </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Easton Gazette</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">, a Talbot County newspaper, printed this article from the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Philadelphia Inquirer</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">. The article is a congratulatory message to the citizens of Maryland as it joined the ranks of free states in the Union. It points out that the constitution was passed in spite of a secessionist push to have the Superior Court of Baltimore City demand Governor Bradford disallow the soldier's votes that proved the difference in the ratification of the proposed constitution</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The reaction in Baltimore City to the adoption of the proposed Constitution was jubilation. Robert Schoeberlein pointed this out in </span><span style="color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fbaltimorecityarchives.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F11%2F01%2Femancipation-day-in-baltimore%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHNb5qtC1FvmqnUdW2vidQO00nw8A" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">his blog entry</a></span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">:</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:338.67px;height:400.00px"><img alt="Resolutions in honor... New Constitution, BCA, 1864-884" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/cbRGIioaBWmNv5MZ1_qpE2h5RUNSpyQkcsA_nUJOob6eHVyYLYEssgG6BIatm4Yx0c3la9fcdGxjmhUfENQYD7H6kgDNk4LR7K0k3pT_ygLF_qcFID63OvTSgaI94E855g" style="width:338.67px;height:400.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fguide.mdsa.net%2Fseries.cfm%3Faction%3DviewDetails%26ID%3DBRG16-1-134-16-24&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEIeyqlb22DJ6UUewAkO-RPmfOtDQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Resolutions in honor… New Constitution, BCA BRG16-1-134-16-24</a></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">On November 1, 1864, Maryland abolished slavery when a new state constitution forbidding the practice went into effect. The simple words of Article 24 of [the Declaration of Rights] of that document stated:</span></p><p style="margin-right:0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:72pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">“[T]hat hereafter, in this State, there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except in punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted; and all persons held to service or labor as slaves, are hereby declared free.”</span></p><p style="margin-right:0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">How did the Baltimore City government react to the news of emancipation? The all-male, all-white City Council passed a remarkable resolution that starts:</span></p><p style="margin-right:0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:72pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">Whereas it is fitting that a people freed from a barbaric custom of a feudal age should… tak[e] their proud position among the free… Whereas the people of Maryland have by the adoption of a free State Constitution have been redeemed regenerated and disenthralled, And by this progressive act in the cause of freedom… have earned immortal honors for themselves….</span></p><p style="margin-right:0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">A committee of the City Council, at the urging of Mayor Chapman, arranged for a 500 gun salute “</span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">as an evidence of [the] joy felt by the people of Baltimore for the Salvation of Maryland.</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">” </span></p><p style="margin-right:0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Chapman further requested that church bells ring at sunrise to greet the dawning of this new era.</span></p><p style="margin-right:0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">How did Baltimore’s African American population greet the news of emancipation? According to the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">Baltimore Clipper </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">newspaper:</span></p><p style="margin-right:0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:72pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">The colored portion of our community converted [the first of November] into a day of holiday, thanksgiving, and prayer… they donned their best attire, and social reunions were indulged in… [t]he various churches were thronged during the entire day, and at the church on Saratoga Street [Bethel A.M.E.]… the place was crowded, and at times it was impossible for a vehicle to pass… so dense was the mass of persons. </span></p><p style="margin-right:0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:319.00px;height:455.59px"><img alt="Emancipation Day in Baltimore, Baltimore Clipper, November 2, 1864" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/3olYjEyNP2PgFLYIl-_HhPdx6i9-JrUFl8aORQU1GqF42CasaDyYs0cFpT1AiQWNUwXQmHj2JffCo_17HtYck1hJVcPvKhFt99m3IQCkKwonuaVrgEuV_gNYu8ICNxRnqQ" style="width:319.00px;height:455.59px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Emancipation Day activities in Baltimore, </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdsa.net%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc3800%2Fsc3895%2F000000%2F000002%2F000000%2F000023%2Fpdf%2Fmsa_sc3895_2_23_1864_11.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGQHoyZGXMs-0p-OvA9OLx6HYDz3g" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Baltimore Clipper, November</a></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""> 2, 1864,</span></p><p style="margin-right:0;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">msa_sc3895_2_23_1864_11-<WBR>00000006.jpg</span></p><p style="margin-right:0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><hr><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonofthesouth.net%2Fleefoundation%2Fcivil-war%2F1864%2Foctober%2Fsoldiers-vote-republican.htm&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGxBurbg0iUw3FgOdZBTPAXXqyT_A" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Harper’s Weekly in its October 29, 1864</a></span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> issue headlined “All Hail Maryland!” </span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><h2 style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:10pt;text-align:left;direction:ltr;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold;padding-bottom:5pt;line-height:0.4411764705882353;margin-right:0;color:#000000;font-size:13pt;margin-left:36pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS";margin-top:0"><a name="0.1_h.1a75y1ju95aj"></a><span style="font-size:10pt;background-color:#dcd6c7;font-family:"Georgia"">ALL HAIL, MARYLAND !</span></h2><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Georgia"">THE Maryland soldiers have achieved one of the grandest victories of the war. They have lifted " the despot's heel" from the shore of their Maryland. Their vote has redeemed their State from the curse of Slavery, and anchored it first and forever to the Union, whose cause, as the old Continental Congress declared, " is the cause of human nature." Their victory shows that they, too, understand the meaning of this war. They perceive that it is the armed insurrection of the privileged few against the laboring many. They know that the great slaveholder is the direct rival of the free laborer who lives by his daily wages. They know that while the system lasts permanent peace is impossible, and having learned in the battle-field and the Southern prison that the tender mercies of slavery are cruel, they have, with one master blow, demolished the root of the war in the soil of Maryland. It is indeed "a glorious victory." God bless the Maryland citizens at the front and the Maryland citizens at home</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">and on </span><span style="color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonofthesouth.net%2Fleefoundation%2Fcivil-war%2F1864%2Fdecember%2Funited-we-stand.jpg&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG1sf0HnLXvgRNRN24jK4otG_vIaQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">December 4</a></span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">, thanked “God for Maryland Freeing Her Slaves” in one of the many woodcuts the magazine published during the war.</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:302.00px;height:320.00px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/06uSbn-JvY2KeUMLclrAzD1ijCaimobz8XgNfYVXVRffhrG7koa3BaCngBvikOq0HRWOYRv7RL0XlcjtAvfFvuJgrvyfW6yrsth4vJLrhFclesbm9k4tNkA40F3iRpRZVg" style="width:302.00px;height:320.00px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The opponents of the Constitution took their cause to the state courts, instituting a lawsuit challenging the inclusion of the soldiers vote. </span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The case was argued unsuccessfully in the lower court by a highly regarded slave owner lawyer by the name of William Schley and lost on appeal to the Maryland Court of Appeals in a final decision rendered on October 29, 1864 that permitted Governor Bradford to proclaim Emancipation effective November 1.. </span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:290.00px;height:450.52px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/OrALyRjBGkwcRLjOgtVPzWMDunqzx2QNGO_EzFQwT1PUfEDN4PBPw-MtNlZYLIYeQbV4eVk2saqdVnxAPqUJS_3UbfG-I30Kx-PZyZimf0VNzExI_f36hnUfSCv2pVwWtA" style="width:290.00px;height:450.52px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">Image source: Maryland State Archives SPECIAL COLLECTIONS (Judge James F. Schneider Collection relating to the History of the Courts and the Legal Profession in Maryland) William Schley 1863 autographed Cartes de Visite, courtesy of the Library Company of the Baltimore Bar, MSA SC 5598-4-129</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Schley (1799-1872) was an early supporter of Lincoln and the Union Party in Maryland. Lincoln came in a distant third in Maryland in the presidential election of 1860 and was threatened with assassination if he made a public appearance in Baltimore on his way to his inauguration. As Charles W. Mitchell records in his </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">Maryland Voices of the Civil War</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">, Schley defended Lincoln’s avoiding Baltimore. On February 23, 1861, Schley wrote:</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">A vast crowd was present at the Depot to see you arrive this morning, but at “Ten” you may judge the disappointment at the “announcement” of your “passage” through </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">unseen</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">unnoticed</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> and </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">unknown</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">--it fell like a thunderclap upon the Community --was denied as a “hoax” --&c until the truth was made [known] beyond a doubt --A large “police force” was present to preserve the peace, besides your many friends to resist </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">attack</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">--which I now declare </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">was meditated</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> and </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">determined</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">. By your course you have saved </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">bloodshed and a mob</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">.</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt6" name="0.1_ftnt_ref6">[6]</a></sup></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Schley was from a prominent Frederick County family where he pursued his runaway slaves and practiced law. </span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:261.50px;height:569.87px"><img alt="" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/Ju08uhpzp-ub1BJj2EmDU8MOuXdQWukXHflRSB6NwjPOa9zIBiTw8UF0mJhAKRViq8xJggbWW3q4EHcBGOy_0SS4FoUl4o2PWBRNXmqikx55TLiFy0eYVbIZkebBgRsbbg" style="width:261.50px;height:569.87px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc3500%2Fsc3520%2F013000%2F013043%2Fpdf%2F18270707fth3.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHvastrmGRT32iHLNf0mEGdtGbK6A" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">"For the apprehension and delivery of my negro man Leonard." </a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc3500%2Fsc3520%2F013000%2F013043%2Fpdf%2F18270707fth3.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHvastrmGRT32iHLNf0mEGdtGbK6A" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Frederick Town Herald</a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc3500%2Fsc3520%2F013000%2F013043%2Fpdf%2F18270707fth3.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHvastrmGRT32iHLNf0mEGdtGbK6A" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">, 7 July 1828</a></span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">, </span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">In the 1830s he sought his fortune as a lawyer in Baltimore City, after marrying the daughter of a prominent Washington County slaveholder whose entangled estate he would continue to defend until his death in 1872 of smallpox.</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt7" name="0.1_ftnt_ref7">[7]</a></sup><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> By 1864 he was disillusioned with Lincoln and Seward, with whom had argued that the arrest of Marylanders without benefit of </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">Habeas Corpus</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> was unjust and unwarranted.</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt8" name="0.1_ftnt_ref8">[8]</a></sup><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> In 1864, disillusioned with President Lincoln, he cast his lot with the Democrats becoming an elector for the Democratic Candidate, George McClellan. He articulated his reasons why in a speech published on Wednesday, November 2, 1864, the week before Marylanders went to the polls.</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:422.51px;height:282.50px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/5qyq7DVEHxQs0b-bXTB3sbRtUXnZdFJn7xS0BZ6IPHnB5CdPJiPCPhOBYW_NQ4exkd3NDXeBejeI7--5tdP72wkh1yyFt0WbiG4nS8viufDKbfripAjVL-i1YsdI-mUPGA" style="width:422.51px;height:282.50px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc3500%2Fsc3520%2F013000%2F013043%2Fpdf%2Fsun2nov1864.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEih5ppP8VoeS64wzuAz37hySZXKg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">"Address of William Schley, Esq." </a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc3500%2Fsc3520%2F013000%2F013043%2Fpdf%2Fsun2nov1864.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEih5ppP8VoeS64wzuAz37hySZXKg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">The Sun</a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc3500%2Fsc3520%2F013000%2F013043%2Fpdf%2Fsun2nov1864.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEih5ppP8VoeS64wzuAz37hySZXKg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">, 2 November 1864</a></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Emancipation came to Maryland through an underlying belief apparently held by most voters that it had to be done within the framework of the state constitution and the law, if it was to be done at all. When it finally came on November 1, 1864, the Emancipation provision was not contained within the operational body of the new constitution, but rather in the declaration of rights, Article 24, and it did not address the question of citizenship. The slaves were free, but their rights as free men and women were circumscribed by the lack of voting rights, the lack of the right to participate on a jury, and the failure to provide free and equal access to education. That would be a long and tortuous path, filled with legal obstacles. Fortunately, however, because Maryland provided a constitutional basis for freedom from slavery, coupled with an acceptance of the negro’s right to vote (even though Maryland refused to ratify the 15th Amendment </span><span style="color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FHMAN-113%2Fpdf%2FHMAN-113-pg104.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHvWZcDB_elwDFhTfXE5Kojg_7YBg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">until 1973</a></span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">), former slaves would have their own advocates, trained in the law, to lead the way to further legal and constitutional change, with one of their own ultimately being elevated to the Supreme Court of the United States.</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">To better understand what happened, how it happened, and why it happened, it is essential for at least every generation to be able to return to the surviving record, insisting that it is retained as quickly and efficiently in a permanently available, publicly accessible, virtual repository. It is a critical component of sustaining our democracy that we are able simply and easily to access the surviving records of the past to learn from from them and to improve upon what is learned. </span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">For example, one of the best ways to attempt to comprehend, if not understand, the prevalent racism of 1864, is to actually read the newspapers of the day and the detailed record of the debates in the Constitutional Convention. Where are the on-line, indexed issues of the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">Baltimore Clipper</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">, the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">Easton Gazette</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">, and the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">Frederick Republican Citizen</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">? Putting them online with a modicum of optical character recognition is neither difficult nor expensive, but it must be done in the context of a full understanding of not only what has survived, but what has not. Sadly much of the newspaper print world of the 19th and 20th century has not survived (or will not without optical character recognized imaging done very soon). Given the advent of the ‘Cloud’ and volunteers with sufficient desktop power to create the e-pub, the cost to the archives of production of the e-publication would be nominal, leaving the real cost, apart from imaging, to be the pennies per e-pub page charge for perpetuating them in a web-based server environment. </span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">The cost of the initial imaging cannot, of course be overlooked, but with the low cost of flatbed scanners and economies of scale, the cost of scanning original pages can be reduced significantly, especially if willing and able volunteers are enlisted to do the work. </span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Caution, of course, needs to be exercised in evaluating what is found in the newspapers, just as reliance on the surviving correspondence and legal briefs of identified actors, must be carefully evaluated. The repositories of the archival material must help evaluate and explain the evidence they make available, as well as looking beyond their own holdings to source material elsewhere.</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">For example, if the Maryland State Archives does, as I hope it will, and places optical character recognized copies of all of the surviving issues of the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">Baltimore Clipper</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> on line from its collection of originals, as well as of the </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">Frederick Republican</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> from its microfilm collection, it also needs to explain that missing issues may be held elsewhere while at the same time incorporating the scholarly cautions of historians like Charles Wagandt into its guide to Maryland newspapers. As Charles Wagandt points out: </span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:36pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Newspapers too slipped into the ring of patronage seeking [during the Civil War]. The Baltimore Clipper offered to sell Montgomery Blair a two year control of its political sentiment. Five thousand dollars plus government advertising and printing for Maryland was the requested fee along with the salary of the editor and any assistant.</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt9" name="0.1_ftnt_ref9">[9]</a></sup><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Other forms of evidence than the written word need to be brought into the re-examination of the historical narrative from oral histories, to photographs to artifacts of every kind. Perhaps nothing is more important than a good genealogy of family and associations. The recent study of just one family divided by the war yet united on so many different levels makes that abundantly clear in an enjoyable narrative form,</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt10" name="0.1_ftnt_ref10">[10]</a></sup><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> while understanding William Schley’s family obligations brought by his marriage into the slaveholding Ringgolds helps inform the assessment of his role in the anti-constitution camp.</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">In the end, to be truly emancipated in understanding the past with regard to prevailing attitudes and prejudices, and to formulate strategies to influence the minds and hearts of the present on all manner of public policy, public support of the custodianship of the surviving record and its translation into a permanent , readily accessible, affordable, virtual world is of the highest priority. Without that attention to the preservation of and access to the surviving record whether paper or virtual, by those who are meant to be the guardians the goal of in an informed and inclusive democracy is doomed. Without persistent identification and explanation of the historical record in tweetable terms that entice the tweeters to go beyond acronyms of communication, to perhaps go and read a good book (tactile or kindle) and to delve into a re-evaluation of the historical record, archives have no sustainable future. Tweet and blog to reach the broadest possible audience, but provide that audience with the teasers, the means and the incentive, to emancipate themselves from fragmented conversations and to allocating some of their online time to exploring the stories of the past in greater depth, as well as opening up their pocketbooks to assist in the survival on line of the records that make that exciting and self-edifying exploration possible. Archives and Special Collections desperately need the support and vision to implement a permanent, virtual archive of their holdings, placed in the topical and biographical context of where else those holdings lead. Following the <a href="http://archive.org" target="_blank">archive.org</a> model, each institution holding any records of value must move a virtual representation of them on to servers and storage devices they own, along with all the born digital exhibits and substantive blog entries that they currently farm out to fleeting and expensive service providers. That such a virtual place could be a shared resource among big and little institutions, is probably best, but getting the big institutions to assist the small ones at minimal charge may prove to be too great a challenge.</span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">In facing the challenges of the virtual world, archivists and special collection curators must own their own virtual world and not leave it to the Fold3’s or the Gales of this world to be the proprietary and expensive purveyors of knowledge. Excellent on line exhibits, fully documented, like that of the Maryland Historical Society’s </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdhs.org%2Fpressrelease%2Fkey-items-tell-maryland-emancipation-story&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNG_VfbPVW5W_QhPaJW5MUrKciuaKg" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">Key Items Tell Maryland Emancipation Story</a></span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia""> </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">must be permanently and freely accessible to the public on society owned and operated servers with open source software and cloud associated local storage.</span><sup style="font-family:"Georgia""><a href="#0.1_ftnt11" name="0.1_ftnt_ref11">[11]</a></sup><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> Institutions cannot depend upon hardware and software, let alone storage that they do not control for their virtual presence. </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> It must be open source and transmutable with little expense from one generation of virtual environment to the next. It is a serious mistake to allow the Apple’s of this world to defeat with the change of an operating system what was meant to be a permanent app for the enjoyment of Bach’s brilliant </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">Goldberg Variations.</span><span style="font-family:"Georgia""> </span></p><p style="text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;margin:0.00px 0.00px;border:0.00px solid #000000;width:392.50px;height:537.41px"><img alt="" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/02QwssaUlzeNLg3KsiPlFsMZOz28m5GPGrvlcTPhx9OvJS5L3J4WNPC-qBVvZSghj02sDY45S1uo61eI6Je_YCt999pBeOf2wwUOE2zYp-wFOnQtfJJgW_MOkWKujacHnQ" style="width:392.50px;height:537.41px;margin-left:0.00px;margin-top:0.00px" title=""></span></p><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:14pt;text-align:center;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding-bottom:4pt"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">courtesy of http://</span><span style="color:#000000;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""><a href="http://opengoldbergvariations.org" target="_blank">opengoldbergvariations.<WBR>org</a></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">For a brief moment in time, on my IPAD, I could listen to a superb artist play all the Bach Goldberg variations while following every note of the music as it was played on the image of the score, much like the bouncing ball of music hall fame.. It was glorious and I expected it to always be there for me, but that was not to be. As Robert Douglass of <a href="http://opengoldbervariations.org" target="_blank">http://opengoldbervariations.<WBR>org</a> wrote me in one of those impermanent emails:</span></p><p style="margin-right:0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:108pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:72pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">this is the sad consequence of Apple changing the technologies and terms of iPad apps. It caught us by surprise as well. I need to remove the link from the website.</span></p><p style="margin-right:0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:72pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="margin-right:0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:72pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;font-family:"Georgia"">MuseScore is currently looking for an intern who would be able to work with them to upgrade the app to the new IOS version, in case you know of any aspiring young programmers who love music and open source software.</span></p><p style="margin-right:0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:108pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia""></span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">Let’s hope that as institutions venture out into the virtual world they do not fall into the trap of having to say at some time in the future, figuratively, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Georgia"">Goodbye to Bach </span><span style="font-family:"Georgia"">with their virtual world lost for ever. It isn’t just our heritage that is at stake, it is civilization as we are able to remember it.</span></p><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span>.</span></p><p style="margin-right:0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin-left:108pt;margin-bottom:0;font-family:"Arial";margin-top:0;padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic"></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span></span></p><p style="height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span></span></p><div><p style="height:11pt;text-align:right;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span></span></p></div><hr style="height:1px;width:33%"><div><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref1" name="0.1_ftnt1">[1]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> Maryland’s Constitution of 1851 required the General Assembly to conduct a referendum after each census to see whether voters desired a new constitutional convention. The current constitution calls for a referendum every 20 years:</span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:10pt">It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide by Law for taking, at the general election to be held in the year nineteen hundred and seventy, and every twenty years thereafter, the sense of the People in regard to calling a Convention for altering this Constitution; and if a majority of voters at such election or elections shall vote for a Convention, the General Assembly, at its next session, shall provide by Law for the assembling of such convention, and for the election of Delegates thereto. Each County, and Legislative District of the City of Baltimore, shall have in such Convention a number of Delegates equal to its representation in both Houses at the time at which the Convention is called. But any Constitution, or change, or amendment of the existing Constitution, which may be adopted by such Convention, shall be submitted to the voters of this State, and shall have no effect unless the same shall have been adopted by a majority of the voters voting thereon.</span><span style="vertical-align:super;color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:10pt;text-decoration:underline"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FArticle_XIV%2C_Maryland_Constitution%23cite_note-md-1&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFuFUeaHTzf0ecE3gmPZZ8uhYelWA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">[1]</a></span></p></div><div><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref2" name="0.1_ftnt2">[2]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> quoted from Charles Wagandt, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:10pt">The Mighty Revolution</span><span style="font-size:10pt">… (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964), p. 264.</span></p></div><div><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref3" name="0.1_ftnt3">[3]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> Richard Paul Fuke, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:10pt">Imperfect Equality</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> (New York: Fordham University Press, 1999), ff., but especially the case of Ex Parte Elizabeth Turner from Talbot County, pp. 81-82.</span></p></div><div><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref4" name="0.1_ftnt4">[4]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:10pt">Preliminary Report on the Eighth Census 186</span><span style="font-size:10pt">0 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1862) p. 131.</span></p></div><div><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref5" name="0.1_ftnt5">[5]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:10pt;text-decoration:underline"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fmdmanual%2F01glance%2Fhtml%2Fnickname.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEhXUI7lJbo_iujeXTxWkC9--uM0A" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://msa.maryland.gov/<WBR>msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/<WBR>nickname.html</a></span></p></div><div><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref6" name="0.1_ftnt6">[6]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> Charles W. Mitchell, Maryland Voices of the Civil War (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), p. 29.</span></p></div><div><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref7" name="0.1_ftnt7">[7]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> see the admirable beginnings of a biography of Schley on the Maryland State Archives web site: </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:10pt;text-decoration:underline"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc3500%2Fsc3520%2F013000%2F013043%2Fhtml%2Fmsa13043.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGPpd9hdJ8UgxCD3nwNqerPorYeTw" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/<WBR>speccol/sc3500/sc3520/013000/<WBR>013043/html/msa13043.html</a></span><span style="font-size:10pt">. It is hoped that the Maryland State Archives will follow through on the suggestion of converting the biographical environment to </span><span> </span><span style="font-size:9pt">a more open source wiki based approach to biography that permits scholars like Charles Wagandt and Charles W. Mitchell and informed public to easily update and add value to the biographies, much like the way biographies are kept accurate and current on Wikipedia.</span><span> </span></p><p style="line-height:1.0;height:11pt;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><span style="font-size:10pt"></span></p></div><div><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref8" name="0.1_ftnt8">[8]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> see Charles W. Mitchell, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:10pt">Maryland Voices</span><span style="font-size:10pt">, p. 248.</span></p></div><div><p style="color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref9" name="0.1_ftnt9">[9]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span><span style="font-family:"Bentham"">Wagandt, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-family:"Bentham"">The Mighty Revolution</span><span style="font-family:"Bentham"">, p. 188.</span></p></div><div><p style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;padding-top:24pt;line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding-bottom:6pt"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref10" name="0.1_ftnt10">[10]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> Helen Drury Macsherry, </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:10pt">Pastime: Life and Love on the homefront during the Civil War, 1861-1865</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> (ISBN-10:</span><span style="font-size:10pt"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fproduct.half.ebay.com%2FPastime-Life-and-Love-on-the-Homefront-During-the-Civil-War-1861-1865-2013-Paperback-Anniversary%2F164670404%26tg%3Dinfo&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFU_RwzipPqOlX6FYoZSt7-FEEbLA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> </a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:10pt;text-decoration:underline"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fproduct.half.ebay.com%2FPastime-Life-and-Love-on-the-Homefront-During-the-Civil-War-1861-1865-2013-Paperback-Anniversary%2F164670404%26tg%3Dinfo&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFU_RwzipPqOlX6FYoZSt7-FEEbLA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">0989140806<WBR>, </a></span><span style="font-size:10pt">ISBN-13:</span><span style="font-size:10pt"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fproduct.half.ebay.com%2FPastime-Life-and-Love-on-the-Homefront-During-the-Civil-War-1861-1865-2013-Paperback-Anniversary%2F164670404%26tg%3Dinfo&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFU_RwzipPqOlX6FYoZSt7-FEEbLA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> </a></span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:10pt;text-decoration:underline"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fproduct.half.ebay.com%2FPastime-Life-and-Love-on-the-Homefront-During-the-Civil-War-1861-1865-2013-Paperback-Anniversary%2F164670404%26tg%3Dinfo&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFU_RwzipPqOlX6FYoZSt7-FEEbLA" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">9780989140805), </a></span><span style="font-size:10pt">Publisher</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold">:</span><span style="font-size:10pt"> Union Mills Homestead Foundation, Inc. Author supplied abstract: </span><span style="font-style:italic;font-size:9pt">Located at an important crossroads in rural Carroll County, Maryland, two Shriver families lived across the road from one another in the 1860s, one family operating a grist mill, the other a tannery. At the outset of war in 1861, the Shrivers of Union Mills, headed by two brothers born six years apart, were divided by more than just a country road. Pastime: Life & Love On The Homefront During the Civil War, 1861-1865 presents a behind-the-scenes look at Maryland rural life during the Civil War, recording the lives of two families united in love, but divided by war. A project of the Union Mills Homestead Foundation, Pastime uses many never-before-published materials from the vast Shriver family archives. It shifts the focus from the battlefield to the homefront, using first-person accounts found in the diaries and letters of the Shriver family. These original sources take the reader on a journey back in time, revealing the thoughts and feelings expressed by a family torn by a nation in crisis. Pastime offers a closer look at the daily life of the Shrivers, giving the reader a better understanding of how "life must go on" even as war rages nearby. Beyond life's everyday tasks, and the web of family and community connections, there is the stark division in loyalties between North and South, and the arrival of Armies of both sides in 1863 in the lead-up to Gettysburg. Editor and Shriver descendant Helen Drury Macsherry, working with the Foundation's Curator Committee, has provided an invaluable work commemorating the Sesquicentennial of the Civil War that both the general reader and the historian will find fascinating and informative.</span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-style:italic;font-size:9pt;text-decoration:underline"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F18657837-pastime%23&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFpteZzU40ufnnnokrVsMJuQBIT5Q" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank"> </a></span></p></div><div><p style="line-height:1.0;color:#000000;direction:ltr;font-size:11pt;margin:0;font-family:"Arial";padding:0"><a href="#0.1_ftnt_ref11" name="0.1_ftnt11">[11]</a><span style="font-size:10pt"> When preparing on-line exhibits that feature documents and artifacts from an institution’s collections, the exhibit should intentionally reach out to other institutions holding documents and artifacts relating to the theme of the exhibit. For example in this online exhibit of the Maryland Historical Society, the reference to the papers quoted of one of the members of the Constitutional Convention who opposed emancipation should link to the indexed copies of the debates of the Convention on the Maryland State Archives web site. Exhibits and finding aids to the collections of a given institution should take the reader beyond the walls of the institution. The importance of integrating virtual exhibits into the fabric of the permanent virtual world is no more apparent than the virtual loss of one of the finest and most provocative exhibits ever produced at the Maryland Historical Society called </span><span style="color:#1155cc;font-size:10pt;text-decoration:underline"><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fmarylandarchivist.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F10%2Fwhere-am-i-in-all-this.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHWjafWzYRnjna4kNtsR-B2-n6XWQ" style="color:inherit;text-decoration:inherit" target="_blank">“Mining the Museum.”</a></span><span style="font-size:10pt"> It is also essential that citations be used in any blog writing that accurately bring the reader back to the virtual source. By doing so, not only is the narrative authenticated, but also the reader is aware of the institutional role in preserving and making accessible the underlying documentation.</span></p></div></div></body></html>ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-9449728268247562502014-09-21T12:17:00.003-04:002014-09-21T16:13:32.404-04:00Working Together to Preserve and Interpret the Past in a Sustainable, Virtual Environment<br id="docs-internal-guid-1a98dbbd-9900-1b7a-824d-7311bbdf0c07" />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Lynx</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, a Baltimore Privateer captured by the British: a reconstruction that visited Baltimore with the rest of the Tall Ships</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Recently, I was asked to speak on the future of historical research and writing, especially as it related to helping teachers access and make use of the rich resources that are currently being placed on line in the virtual world. My words were in the form of a challenge to all cultural institutions with regard to their placing digital versions of their holdings on line. A reporter present headlined his blog with </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://technical.ly/baltimore/2014/09/18/alchemy-learning-edtech-cultural-institutions-papenfuse-biw/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">“</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">We need a ‘Wayback Machine’ for all cultural archives … During a Baltimore Innovation Week event hosted by edtech startup Alchemy Learning, the retired Maryland State Archivist called on cultural groups to get collaborative in sharing and hosting online archives</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">”</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Alchemy Learning cofounders Henry Blue (left) and Win Smith address attendees at their Baltimore Innovation Week event. (Photo by Christopher Wink)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The sponsor of the session was </span><a href="http://www.alchemylearning.com/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Alchemy Learning</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> which is a new and innovative start up company devoted to linking teachers to the resources of cultural institutions through meaningful and easy to use lesson plans. It was my task to remind all present that for that to become a dynamic and viable reality, attention also needs to be paid to the means of access through a permanent and sustainable electronic archives as well as the need for a related digital sandbox in which teachers and researchers of any interest can assemble and write their narrratives. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Such an undertaking needs the cooperation of, and funding from universities, public and private, government agencies such as city government, and the cultural institutions themselves. In all what I called for is our working together to preserve and intrepret the past in a sustainable, virtual environment. Baltimore should take the lead, not unlike the massive cooperative effort it undertook to defend itself in the late summer and fall of 1814.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">On the eve of the War of 1812 when Maryland merchants and investors sent out Baltimore’s merchant fleet to harass British shipping and further Baltimore’s commerce in the time of war, Baltimore had no plan for its growth and development. Baltimore build ships like the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Chasseur </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">(known as the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Pride of Baltimore</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">) and the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Lynx</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (pictured above), did their best to disrupt British trade and their history is well known thanks to scholars like Jerome R. Garitee who lives quietely north of the city.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Today, while there are a number of wonderful programs promoting the history of Baltimore City ranging from the Community Lecture Series of Mike Franch, the Environmental lecture series fostered by Joe Stewart, and the highly successful academic conferences shepherded by Garrett Power, and while the city abounds in cultural and historical places to visit and learn, there is no plan and no place for coordinating and accessing the sources, primary and secondary, of the city’s history. There is no communal virtual sandbox in which scholar, teacher, and interested citizen alike can explore the city’s history and reflect upon it. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Prior to, and during the War of 1812, Visitors and Emigre’s to Baltimore had attempted to map the city while Merchants and Investors tried to find pathways to enrich themselves through the international import and export trade. A. P. Folie (1797) and Charles Phillip Varle (1790s-1830s) fled the revolution and slave revolts in what would become Haiti. In Baltimore, as French trained engineers and surveyors, they mapped the city and the surrounding countryside. Both produced maps that would form the basis of what the Americans and the British knew of the ground on which the British would unsuccessfully attack the city in September of 1814, and Varle’s map would be used as the map of the city for visitors and residents attached to city directories until the 1820s. Varle would even call himself a ‘civil engineer’ and offer unheeded advice to the city fathers about public health , particularly about the need to have modern privies to combat disease, and at the end of his stay in Baltimore in the 1830s would produce a tourist guide to the city to rival that of his competitor Benjamin Henry Latrobe.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">But the City had no plan for the future development of a community composed of three smaller communities united by the legislature of Maryland into one: Old Town, New Town, and Fells Point until they hired, let go, and re-hired another surveyor beginning in 1811, Thomas Poppleton.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Poppleton carried the science of surveying to new heights in Baltimore, using triangulation to establish and lay down the town’s boundary stones, streets, and lots, doing his best to accommodate those that had already been delineated on the maps and plats of Folie, Varle and less skillful surveyors like Jehu Bouldin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In the decades after the city charter was implemented (1797 to the 1840s) Baltimore’s mainspring was commerce, both the import and the export of goods. The population nearly doubled every two decades and by the 1840s Baltimore was the third largest city in America with a population of 102,513 confined to about 16 square miles.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Poppleton was hired on the basis of this triangulation proposal in 1812 on the eve of the War of 1812. When his work was suspended by the efforts of the City to defend itself against the British and to survive commercially, Poppleton, a British citizen at the time, went to New York to map Manhattan as New York’s City Surveyor. He was lured back after the war, producing his grand map of the city in the form of a beautiful wall map illustrated on its perimeter by drawings of prominent buildings that was finally published in 1822. That map governed the course of the development of the city, its streets, and its lots, not to mention street names, until the next annexation of land in 1888.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Poppleton map also illuminated and contributed to the conflict between wharf owners who sought to enlarge their presence in the port and the grading of the streets that Poppleton proposed be the consequence of his grand layout of the city. By 1817 the run off from the new streets into the harbor was clogging up the wharfs of ship builders and merchants such as Craig and Barron of Fells Point, who took their complaints as far as the U. S. Supreme Court and lost in the face of the argument that cities could do almost as they pleased to accommodate urban expansion as long as it was an exercise of publicly approved policy, such as following the dictates of streets mapped out at city expense. Wharf owners would have to pay to get rid of the silt deposits (runoff from streets) themselves without hope of just compensation for the loss of their business or the cost of removing it.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The physical growth of the city posed the obvious questions of public health. Where would uncontaminated drinking water come from? How would human waste and garbage be disposed of? To what degree would the city be concerned with public safety, public health, and lighting of the streets. As a seafaring community, Baltimore acquired the reputation as early as 1807 as ‘mob town’ in which periodically uncontrollable masses of people would riot, destroying life and property with a ferocity that gained a national reputation and deeply affected national politics. When Alexander Contee Hanson’s printing press was demolished in the summer of 1812, and he and his friends were beaten up so badly by the mob (a distinguished veteran of the Revolution was killed), those that rallied to his cause formed the major opposition to President Madison’s war and ultimately elected Hanson as a U. S. Senator from Maryland.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Generally the story of the City is told through the eyes of the elite and the heroes of the moment, with small regard to those who actually participated in its life through space and time. With the maps of the time, placing them on the earth of today, and the narratives and stories of the lesser known participants in its history, we perhaps can better understand that enormous burst of community energy that came together to defend the city in September of 1814. It was unlike anything before in American history, and rarely duplicated since. While General Jackson had to declare martial law in New Orleans to keep the populace from welcoming the British with open arms, and the citizens of Washington and Alexandria were helpless in the advance of the invaders, even having to supply them the necessities of war time to prevent further destruction of homes, businesses and public buildings, Baltimoreans turned collective under the leadership of a committee of Vigilance and Safety and their chosen military commander, Merchant/General Samuel Smith. It was and remains a remarkable story of wholehearted and complete community involvement and action with fortifications built and manned, encircling the city, within 4 weeks of the burning of the U. S. Capitol and the White House. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">During that time there was little or no opposition (British deserters were given $5-10 and passage out of town. A few dissenters were investigated, but only one person was brought to trial for treason, and he for saving Upper Marlboro from being torched). Even Alexander Contee Hanson, who secretly invested in the only opposition newspaper published in Baltimore during 1814 (the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Telegraph</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">) stayed out of town and found being feted in upstate New York far more to this liking.</span></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">That the city defended itself so successfully in the late summer and early fall of 1814 is particularly remarkable in light of the difficulties facing its life blood, its commerce, in the years of the embargo and the war. When it came time to build the defenses against the British Navy and Army, the funding had to come from local loans and contributions (even though the Madison administration promised reimbursement). Those that had profited from privateering, ‘illegal’ and clandestine trade, and the banks in which they deposited their earnings, coughed up hundreds of thousands of dollars in short order to pay the daily laborers on the fortifications and to arm them with cannons and militia (the paid citizen army). Some merchants even had to sacrifice their shipping for the defense of the harbor when a number were commandeered by the City to be sunk at its mouth to keep the British Navy out.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Today, among the cultural and research institutions holding the documents, the artifacts, and the stories of Baltimore’s past, there needs to be a renewed coming together of those resources in a sustainable virtual world in which the resources are shared, well explained, and inexpensive to access.</span></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The future of informing the world about Baltimore and its history lies in how well it is told on the web in a sustainable and dynamic environment where students of any age and interest can easily find what has been written, learn and access what sources there are to write and explore more of Baltimore’s past, both in terms of actual site visits to exhibits and surviving historic places and virtually through easy access to on line documentation. It is an all inclusive proposition, from Ruth to Poe to Mencken to a rainbow of immigrants and the absorbing exhibits of the Maryland Historical Society, the Walters, the BMA, and the B&O museum, to mention but a few.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">To meet that future of virtual access tied to actual visits, institutions need to look beyond their walls and provide inexpensive access to the treasures they hold in a searchable context that guides the interested not only to what they have on and off line, but to resources elsewhere related to the topic or person of interest. To meet that future teachers at all levels of education must be able to easily find teachable resources on line through virtual workbooks or binders as those proposed by the Alchemy project, and a dynamically developed subject portal maintained in one stop on the ‘cloud’ of the internet, but shared and contributed to by all cultural and research institutions having any artifacts and records relating to Baltimore city’s rich past. </span></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Both Alchemy and Baltimore Heritage are staging conferences on how best to encourage the keepers and interpreters of Baltimore’s memory to share what they know and what they have, but no one is taking the lead in providing an integrated place of knowledge of what exists, where it exists, and how to move what there is in to an increasingly accessible virtual world in which teachers can not only mine what is there but make real contributions to the value of what they find. Nor is anyone taking the lead in providing a permanent place for linking and accessing the virtual knowledge of the City’s history as expressed on web sites, web exhibits, and on-line sources, as well as providing the stimulus for improving what is available virtually for the study of Baltimore’s past.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A number of institutions have made a stab at it with regard to their own holdings and collections, and in pointing to resources elsewhere. Admirable examples are the web sites of the Baltimore City Archives at </span><a href="http://baltimorecityarchives.net/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://baltimorecityarchives.net</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, the Maryland Historical Society, and Baltimore Heritage, but these are largely volunteer or single staff operations that are only able to address a miniscule portion of the wealth of resources available to explore the City’s past.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Where should such a dynamic and extensive portal to the City’s past be based? Who, will, like with the<i> Chasseur</i> and the<i> Lynx</i>, captain and crew the ship. Most of all, how will it be paid for?</span></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">My suggestion is that it should be a high priority of the City government to fund such an endeavor with additional support from private and non-profit sources. The hosts should be a collaborative among the major universities in town (JHU, U of Md, University of Baltimore) and the cultural institutions of all flavors from historic houses to major depositories such as the Maryland Historical Society, the Baltimore City Archives, the Pratt Library. . It needs to be permanent and perpetual and not disappear as does all the work currently placed on the users of Blackboard, the most commonly used virtual platform of colleges and universities.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://cityview.baltimorecity.gov/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="276" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/nGuX4rvdVNqfiE3UKfNYv5r02D6tBSyjZ-O4g27lcOOLkYyt6HlWHjRPGlx2Xhb3-HZbN5cK5OvSM4isokZONfji2RNh4310t_Rok5l98zONsh-3mzRLBy5Ll1_kz5UJsA" style="border: medium none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="400" /></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">At the present time the city has sunk millions of dollars into its </span><a href="http://cityview.baltimorecity.gov/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Cityview</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> mapping service, but there are no ‘layers’ currently available and easily searchable on it that map the local research institutions holding the documentary treasures of the city’s history, let alone all the historic places that teachers and tourists might like to know about an visit. For example cityview does not even recognize that there is a city archives holding the largest single collection of records relating to the public history of the city.</span></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The logical place to manage such an integrated effort at access and explanation of resources would be the Pratt Library or the Maryland Historical Society with substantive monetary contributions from all cultural and resource institutions in and around the city (note that the University of Maryland Baltimore County and the University of Maryland College Park, have remarkable collections and collecting programs relating to the history of the city, as Johns Hopkins with its special collections devoted to Roland Park), but with funding, it could also be managed by the Baltimore City Archives which is currently supported by the limited IT resources of the Maryland State Archives.</span></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The model I am suggesting is making best use of a ‘cloud’ in which the hardware would be a shared environment at the Universities in the City and on the City’s computers, with the overall management/captaincy of the portal vested in an institution such as the Pratt, the Baltimore City Archives, or the Maryland Historical Society.</span></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In building such an integrated guide to virtual sources, places to visit and learn, and resources not yet online, there needs to be an inexpensive component, a permanent depository of the research and writing of those who write about the City’s history, a perpetually maintained sandbox of the good work of those thousands of individuals who have stories to tell and write about Baltimore’s past. It could be modeled on George Mason’s Zotero program, but it must be easy to use and not costly to join and whether individuals or institutions. </span></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">As I work with my students at Johns Hopkins and the University of Maryland Law School, I find, as most teachers and researchers do, that the stories to be told about Baltimore require knowing paths to resources complimenting those that are in the City, some as far away as Sweden and Tokyo and as near as the National Archives. How to explain what those resources are and what value they have to the history of the community, whether it be the world of 1812, or the ongoing story of revived lost neighborhoods of Baltimore, combined with holding on to that knowledge for the use of future generations in a permanent sustainable virtual environment is what I believe is the most important task before as keepers of the city’s history and the sources of that history.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Just recently the President of the United States visited Ft. McHenry and was introduced by Maryland Historical Society President Burt Kummerow and Vince Vaise of Fort McHenry, to the original manuscript (one of a number of originals) of the Star Spangled Banner written by Francis Scott Key. Entitled “Facing Perilous Fights, Obama Turns to History and Donors,” the article covered a lot of ground, but pictured was the solitary exhibit case with the original floating in space between two pieces of what I assume are ultra-violet inhibiting glass to protect it from damaging light. Is there more to be learned from the document than what we celebrate already and try to sing in part at sports events. What about the third verse? What can we learn from it and teach from it? Where are the studies and sources that illuminate it, as opposed to the first verse that most of us have learned by heart? Where can a teacher create or find such a lesson plan and share it permanently with her students and anyone else?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="640" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/ytiwxd-eAlrrPTdvkiNsQ7vYOFZU68UwEh8wGt4AuJxFlWSy1_oXzJJSkrxv6zXZVOAWnv4mvFg0XYovdhSwbOTXykc5an5eBN9mZc9L99h8FMX0y6HGtfPUaS3H0CcL3A" style="border: medium none; transform: rotate(0rad);" width="408" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Alchemy Learning</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> offers a solution for individual teachers, a substantive gateway to teaching from the rich sources for the history of the City and the Nation available right here in Baltimore, but supplemented by resources scattered around the world.. I suggest it is time for the City, the Pratt, and the Universities within the geographical confines of the city to join all cultural/historical entities in the city in an educational outreach effort to create a permanent portal and depository of the virtual history of the city and its surviving places of historical interest. In doing so, more people will want to visit what has survived, leaving the contents of their wallets at the gift shops, and reversing the trend of declining admission to most historic places and museums, while increasing our understanding of the past and its relevance to the communities of the present.</span></span></div>
ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-70590248038413156632014-06-11T14:48:00.000-04:002016-09-15T00:36:18.700-04:00Lost Neighborhoods and Public HistoryOver the next few weeks I will be launching a new <a href="http://virtualarchive.us/" target="_blank">website and on line research center devoted to the history of Baltimore's current and lost neighborhoods</a>. <br />
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The objective will be to provide an interactive website and repository for research and writing about the history of Baltimore City from the perspective of time and place, utilizing current and historical mapping to create time and space layers of city-scapes that can be viewed in Google Earth and Google Maps and are linked to the life stories of the owners and occupants of the built city at specific points in time. For example, the first major undertaking on my part is the reconstruction of the city and its residents in 1814, the year of repulsing an attack of British naval and land forces, and the emergence of a strong sense of National pride that transcended deep political differences.<br />
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The main purpose of the website, however, is to provide an interactive home for the scholarship and electronic files of all those industrious individuals who are documenting and telling the stories of their neighborhoods, assuring their permanence and providing them in a searchable context to which new material can be added and past work can be improved upon.<br />
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I am hoping to have the website on line by November 22, St. Cecilia's day, 2014. Comments are welcome.<br />
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<img class="image-preview" src="http://www.vistaprint.com/any/lp.aspx?alt_doc_id=GB0L0-V2A00-8L1&hash=19b5a3&width=521&page=2" height="234" width="400" /><br />
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<br />ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-49470948414487026682014-02-05T09:13:00.002-05:002014-02-12T00:54:12.245-05:00Water, Water, Everywhere, but is it safe to drink?<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-34b81e80-0218-3ea6-24ac-7e1b7b333747" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Preserving and Accessing the Records of the Gunpowder Watershed of Maryland and Pennsylvania</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Edward C. Papenfuse, Archivist of Maryland (Retired)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">With apologies to Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, the title of this essay on preserving and making accessible the sources of history was chosen because the history of the Gunpowder watershed is both a triumph of the reversal of human degradation of the environment, and a cautionary tale about the failure of humans both to sustain the accomplishment and to care for the records that document its story for the instruction and enlightenment of future generations.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><img height="185" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/9Y1q45SvCZ9S55xbk25ysmyy7QXE5oyQ5FdaAQ8r6fRqxAj2W_0JXyMqLmgCmM8wzzO5mtcLkflPzuxcSnN5MtYwmIgV1y1bQohW8EvUpDds1akcO54Aea-y8A" style="border: 0px solid transparent;" width="400" /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I. The Triumph:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Baltimore City’s effort to acquire a sustainable water supply between 1830 and the 1950s led to the rehabilitation of a watershed that had become developed and polluted. With paper mills (the Hoffman Mills), manufacturing (Warren) and Iron mines (Ridgley Iron Works), not to mention agricultural runoff and quarrying, the water of the gunpowder was suspect as a source of water for the city, its people, and to a lesser extent, its industry. Over the course of about 150 years, using eminent domain powers acquired by 1908 and bond money authorized by the Maryland legislature, a considerable portion of the lands of the watershed along the river were acquired by the city and turned back to nature. It was a triumph of the public good for the welfare of the majority.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">II. The History:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A) Who are its keepers?</span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">There have been a number of people over the years who have been responsible for altering the course of the history of the Gunpowder watershed and promoting the keeping of its history. I will only mention a few: </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1) Thomas H. Buckler</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><img height="320" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/W5TI2q2FojDoQY6KdNYzIbUmkNovvy6NTSamSjEVlGHq8DVaBT-DXVc3jwMngMT217obgJxNCGMqxB_I0BW68snJOrDOnu-Dyu5-fdymtFp3NW14NKa4UCGUrQ" style="border: 0px solid transparent;" width="240" /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Thomas H Buckler is best known for his acid tongue when it came to the slowness
with which Baltimore addressed its health problems. Writing from the
comfort of a European Spa, possibly paid for in part from income from
the Gunpowder lands of his wife’s estate (she was a Ridgely), he opined
that the best solution to the contamination problems of Baltimore harbor
were to level Federal Hill into the basin, filling it up. He may have
had another ulterior motive than public health as well. Federal Hill
was the symbol of Union occupation of the city with its canons trained
on the populace to keep order (they are still there today), Buckler was
an ardent supporter of the South and fled to Europe to avoid the war.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Except for </span><a href="http://mdhistoryonline.net/mdmedicine/index.cfm" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Nancy Shead’s biographical work on Buckler</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> as a physician, there is no readily accessible biography of him. Yet , he more than anyone person was responsible for both advocating the Gunpowder as a source of water for the city and advancing the public health reasons why pure water was necessary for public health. He began his advocacy as physician at the Baltimore County alms house before the Civil War. As late as 1885 the first daily newspaper in California, the</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Daily Alta</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, sang his praises:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18851104.2.75&srpos=&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN------" target="_blank">Daily Alta California, Volume 39, Number 13018, 4 November 1885 — THE CHOLERA</a>.</span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 23px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><i><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">THE CHOLERA.</span></i></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">No Certain Cure but Cleanliness a Preventive. </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">SOME THEORIES TESTED.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Harm Done by Drs. Ferran and Koch— Pure Air, Pure Water and Wholesome Food Required to Combat the Disease.</span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></i>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In recent conversations Dr. Thomas H. Buckler cf Baltimore, has had considerable to say in regard to the prevention of cholera. Most of what follows was said in particular reference to the City of Baltimore, but applies to all intents and purposes equally well to the City of San Francisco. Of the cholera epidemic he says "In 1832 when the population did not exceed 90,000, the number of deaths reported from epidemic cholera was 853. In May and June, 1849, preceding the edvest of cholera, an epidemic typhus made its appearance among the free negroes of the city. It was confined almost exclusively to this race, only two cases having been noted in whites. In rows of houses occupied by Germans, Irish and free blacks, it would invariably single out the latter, in many instances seizing an entire family. It came alike from all sections of the city, and invariably from filthy and unwholesome localities. This disease was highly infectious in character, and in its pathological lesions corresponded in almost every essential particular with yellow fever which occurred at Gibraltar, and is described by Louis. Many of these cases were taken to the Almshouse and a large number to the old smallpox hospital, fitted up for the purpose." After describing the old Almshouse, where the cholera epidemic of 1849 occurred, the topography of the surrounding country, (the western outskirts of the city,) the hygienic conditions of the Almshouse, which he said "seemed to be, of all other places, the field, not only for the spontaneous origin, but also for the growth and spread of disease," and the inefficiency of existing systems of quarantine, Dr. Buckler states that during the prevalence of the epidemic typhus before referred to as occurring among the free blacks of the city in June, 1849, eighty-three cases in all were sent to the Almshouse. Thirty-nine proved fatal. Of these all but one were colored people.</span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></i>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">T</span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">HE</span></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> CITY WAS CLEANED UP.</span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></i>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fearing that the typhus might become general, and in view of the fact that the city was threatened with an invasion of cholera, the physicians of the Almshouse, Drs. Buckler and Willis H. Baxley, gave notice to the public of the malignant character of the disease, and advised that the municipal regulations relating to cleanliness and public hygiene be rigidly enforced. In accordance with this recommendation all the lanes, alleys and byways were put in a thoroughly wholesome condition. The merchants had the wharves, then in a very filthy condition, cleansed and sprinkled with lime at their own expense. On the first of July the first case of cholera occurred at the Almshouse. It seems to have originated there, as did several other cases following in quick succession. In the meantime the Almshouse had been thoroughly cleansed. It was discovered by Dr. Buckler, however, that a cesspool had overflowed and was in a very filthy condition. Other sources of impurity were also discovered outside the north wall of the enclosure, and Dr. Buckler finally satisfied himself that a large space of ground "was one putrid and pestilential mass, capable of generating under the ardent rays of a midsummer sun the most poisonous and deadly exhalations.' Of the inmates of the Almshouse, 155 were attacked with cholera and 86 died. The proportion of deaths was much larger among the blacks than among the whites, a large number of the colored patients, however, had already been broken down by typhus. From the fact that while nearly one half of the male inmates were seized with cholera, more than four fifths of the opposite sex escaped, Dr. Buckler deduces the conclusion that this was precisely what might be expected if the malarial influence already alluded to exercised any control over the disease, for the men, having outdoor occupations, were most exposed to atmospheric influences. During the month of July, when the cholera prevailed, 76 persons eloped and 56 were discharged by the Board, most of whom went to the city to hide. In several instances they wera seized with cholera, and in this condition carried back to the Almshouse. These facts indicate that notwithstanding this constant and unrestricted intercourse, the disease confined itself to its favorite haunts. "It is fair to conclude." adds Dr. Buckler, *that but for the existence of the local impurities, cholera would never have visited the Almshouse." With the entire restoration of the establishment to a proper sanitary condition, the disease entirely ceased. The malaria acting probably as the strong predisposing cause of ill-health,”' says Dr. Buckler, *'exerted its influence by depressing the nervous system and lowering vitality, to as to interfere with a healthy performance of all the different functions. Thus predisposed, the inmates were rendered not only more susceptible to the imposition of morbid poisons, or to the action of any other exciting causes of disease, but at the same time their chances of recovery were greatly diminished, owing to the weakened state of their vital powers of resistance."</span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></i>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">CLEANLINESS THE ONLY PREVENTIVE.</span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></i>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The appearance of epidemic cholera at the Almshouse gave a fresh impulse to the work of purification and induced a strict adherence to the sanitary measures previously adopted, so that all the avenues of the city were kept in the most perfect order. In accordance with Dr. Buckler's suggestion, committees of citizens were appointed in every ward to examine the premises connected with the various blocks of buildings and to see to the prompt removal of impurities. - The result was there were only four cases of cholera in the city, although it had been raging at the Almshouse. Mild cholerine, however, prevailed in almost every section of the city, showing that the cholera atmosphere pervaded this region. The conclusion, therefore, is inevitable that, to quote Dr. Buckler's words, " the immunity which Baltimore experienced in 1849 was owing entirely to the thorough purification which the city underwent in anticipation of the advent of cholera. Admitting the conclusion to be just, the inhabitants of Baltimore may enjoy the comfortable assurance that they have nothing to fear from future epidemics of this much-dreaded disease, provided they will see that judicious sanitary measures are properly carried out; but if they refuse to profit by their past experience, they must only expect to suffer a well-merited rebuke for their negligence." In other words, pure air, pure water and wholesome food, are the only conditions required to combat the disease. Baltimore's experience in 1849 has been the experience of communities all over the world. In .Europe the cities which have suffered most were in a filthy condition. At Naples and Toulon, where the epidemic raged most virulently, but little attention was paid to cleansing the streets. In Spain the disease has been prolonged because of the universal disregard of sanitary laws. Dr. Ferran, by inducing the people to believe that inoculation was an efficacious preventive, has done great harm by causing them to turn their attention- from the only real preventive — cleanliness. Dr. Koch's investigations have had a similar tendency. They have proved nothing, and on the other hand have encouraged persons to think that cholera can' be cured, and that sanitary precautions are comparatively useless. The germ theory of Koch is not a new thing, as it was partially investigated by Dr. Buckler and Dr. Christopher Johnson during the Almshouse epidemic in 1849,</span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></i>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">VARIOUS CHOLERA THEORIES.</span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></i>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I</span></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">n his pamphlet under the heading "Theories Tested," Dr. Buckley says : "Before the removal of the nuisances (at the Alms House) the various cholera theories were tested as far as practicable. Saucers containing solutions of acetate of lead, nitrate of silver and other delicate re-agents were placed on the margin of the pond and at various other points back of the north wall, and numerous strips of chemically-pure paper wet with solutions of these salts were hung out at night over the different pools. Paper prepared with Sconbine'e solution of iodide of potassa and starch were also used to test the presence of ozone. Duplicate experiments were instituted in the city at the same time, but without any very satisfactory results in either of the trials, the changes which occurred being nearly alike at the two places.</span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></i>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"With a view of testing the cryptogamic and animalcular theories, plates of microscopic glass attached to threads by means of sealing-wax, were dipped in solutions of sugar, starch and gum acacia, and hung back of the north wall and in the cholera hospital. Other plates of glass were covered over with glycerine, remarkable for its property of remaining fluid for a long time .when exposed to the air, and these, like the former, were suspended in various places about the establishment. Sugar, and starch were selected because of the known tendency to vegetable germs to form on these compounds,and it was supposed if animalcula existed in the air, that some of these would of necessity be caught on the moist and tenacious glycerine. These. plates of glass having been thus treated, were carefully examined by Dr. Christopher Johnston, aided by powerful lenses, but he was unable to detect' the slightest trace of vegetable germe,animalcula or microscopic organisms of any sort.</span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></i>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NO CERTAIN CURE FOR CHOLERA. </span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></i>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The only true course, in Dr. Buckler's opinion, is to bend all energies to the prevention of the disease. When we get perfect sanitation, says Dr. Buckler, cholera will become a disease of the past. When there was universal ignorance and disregard of sanitary laws, and every city and town was a pig-sty, the black death, the plague and the sweating disease, which are now diseases of the past, ravaged many communities. Cholera will also become, like them, an obsolete disease if due regard is paid to sanitary laws. There is no certain cure for cholera, but it can be prevented, as was shown in Baltimore in 1849. Quarantine, Dr. Buckler thinks, is of no value if the city is in good sanitary condition. A number of cases might be brought here and they might die, but nobody would take the cholera. Dr. Buckler cays cholera is such a mysterious disease that it cannot be safely predicted whether it will or will not appear in this country next year. Baltimore, however, the Doctor stated, has nothing to fear if a rigid system of sanitation is enforced. </span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></i>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In view of the ravages of cholera abroad, the cleansing of the city cannot be begun too soon. Once cleaned, the city should be kept clean. As Dr. Buckler shows in his history of the almshouse epidemic in 1849, the thorough cleansing of the city of Baltimore in that year resulted in a marked decrease in zymotic diseases of all kinds, so that even if the cholera fails to come, any city will reap a sufficient return in the general benefit resulting from the scheme of the sanitation proposed.</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2) John McGrain</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><img height="320" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/yVnQ89YUaGW_gVgCYFTps4mcaqmXSgQ1CbjO2IXgJ1Uv6POUjvX-LY5YEFH_Ix73XglPUcb_r9bHLQ7T8sqjKYbApDtkDqJ33omhSqJQC94YzI5DzDgIAcoi6g" style="border: 0px solid transparent;" width="263" /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">John McGrain’s work on mollinography is internationally recognized (</span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Louis-Bergeron/e/B001H6QEB0" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Louis Bergeron</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> for example) and his career as a preservationist in Baltimore County is legendary. His most recent publication is on the history of Charles Street. His research on the Gunpowder is available on and off line at the Maryland State Archives and is indispensable for anyone interested in the mills and manufacturing in the gunpowder watershed..</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">3) Ron Parks</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><img height="320" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/7zpbx9hyJtnzIo_ZYX1XDJz1W7cCYBIFI7jQabDHM1oW80LTOZFbouRR88bDVWG8bp3X97jw1M6mYHg3dYKglaV6l5sVJM9kFku5SureXeblNnvrXl4Qj0zzCA" style="border: 0px solid transparent;" width="320" /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I strongly urge anyone interested in the history of Baltimore’s water supply to purchase Ron’s books, particularly this one which is a guide to all the good work he has done over the years to preserve the history of Baltimore’s water supply. Included is an extensive time line relating to efforts to acquire water for the city that is invaluable to the study of the Gunpowder watershed. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">4) Teri L. Rising</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/News/BaltimoreCountyNow/History_Underwater_Baltimore_City_The_Gunpowder_River_and_Loch_Raven_Reservoir" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">History Underwater: Baltimore City, The Gunpowder River and Loch Raven Reservoir</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/News/BaltimoreCountyNow/date/2013/10/9" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Oct 09, 2013 3:19:00 PM EDT</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><img height="400" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/iWNW16i1pnQUxylXIv9-My-rkxzlhec6oJF3bplrJ5JbO4OyhhyHicykmLNgtPGucd9xervy1q_Ht69n0lfqBvHFHBbIFw51N2tt35ylTKv94vde-dcFmCMDdA" style="border: 0px solid transparent;" width="208" /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Teri L. Rising</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Historic Preservation Planner, Baltimore County Department of Planning</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 72pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Over a hundred years ago, Baltimore City proposed building a dam that would bring water from the Gunpowder River to Baltimore City. While the reservoir would accomplish this goal, it would also destroy homes, communities, and create controversy between Baltimore City and County. As a historic planner and historian, I am often asked for the story behind Loch Raven reservoir. “History Underwater” is a brief summary of the project that would change the landscape of Baltimore County forever.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://publicworks.baltimorecity.gov/Bureaus/WaterWastewater/Water/HistoryoftheWaterSystem.aspx" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Baltimore City</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> had long struggled to supply its citizens with clean water, but the increasing population caused natural sources to disappear and water contamination to increase. A drought in 1869 convinced city officials to look beyond the Jones Falls for sources of water and the</span><a href="http://catalog.bcpl.lib.md.us/polaris/search/searchresults.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.6&type=Keyword&term=%22gunpowder%20river%22&by=KW&sort=RELEVANCE&limit=TOM=dmc&query=&page=0&searchid=63" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Gunpowder River</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> had been identified in 1853 as a possible choice.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“This matter of water supply cannot be overestimated in its importance, and when the water of the Gunpowder shall have been conducted into the city, as it must of necessity be in the lapse of a few years, no city on this continent or in Europe will be able to boast of so great a bounty.”Mayor of Baltimore - 1872</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Construction began December 3, 1875 and the</span><a href="http://catalog.bcpl.lib.md.us/polaris/search/searchresults.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.6&type=Keyword&term=%22lower%20dam%22&by=TI&sort=RELEVANCE&limit=TOM=dmc&query=&page=0&searchid=13" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Loch Raven lower dam</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> was completed by 1881. The works consisted of a dam, which formed the reservoir, a tunnel connecting the reservoir with</span><a href="http://catalog.bcpl.lib.md.us/polaris/search/searchresults.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.6&type=Keyword&term=%22Lake%20Montebello%22&by=TI&sort=RELEVANCE&limit=TOM=dmc&query=&page=0&searchid=15" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Lake Montebello</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, and a conduit connecting Lake Montebello to</span><a href="http://catalog.bcpl.lib.md.us/polaris/search/searchresults.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.6&type=Keyword&term=%22Lake%20clifton%22&by=TI&sort=RELEVANCE&limit=TOM=dmc&query=&page=0&searchid=16" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Lake Clifton</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. That water tunnel is still used today. Officially named in 1877, “Loch Raven” was inspired by area landowner, Luke Raven, along with the addition of “Loch”, as Scottish for Lake. William Gilmor, owner of the</span><a href="http://catalog.bcpl.lib.md.us/polaris/search/searchresults.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.6&type=Keyword&term=%22glen%20ellen%22&by=TI&sort=RELEVANCE&limit=TOM=dmc&query=&page=0&searchid=10" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">"Glen Ellen"</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> estate, has been credited as the source of the name. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A polluted Jones Falls convinced officials to expand Loch Raven by adding an</span><a href="http://catalog.bcpl.lib.md.us/polaris/search/searchresults.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.6&type=Keyword&term=%22loch%20raven%22%20and%201st&by=TI&sort=RELEVANCE&limit=TOM=dmc&query=&page=0&searchid=19" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">upper dam</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. Knowing that Baltimore City was scouting for land, the Warren Company secretly sold the town to the city in 1908 for a confidential price. The City Council conducted an investigation and concluded the acquisition was inappropriate and price too high. Negative press coverage resulted in serious criticism for officials and the deal was nullified by the Court of Appeals in 1913.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">After the upper dam was completed, the city implemented the</span><a href="http://catalog.bcpl.lib.md.us/polaris/search/searchresults.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.6&type=Keyword&term=2nd%20phase&by=SU&sort=RELEVANCE&limit=TOM=dmc&query=&page=0&searchid=5" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">next phase</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> and raised the spillway to the 240 feet maximum. In response, nearly 50 square miles were annexed in 1918. The annexation consumed many farms and mills and forced residents to relocate. City inspectors assigned values to the properties and negotiated their acquisition. Many sites were demolished and flooded; others were partially demolished and left to deteriorate within the watershed’s boundaries. Those affected had names like Morgan’s Mill,</span><a href="http://catalog.bcpl.lib.md.us/polaris/search/searchresults.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.6&type=Keyword&term=%22furnace%20farm%22&by=KW&sort=RELEVANCE&limit=TOM=dmc&query=&page=0&searchid=40" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">"Furnace Farm"</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><a href="http://catalog.bcpl.lib.md.us/polaris/search/searchresults.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.6&type=Keyword&term=vauxhall&by=KW&sort=RELEVANCE&limit=TOM=dmc&query=&page=0&searchid=41" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">"Vauxhall"</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, and</span><a href="http://catalog.bcpl.lib.md.us/polaris/search/searchresults.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.6&type=Keyword&term=glen%20ellen&by=TI&sort=RELEVANCE&limit=TOM=dmc&query=&page=0&searchid=1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">"Glen Ellen".</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Amidst lawsuits and accusations of impropriety, the last lands purchased for the final phase of the Loch Raven Reservoir included the towns of</span><a href="http://catalog.bcpl.lib.md.us/polaris/search/searchresults.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.6&type=Browse&term=Mills%20-%20Textile%20-%20Warren&by=SU&sort=RELEVANCE&limit=TOM=*&query=MSH=%27125239%27&page=0&searchid=0" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Warren</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> and</span><a href="http://catalog.bcpl.lib.md.us/polaris/search/searchresults.aspx?ctx=1.1033.0.0.6&type=Browse&term=Mills%20-%20Textile%20-%20Phoenix&by=SU&sort=RELEVANCE&limit=TOM=*&query=SU=%22MILLS%20TEXTILE%20PHOENIX%22&page=0&searchid=0" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Phoenix</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. When they were finally condemned in 1922, it cost the City one million dollars. Spectators made the trek and documented the dismantling and demolition of the village making Warren’s demise the best known and documented.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">If you are interested in learning more, or would like information about the sources I used for this blog, feel free to contact me at trising@baltimorecountymd.gov.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Further Reading</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/Agencies/planning/historic_preservation/index.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Baltimore County Department of Planning, Preservation Services</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><a href="http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/Agencies/planning/historic_preservation/index.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></a></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://cityservices.baltimorecity.gov/dpw/waterwastewater02/waterquality3.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Baltimore City Department of Public Works</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://publicworks.baltimorecity.gov/Bureaus/WaterWastewater/Water/HistoryoftheWaterSystem.aspx" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Baltimore City Department of Public Works History of the Water Supply</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.hsobc.org/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Historical Society of Baltimore County</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.bcpl.info/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Baltimore County Public Library Historic Photographs Collection</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://mht.maryland.gov/Survey_MIHP_Search.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Maryland Historical Trust - Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties</span></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><a href="http://mht.maryland.gov/Survey_MIHP_Search.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></a></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://speccol.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/speccol/catalog/cfm/dsp_number.cfm?speccol=4300" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">John McGrain, The Molinography of Maryland: a tabulation of mills, furnaces, and primitive industries, Maryland State Archives, 2007</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Keywords: </span><a href="http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/News/BaltimoreCountyNow/keyword/baltimore%20city%20department%20of%20public%20works" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">baltimore city department of public works</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><a href="http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/News/BaltimoreCountyNow/keyword/baltimore%20county%20department%20of%20public%20works" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">baltimore county department of public works</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><a href="http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/News/BaltimoreCountyNow/keyword/baltimore%20county%20planning%20department" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">baltimore county planning department</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><a href="http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/News/BaltimoreCountyNow/keyword/baltimore%20county%20utilities" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">baltimore county utilities</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><a href="http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/News/BaltimoreCountyNow/keyword/gunpowder%20river" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">gunpowder river</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><a href="http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/News/BaltimoreCountyNow/keyword/history%20of%20loch%20raven%20reservoir" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">history of loch raven reservoir</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><a href="http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/News/BaltimoreCountyNow/keyword/loch%20raven%20dam" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">loch raven dam</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><a href="http://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/News/BaltimoreCountyNow/keyword/loch%20raven%20reservoir" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">loch raven reservoir</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">5) Dr. Charles Stine</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 24px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><img height="320" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/u0FlIoIec5G_Bl7SdWv7iMwwQrP_rdOCYpqdo9NUw67Og3hz-uZoZawc0EiwHw5G2xply9vUjffHWLeji4W-I1-mLxk--KEK7wtekn7wvgajrM15IW2jKw-c2A" style="border: 0px solid transparent;" width="240" /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.jhu.edu/jhumag/0606web/darwin.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">image from the Johns Hopkins Magazine</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, 2006</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">and the mysterious</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">6) “Gargonzola”</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span> Note that his article is about Warren and that some of the web sources he cites no longer exist.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">by </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Gorgonzola</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Sun Mar 16 2003 at 14:37:16</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">One of Maryland's Lost Towns, a small Baltimore County mill town that met its fate at the hands of Progress.</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Warren began its life in 1750 when King George III granted a certain Richard Britton land in the Gunpowder Falls Valley (the "Valley of Jehosophat"). The place was sustained by two grist mills, but probably couldn't properly be called a "town" until 1814, when a group of investors leased some of John Merryman's land to build a cotton mill. The investors included James A. Buchanan and a local Revolutionary War hero, General Samuel Smith. It is probably Smith we have to thank for the naming it after another Revolutionary War general, Joseph Warren, who was killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill. If you have read my writeup on Smith's estate Montebello you will recall that Buchanan was embezzling from the Second Bank of the United States at the time; enough to cause a financial panic in 1819. Smith and the other investors were ruined. The Warren mill continued to produce cotton ducking and calico cloth on and off through the booms and busts of the antebellum business cycle, and the company town was a sort of eastern Hell's Half Acre. That is, until Summerfield Baldwin acquired the mill beginning in 1864. The Baldwins, devout Methodists, managed to put the mill and community on a firm footing, building a schoolhouse and forbidding alcohol.</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">But things were happening downstream. The City of Baltimore put its first dam on Gunpowder Falls for a water supply in the 1870's. Eventually, someone realized that Warren's privies were draining into the City's water supply and began efforts to condemn the town. In the meantime, the City's demands for water grew, and the water department began making plans for a higher dam. A 1908 attempt to secretly buy the mill resulted in a scandal. The full-scale dam had to be put off, and the original 1912 version of the upper dam was only 20 feet above the top of the lower dam.</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">In 1922, the Baldwins finally accepted $1,000,000 for the mill and srrounding village. Residents were slow to leave, and many were shocked when crews moved in to cut down the trees, demolish the town mill, the churches, the gymnasium, and the century-old stone houses. Soon, the land on which Warren stood was drowned under the rising waters of Loch Raven Reservoir. As recently as the 1950's, some of the town's foundations could be seen poking out of the reservoir during years of severe drought.</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Today, an area of southeastern Cockeysville along Warren Road is known as "Warren". A handful of the town's stone houses were moved to the area, but all of the land on which the village sat is now owned by the city, 45 feet under water, or covered by trees. Warren Road now crosses Loch Raven Raservoir on a concrete bridge, changing its name to Merrymans Mill Road on the other side.</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Maryland Freestate Treasure Club -- The Treasures of Loch Raven</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://members.fortunecity.com/mdfreestate/lochraven.html</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Treasures of Loch Raven</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.gunpowdervalley.org/</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">An aerial view of Warren just before its destruction can be seen at</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.gunpowdervalley.org/WarrenframeddrawingA.JPG</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Baltimore County Public Library -- Baltimore County Legacy Web - W</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://external.bcpl.lib.md.us/hcdo/cfdocs/photolistw.cfm</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://everything2.com/user/Gorgonzola" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Wilton L. Howard, "...The Town of Warren Flourished", The Baltimore Sun</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">All but Buckler and Stine have an easily findable presence on the web, but I will caution that that presence is not sustainable unless related to a permanent electronic archives maintained in perpetuity by public support. Already at least one very good website devoted to the history of the Gunpowder has disappeared into the ether (as Joseph Priestley might have referred to it).</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">B) Where are there untapped resources and who will make them available on line and in perpetuity?</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">When the AP history students of Western Technical School of Technology and Environmental Science in Catonsville produced their thoughtful and pioneering study of the history of the Baltimore Water Supply in 1999, their introduction pointed out the difficulty in finding the necessary sources to write the history of the communities that populated the watershed:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Finding proper primary sources was quite difficult. This information was</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">locked away and kept in places that were inaccessible to our needs. The use of maps were helpful throughout the process, however, at times the accuracy of the maps were suspect due to the map making techniques of the period studied. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What they did not know and had no easy way of finding out at the time was that, in addition to the work that Ron Parks had undertaken to preserve the Baltimore city records relating to the history of the water supply, there is an abundance of detailed and visual information about the efforts to acquire the watershed among the court records of the State.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Beginning in 1975, the Maryland State Archives began a program to save as much of the surviving court records in Maryland, particularly those relating to land ownership, as possible. For the purposes of exploring the history of the Gunpowder watershed, there are many examples, three of which have been placed on line as part of the virtual collection at the Maryland State Archives devoted to documenting and expanding the efforts of Ron Parks to make the sources of the history of the Baltimore City water supply accessible and permanently preserved.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I will begin first with a volume preserved by Ron Parks, the companion of which disappeared before he began his efforts to collect the surviving record:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.mdhistory.net/msa_sc5869_3/msa_sc5869_3_1/html/msa_sc5869_3_1-0001.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Report of the Valuation Commission to the City Solicitor of Baltimore</span></a><a href="http://speccol.mdarchives.state.md.us/pages/speccol/unit.aspx?speccol=5869&serno=3&item=1&subitem=-1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.mdhistory.net/msa_sc5869_3/msa_sc5869_3_1/html/msa_sc5869_3_1-0001.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">concerning the Value of Land and Improvements</span></a><a href="http://speccol.mdarchives.state.md.us/pages/speccol/unit.aspx?speccol=5869&serno=3&item=1&subitem=-1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.mdhistory.net/msa_sc5869_3/msa_sc5869_3_1/html/msa_sc5869_3_1-0001.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Required by the City for Enlargement of the Water Supply, Volume 1</span></a><a href="http://speccol.mdarchives.state.md.us/pages/speccol/unit.aspx?speccol=5869&serno=3&item=1&subitem=-1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.mdhistory.net/msa_sc5869_3/msa_sc5869_3_1/html/msa_sc5869_3_1-0001.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">1921</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">To understand the process by which Baltimore city acquired the water rights to the Gunpowder watershed and the State came to establish parkland along it, the court records provide an unparalleled window of observation and analysis. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><img height="248" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/OQpj4zETZv3Re0EUHy6fQY-ys1h9dTLihTJFN5Pq6bpBOrvKEPNKUHPsFy_vt7Xb_n90HPmRWNgq7DX5zI9hUXcKDrRr75L0h1Xv8VCFJrS0NhY3umouZ5zkkA" style="border: 0px solid transparent;" width="320" /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1) THE MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL OF BALTIMORE vs. THE WARREN MANUFACTURING COMPANY, and SUMMERFIELD BALDWIN., 59 Md. 96 (1882)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000062/000000/000072/restricted/59md96_shepherd.tif" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Shepherdized results</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000062/000000/000072/unrestricted/sc5458_51_234/html/sc5458_000051_000234-0001.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">COURT OF APPEALS (Briefs) April Term 1882 No. 127 [MSA S 375-128, 1/64/14/9]</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">BALTIMORE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Equity Docket) Volume 8 Page 164 [MSA C 326-8, 2/49/8/7]</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000062/000000/000072/unrestricted/sc5458_51_236/html/sc5458_000051_000236-0001.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">BALTIMORE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Equity Papers) Box 741 Case No. 4714 [MSA T 696, 0/35/6/17]</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2) </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Warren Manufacturing Company of Baltimore County v. The Mayor & City Council of Baltimore et al., 119 Md. 188, 1911-1912</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000062/000000/000066/unrestricted/sc5458_000051_000186.tif" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">COURT OF APPEALS (Docket) October Term 1912 No. 22, Volume CCM 1 page 374 [MSA S 412-16, 1/67/6/2]</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000062/000000/000066/unrestricted/sc5458_000051_000187/html/index.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">COURT OF APPEALS (Briefs) October Term 1912 No. 22 [MSA T 2088, 1/65/3]</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (2 vols.)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000062/000000/000066/unrestricted/sc5458-51-188/html/sc5458_000051_000188-0001.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">COURT OF APPEALS (Miscellaneous Papers) October Term 1912 No. 22 [MSA S 397-50, 1/65/6/33]</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000062/000000/000066/unrestricted/sc5458-51-189/html/sc5458_000051_000189-0001.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">COURT OF APPEALS (Opinions) October Term 1912 No. 22 [MSA S 393-159, 1/65/14/9]</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">BALTIMORE CITY CIRCUIT COURT (Equity Docket, Index) 1853-1982, MAV-MEN [MSA CM 1295-20, CR 69,129]</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">BALTIMORE CITY CIRCUIT COURT (Equity Docket A, Miscellaneous) Volume 51A pp.</span><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000062/000000/000066/unrestricted/sc5458_000051_000190-0001.jpg" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">322</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000062/000000/000066/unrestricted/sc5458_000051_000190-0002.jpg" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">445</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000062/000000/000066/unrestricted/sc5458_000051_000190-0003.jpg" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">452</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> and</span><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000062/000000/000066/unrestricted/sc5458_000051_000190-0004.jpg" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">459</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> [MSA T 55-51, 3/4/1/34]</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">BALTIMORE CITY CIRCUIT COURT (Equity Papers A, Miscellaneous) Boxes 2813 & 2814 Case No. A6166 [MSA T 53, 3/8/8/26 & 3/8/8/27]</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000062/000000/000066/unrestricted/sc5458-62-11/html/sc5458-62-11_0001.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Blueprints of Warren Manufacturing buildings</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000062/000000/000066/unrestricted/warren_manufacturing.PDF" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">BALTIMORE CITY ARCHIVES, Law Department, RG 13-1-13225k, newspaper clipping file.</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bromley Atlas of Baltimore County, 1915,</span><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000062/000000/000066/unrestricted/warren_1915_bromley.jpg" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">detail from plate 38 of Warren, Maryland on the Gunpowder River.</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">3 )</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">William H. Hoffman v. Warren Mfg.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000231/000000/000001/restricted/62md165.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">62 Md. 162</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, 1884</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trial Court Records</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000231/000000/000001/restricted/msa_sc5458_51_4035-1.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">BALTIMORE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT (Civil Docket) Hoffman v. Warren Mfg., 1883, Liber WMI 15, pp. 173, 249, 280, MdHR 20,222-14 [MSA C358-14, 2/48/14/14]</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Appellate Court Records</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000231/000000/000001/restricted/msa_sc5458_51_4035-2.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">COURT OF APPEALS (Docket) Warren Mfg. v. Hoffman, 1884, April Term, no. 59, Liber SCJ 1, p. 348, MdHR 637 [MSA S412-11, 1/66/14/42]</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000231/000000/000001/restricted/msa_sc5458_51_4035-3.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">COURT OF APPEALS (Opinions) Warren Mfg. v. Hoffman, 1884, April Term, no. 59, MdHR 707-88 [MSA S393-74, 1/65/13/020]</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000062/000000/000077/unrestricted/sc5458_51_242/html/sc5458_000051_000242-0001.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">COURT OF APPEALS (Judgments) Warren Mfg. v. Hoffman, 1884, April Term, no. 59, MdHR 683-503 [MSA S381-328, 1/63/08/008]</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Scanned as msaref 5458-51-4035</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">4) </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Acquisition of Hoffman Property by Baltimore City</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2 July 1901:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hoffman lands sold to Rockdale Powder Co.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000231/000000/000010/restricted/ce62_245_476.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">BA Land Records, MBM 245, p. 476-488</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">; Carroll Land Records JHB 93, p. 266-285 (note that both deeds are the same).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Land sold for $100,000. 7 tracts of land, totaling 1160 acres.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">30 December 1924:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rockdale sold lands to Title Guarantee & Trust Co.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000231/000000/000010/restricted/wpc_605_216.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">BA Land Records 605, p. 216-231 [CE62-506]</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">;</span><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000231/000000/000010/restricted/emm_144_505.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Carroll Land Records WMM 144, p. 505-514 [CE56-132]</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (note that both deeds are the same).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7 tracts of land, totaling 1160 acres. Sold for $5.00 and "other valuable considerations."</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">14 January 1925</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Title Guarantee & Trust Co. sold land to Mayor & City Council, 14 January 1925</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000231/000000/000010/restricted/wpc_627_416.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">BA Land Records WPC 627, p. 416-416 [CE62-627]</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The city bought the land for $5.00 and "other valuable considerations" (i.e. a player to be named later). Land purchased for the construction of Prettyboy Dam.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ecpclio.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000231/000000/000010/restricted/mill_locations.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Map showing locations of paper mills in northern Baltimore County</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hoffman & Sons owned Gunpowder, Clipper, Rockdale, and Hoffman (at Silver Run) paper mills. Not shown on the map is the Hoffman's Marble Vale mill, located on Paper Mill Road, near Cockeysville, which burned in 1888.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Map from McGrain, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">From Pig Iron to Cotton Duck</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, p. 269.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Secondary Sources:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">John W. McGrain, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">From Pig Iron to Cotton Duck: A History of Manufacturing Villages in Baltimore County</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, vol. 1, p. 274-279.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mary A. Seitz, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The History of the Hoffman Paper Mills in Maryland</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, p. 51-53.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">III. The Challenge:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A) sustaining the triumph</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The only way that the success of preserving the Gunpowder watershed can be sustained is by the public realizing that the resources represented by the watershed (tree cover, naturally ‘clean’ water, etc) must be preserved from development and managed by public entitities paid for by tax dollars. I leave that discussion to others</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">B) keeping the memory of what transpired </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">If we don’t pay attention and allocate adequate resources to the care, preservation, and access of the memories of the past as represented in the surviving public and private records (including newspapers), much of the lessons of the <i>Triumph</i> will be lost and our understanding of the human experience on the land and its instructive power for the future will we lost. We will be condemned as George Santayana warned us, to repeat the sins of the past.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. George Santayana</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span>ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4495084579690070827.post-50257729816582517112014-01-28T18:02:00.000-05:002014-06-09T16:08:53.823-04:00Furnishing the Restored Maryland Senate Chamber of 1783<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-635c9727-db14-7efa-b52c-8a54f9e4314a" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 19px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">From light into darkness?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">by Edward C. Papenfuse, State Archivist, retired</span><br />
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<i><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The story of how Congress came to reside in Annapolis in <i>1783-1784 </i>is well known and well documented in </span><a href="http://mdstatehouse.net/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://mdstatehouse.net</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.
Some recent commentary has attempted to suggest that what they found
in the way of accommodations in the State House and how they might have
arranged themselves to accept General Washington’s resignation as
Commander in Chief was rather spartan, without individual desks for the
Congressmen and no lighting from a chandelier during one of the coldest,
darkest winters on record.[14] Architectural historians and restoration architects of this ilk would do well to better verse themselves in the history of the communities in which the structures they are attempting to restore and interpret were built. Annapolis is no exception.</span></i><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In the summer of 1776, Maryland launched a new model of bicameral legislature that proved so inspiring as to have the upper house become the model for the United States Senate as envisioned by the Constitutional Convention of 1787.[1]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">From its first meeting in the Armory behind the old State House, both adjacent to the one under construction by Charles Wallace in February of 1777, the Maryland Senate took equal, perhaps even a superior stand, to the House of Delegates resident in the large assembly hall, “the old one”, seen in Charles Willson Peale’s 1788 drawing.[2]</span></div>
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<img height="232" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/IfaI3zYY8X1mxzTGQwMa64V5u5nXhnAqsKb9lpxp3lzPnzyi2zW0atzu7ZQjW10iRXtafZXb7aEkTG1YXruwHxr67ryCih3F8_1_8DltkTBuXS42bbeOzR49aQ" style="border: 0px solid transparent;" width="320" />[3]<br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">From its first session in 1777 when under the requirements of the 1776 Constitution at least 8 members needed to be present to conduct business, the Senate functioned according to its journals of proceedings with often as many as 11 members in attendance at any one session.[4]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Senate met during the shortest days of the year and at one point, in its first year of existence, held its sessions after sunset.[5] In the old Council chamber, which doubled as the Armory, they met with sufficient lighting from a twelve candle chandelier.[6]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fortunately the Old State House (referred to by 1777 as the Assembly or the “Old One”) not only had sconces on the walls but at least one, and probably three chandeliers to provide sufficient lighting for the dark days of deliberation.[7]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Maryland Senate prided itself from its first days of organization on proper procedure and protocol with its fifteen members ultimately drawn from the wealthiest citizens indirectly by the ballot of electors, but able to replace itself when duly elected members resigned or declined to serve.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How the Senate organized itself and provided working accommodations for its members beginning in 1777 is not known for certain, apart from following standard parliamentary procedure and having a doorkeeper, a secretary, and a messenger. Given the strict sense of order and the formality of public discourse, it is probable that considerable care was given to seating arrangements with every member of the Senate provided with a writing table/desk and chair suitable to his station.[8]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">From the first day that the Senate convened, all fifteen members were expected to make their appearance at one time or another. This was no longer the club of councilors selected by the proprietor to do his bidding as the upper house, but an elected (albeit indirectly elected) body of supposedly wise individuals intended to act as a break on the exuberance of the lower house. As the Constitution of 1776 intended (to quote Carl Everstine) “Members of the Senate were to be “men of the most wisdom, experience and virtue.” [9]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Unfortunately we do not know for certain what those furnishings were like, but we can make a very good guess based upon what may be the only surviving example of that period of the Senate’s history.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><img height="320" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/smycyP2Q5al4tLosAxfLWgL6IiTegcNQ2yMW1-s6-a9Otpy48984Y0cKw7J-c6S1nxFZ38RsvrKMnRfqy_64BRPwWEG8wffg9c2XBgKN7hHw1X7yYYHRolP7oQ" style="border: 0px solid transparent;" width="254" /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">William Voss Elder and Lou Bartlett first identified this desk in 1983 as ca. 1780 by John Shaw or John Shaw and Archibald Chisholm. It would have been the perfect size for a Senator accompanied by a chair that would have been the same or similar to those with which William Paca apparently lent for the use of Congress for additional seating at Washington’s resignation ceremonies on December 23, 1783.[10] William Paca was a member of that first Maryland Senate in 1777 from the Western Shore. It is difficult to contemplate that he and his wealthy brethren would sit on or at anything less than a chippendale chair before a finely made, but simple desk with candle slide.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In all likelihood the presiding officer (the Senate President who was chosen from among his peers) did not have a desk but sat on a raised platform just as the Speaker of Parliament was seated. Before him would have been a double clerks desk, possibly like the one made by Shaw and Chisholm for the Loan Office or currently owned by the Masons. Both Richard Ridgely, the first Clerk, and James Maynard, the first messenger would have sat at such a desk, the one taking down the minutes, the other ready to take whatever the secretary or the President (in that case the future Intendant of the Revenue, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer) handed him for delivery to the House of Delegates and the officers of government. [11] </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">When the Senate first met in the old Armory in February 1777, one of the first orders of business was to elect the Governor and his council (five members) to whom the furnishings of the old Council would have been allocated. It is possible that they first convened at the Governor’s Mansion on what is now the Naval Academy grounds and where, by 1783, governor Paca was also holding forth with what the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Maryland Journal</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> described as the “Nursery of the Long Robe”. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Annapolis is a nursery of the long robe. Its lawyers would do honor to any bar in Europe. The Governor [William Paca], who is of this profession, has instituted a society composed of students of the law, who meet at his house at stated periods to discuss law questions and questions in political economy. He proposes the subject, sits as President and give judgment in conjunction with his council, the Chancellor and the Judges of the General Court. When the debates are finished the company sup with the the Governor. [12]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">By 1779 the Governor and Council had its own room over the Senate Chamber in the new State House, but the table called for in 1728 apparently was no longer extant in the State House, and more likely, remained at Government House to accommodate the “nursery” for discussion and dinner.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In 1779, when the Senate at last was able to move into its new quarters in the nearly finished State House (Stadthouse), it is likely that they took their writing table/desks and chairs with them. The documentation for how any furnishings were acquired for both the House and the Senate in 1777 is obscured by summary journal entries, but the significant payments to John Shaw in 1777 leave no doubt in those who know the history of that cabinetmaker and cabinet making in Annapolis that he would have had a hand in crafting the furnishings for the Senate and the House.[13]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The story of how Congress came to Annapolis is well known and well documented in </span><a href="http://mdstatehouse.net/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://mdstatehouse.net</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. Some recent commentary has attempted to suggest that what they found in the way of accommodations in the State House and how they might have arranged themselves to accept General Washington’s resignation as Commander in Chief was rather spartan, without individual desks for the Congressmen and no lighting from a chandelier during one of the coldest, darkest winters on record.[14]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">For protocol for the ceremony and the furnishings on that day it is better not to have recourse to a ceremony welcoming the representative of a King who needed to be treated with a higher level of respect and attention than a retiring General who was at all times, as he himself acknowledged, subservient to the Civil Authority. It would be far more sensible to pay closer attention to the Journal of the Congress for December 1783, and the ceremonial session it held on the eve of their move to Annapolis in May of 1782, in which the members of Congress sat at their “small” tables to celebrate the birth of the Dauphin, all of which is well documented in http://mdstatehouse.net: </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">13 May 1782 - Public Audience for the announcement of the birth of the dauphin by a minister of France:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">On May 2nd Congress had set Monday, May 13, for an audience to the minister of France for the purpose of reading a letter from the King to Congress announcing the birth of a dauphin, and on May 7 had adopted the ceremony for the occasion.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7 May -</span><a href="http://statehouse.msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5200/sc5287/000069/000000/000002/unrestricted/journals_of_congress_may_1782.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Report of the committee consisting of John Rutledge, Elias Boudinot, and James Madison establishing the protocol of the ceremony admitting the Minister of France to a public audience.</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Journals of Congress, vol. 22.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">9 May -</span><a href="http://statehouse.msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5200/sc5287/000069/000000/000002/unrestricted/public_audience_may_9_1782.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Letter from the Secretary of Congress to the Superintendent of Finance:</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> "Sir, It is the desire of Congress that the table before the president and the tables before the Members be covered with green cloth on the day of the public Audience..."</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">12 May - </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Seating arrangement</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> of the guests drawn up by Secretary Livingston:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"The Order in which the Guests shall sit at the entertainment given tomorrow by Congress shall be as follows...The president of Congress on a Chair in the center. The Minister of France on his right hand on a Chair; the Members of Congress in equal divisions on each side of him. The president and executive Council of Pennsylvania on the right of Congress, on the left, the Principals of three great executive Departments, (except the Secretary for foreign Affairs, who as Master of the Ceremonies shall sit opposite to the President of Congress). The Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled. The Secretary to the Legislation, shall sit on the left hand of the Secretary for foreign Affairs, and the Counsel of his left. The eldest General Officer on the right of the Secretary for foreign Affairs. The Genl. Officers Treasurer, Comptroller, and the Auditor General, and foreigners of distinction on his right and left without designation of Rank. The remainder of the Company seating themselves without and particular attention to rank. Governor Morris Esq. will do the honors at the Table at one end, Major Jackson at the other, Lewis Morris Esq. at the side of the table which is opposite and the farthest from the President." -- Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 79, vol. II, f. 197.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">13 May -</span><a href="http://statehouse.msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5200/sc5287/000069/000000/000002/unrestricted/french_minister_public_audience_1782.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">The Secretary of Congress, Report.</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Report contains descriptions of the arrangement of the room and details the protocol of the formal ceremony.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">House arrangement:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> "The house was arranged in the following order--The President in a chair on a platform raised two steps from the floor with a large table before him. The members of Congress in chair son the floor to his right and left with small tables before them. The tables were all covered with green cloth...[Referring to the number of delegates present] The whole in a semi-circle...Next to the Members of Congress on the left of the chair stood the principals of the three executive departments namely the Superintendant of finance the Sec'ry at War and the Sec'ry for foreign affairs. The Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled stood on the right of the president on the first step of the platform. At his right on the floor stood the interpreter behind the chairs of the Members. The president and council of the State of Pennsylvania stood within the bar on the right as they entered and facing the president. The rest of the audience stood without the bar.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Protocol:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> "The Minister was conducted into the Congress Hall by the two members who had received him at the foot of the steps of the outward door. As he entered the bar the president and the house rose, the president being covered. The Minister as he advanced to his chair bowed to the president who took off his hat and returned the bow. The Minister being uncovered. The Minister then bowed to the members, on each side of the chair, who were standing uncovered but did not return the bow. The Minister then sat down and put on his Hat. A chair was prepared for him on the floor directly opposite the president and before it a table covered with green cloth. On each side of his chair was placed for the members and the Minister all took their seats at the same time..."[15]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">It is my considered opinion based on the probable seating arrangement (with desks/writing tables provided by the Senate (in their possession since 1777-there were 15 Senators) that made for the “prettyest room” in America) that the desks and chairs remained in the room with the observers above in the balcony and lining each side of the room.[16] The seated congressmen probably were arranged geographically with the states allotted one desk, seats as needed grouped around, lining each side of a central aisle in a room that was said by Charles Willson Peale to be about 45 foot square. Following the congressional protocol of voting by state and signing such important documents as the Articles of Confederation in geographical sequence, New Hampshire would have the lead desk to the left of the President, ending with Pennsylvania at their desk on the President’s right. The desks may have been angled towards the central aisle, but there would have been only two rows with a center aisle. Such an arrangement coincides with New Jersey Congressman Samuel Dick’s account of his own seating assignment the following summer, although he meant southwest corner and not northwest:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-I have not wrote any thing these two Minutes--my station at this Northwest Window of the Congress Room is not favourable to such a strict adherence to this Important Subject as it Merits. Any Digression you will do me the Justice I am perswaded with your usual Candor to attribute to the great variety of alluring Objects which prevent. That Young Lady with the Crimson [...] and that with the Green, [...] another blast and [...] the colour of her Garters walk this Windy Day on purpose to distract my attention.[17]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">As the protocol created by the protocol committee required, Washington would have sat in a chair directly in front of the clerk’s desk flanked by two aides, with the President on the dias (seated) and the Secretary standing at his side.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The two best accounts of the actual ceremony are well known and available off of http:/mdstatehouse.net. Congressman Tilton’s is the fullest and James McHenry’s (himself a member of the protocol committee and a former Aide to whom Washington gave the manuscript copy of his address now owned by the Maryland State Archives) the most moving. From them it is clear that Washington arrived at noon and went directly to his chair following the protocol to the letter. After giving his remarks, handing in his commission, and listening to the rather stilted response from President Mifflin, he retired to the Committee Room until all visitors were cleared, returned to the room, and left for an afternoon meal at South River before heading back to Mount Vernon.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Notes:</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-635c9727-db27-06d4-9cb3-9da1058b26ad" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;">1. See </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed63.htm" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed63.htm</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, Federalist No. 63: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">If reason condemns the suspicion, the same sentence is pronounced by experience. The constitution of Maryland furnishes the most apposite example. The Senate of that State is elected, as the federal Senate will be, indirectly by the people, and for a term less by one year only than the federal Senate. It is distinguished, also, by the remarkable prerogative of filling up its own vacancies within the term of its appointment, and, at the same time, is not under the control of any such rotation as is provided for the federal Senate. There are some other lesser distinctions, which would expose the former to colorable objections, that do not lie against the latter. If the federal Senate, therefore, really contained the danger which has been so loudly proclaimed, some symptoms at least of a like danger ought by this time to have been betrayed by the Senate of Maryland, but no such symptoms have appeared. On the contrary, the jealousies at first entertained by men of the same description with those who view with terror the correspondent part of the federal Constitution, have been gradually extinguished by the progress of the experiment; and the Maryland constitution is daily deriving, from the salutary operation of this part of it, a reputation in which it will probably not be rivalled by that of any State in the Union.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2.</span></span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Thomas Johnson was elected the first Governor of Maryland prior to the completion of the third state house. The General Assembly was still meeting in the second, or "old" state house at the time of Johnson's election. Confirmation of this is evident in the reference to the use of the "conference room" for counting the votes. The official declaration of the first Governor of Maryland took place in the second State House. The first inauguration of the Governor of Maryland took place on the grounds of the State House Hill near the location of the South Portico of the current State House. It has long been argued that both of the Peale illustrations do not show the "Old Armory" as some have claimed, but rather the second State House with the armory barely visible behind.. Analysis of the first inauguration of Governor Thomas Johnson provides support for this assessment. See: </span><a href="http://statehouse.msa.maryland.gov/description.cfm?item=7&serno=1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://statehouse.msa.maryland.gov/description.cfm?item=7&serno=1</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, When the order was given to John Shaw to tear down the Armory in 1796, it is clear that it was formerly the old council chamber that had been given for the use of Anne Arundel County and Annapolis, leaving the Old State House as the Anne Arundel County Courthouse. See: </span><a href="http://statehouse.msa.maryland.gov/description.cfm?item=32&serno=1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://statehouse.msa.maryland.gov/description.cfm?item=32&serno=1</span></a></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;">,</span> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">3. <a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5200/sc5287/000001/000000/000015/unrestricted/msa_sc_1051_2.pdf" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5200/sc5287/000001/000000/000015/unrestricted/msa_sc_1051_2.pdf</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">4. <span id="docs-internal-guid-635c9727-db2d-c562-6c78-5adc5597f101" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">See the proceedings for 1777. The comings and goings of the Senators is apparent from the proceedings. They generally, but not always maintained a working majority as required but the total number rose and fell during the course of the session. For example see: <a href="http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/003185/html/m3185-0078.html">http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/003185/html/m3185-0078.html</a></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-635c9727-db2f-3513-e28b-c7215e433c89" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">5. During the war members of the Senate were also members of the Council of Safety and both could not be in session at the same time so the Senate convened between 3 and 5 p.m. at a time when the sun set at 5 p.m. (see: </span><a href="http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/003185/html/m3185-0016.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/003185/html/m3185-0016.html</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">). </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">6. </span><span id="docs-internal-guid-635c9727-db2e-93b4-05d2-8185a131a664" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">see </span><a href="http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000025/html/am25--504.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000025/html/am25--504.html</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, cited by Morris Radoff, Buildings of the State of Maryland at Annapolis, 1954, p. 51. Dr. Radoff confuses the second statehouse with the old Armory. The Armory was added to the back of the second statehouse and served as the upper house chamber when the Council to the governor served as the upper house.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7. <a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5200/sc5287/000006/000000/000021/restricted/mhm_14_v3_rebecca_key.pdf" target="_blank">http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5200/sc5287/000006/000000/000021/restricted/mhm_14_v3_rebecca_key.pdf</a>. Note that Dr. Papenfuse has found Rebecca Key’s memories to be accurate in most<br />details including her story of the ‘rediscovered’ charter of Annapolis which confirmed the palimpsest which<br />he discovered and documented. The old state house was not initially torn down when the Assembly moved<br />to its new quarters in 1779 and was used as the Arundel County courthouse until the new one was built on<br />Church Circle. She is also the eyewitness who relates her father’s incorporation of the two chandeliers into<br />the ‘Assembly’ or Old State House when they were confiscated from Governor Eden’s storage at the<br />Governor’s residence on the Naval Academy grounds. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">8. see the proceedings of the Senate available on <a href="http://aomol.net/">http://aomol.net</a> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">9. Carl N. Everstine, The General Assembly of Maryland 17761850, 1982, p. 15.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">10. William Voss Elder III and Lou Bartlett, John Shaw Cabinetmaker of Annapolis, Baltimore: Baltimore<br />Museum of Art, 1983, pp. 6667, Robert Wilson, “Wye Island,” Lippincott’s Magazine for Popular Literature<br />and Science, vol. 19, April 1877, p. 470, and William Voss Elder, III, Maryland Queen Anne and<br />Chippendale Furniture of the Eighteenth Century, Baltimore: Baltimore Museum of Art, 1968.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">11. <a href="http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/003185/html/m3185%C2%AD0015.html">http://aomol.msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/003185/html/m31850015.html</a>.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">12. see <a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se14/000014/html/ecp10_278.html">http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se14/000014/html/ecp10_278.html</a>. The quote is<br />from the Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser for Tuesday, September 30, 1783.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">13. 8 November [1777] John Shaw paid 254 pounds 11 shillings and 3 pence. One of many such entries.<br />(GOVERNOR AND COUNCIL (Proceedings) 17771779. MSA S 107123. Archives of Maryland Volume 16, Page<br />412.) <a href="http://statehouse.msa.maryland.gov/description.cfm?item=7&serno=1">http://statehouse.msa.maryland.gov/description.cfm?item=7&serno=1</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />14. see: FURNISHING THE RESTORED SENATE CHAMBER, [2014] for details. The report is available on line at mdstatehouse.net, a research web site that I designed and contributed to over my years as Archivist. As to the weather, it was so cold, dark, and dreary that the supply of windsor chairs ordered for the use of Congress got held up by the ice in the Bay.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">15 <a href="http://statehouse.msa.maryland.gov/description.cfm?item=2&serno=6">http://statehouse.msa.maryland.gov/description.cfm?item=2&serno=6</a>9. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">16. <a href="http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5200/sc5287/000001/000000/000009/unrestricted/congress_letters_williamson_to_blout_1783.pdf" target="_blank">http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5200/sc5287/000001/000000/000009/unrestricted/congress_letters_williamson_to_blout_1783.pdf</a>.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />17 <a href="http://statehouse.msa.maryland.gov/description.cfm?item=12&serno=68">http://statehouse.msa.maryland.gov/description.cfm?item=12&serno=68</a>.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span>ecpcliohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13826375624395153082noreply@blogger.com0